-100 -50 0 50 100 % 0 0 0 0 10 10 20 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 50 -30 -20 -10 0 0 0 -90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 1000 700 500 250 150 100 70 50 30 20 10 ap664 - ERA Q bias Latitude (degrees) Altitude (hPa) Min = -33.9 Mean = 4.13 Max = 88.7
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−100
−50
0
50
100
%
0
0
0
0
10
10 20
20
20
30
30
40
40
50
50
50
−30
−20
−10
0
0
0
−90 −75 −60 −45 −30 −15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
1000
700
500
250
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
ap664 − ERA Q bias
Latitude (degrees)
Alti
tude
(hP
a)
Min = −33.9 Mean = 4.13 Max = 88.7
−100
−50
0
50
100
%
0
0
0
0
10
20
20
30
30
30
40
40
40
70
−30
−30 −10
0
0
0
−90 −75 −60 −45 −30 −15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
1000
700
500
250
150
100
70
50
30
20
10
aq399 − ERA Q bias
Latitude (degrees)
Alti
tude
(hP
a)
Min = −44.7 Mean = −1.48 Max = 72.2
● ● ● ●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●
010
020
030
0Alert (82.4N, 62.5W, 210m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
ap664
r = −0.16 MBE = −64.2%
●● ●
●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●
010
020
030
0
Barrow (71.3N, 156.6W, 11m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = −0.313 MBE = −62.3%
● ● ● ●●
●● ● ●
●●
●
010
020
030
0
Mace Head (53.3N, 9.9W, 25m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = −0.497 MBE = −55.5%
● ● ● ●●
● ● ● ● ●●
●
010
020
030
0
Park Falls (45.9N, 90.2W, 472m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●● ●
●
● ● ● ●●
● ●
r = −0.641 MBE = −50.1%
●● ● ●
●●
● ● ● ● ● ●
010
020
030
0
Niwot Ridge (40.0N, 105.6W, 3475m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●●
● ●
●
●
●● ●
● ●
r = −0.383 MBE = −22%
●●
● ● ●
●
● ●● ●
● ●
010
020
030
0
Tae−ahn Peninsula (36.7N, 126.1E, 20m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●
●
●
●
●● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.631 MBE = −63.3%
●● ● ● ●
●●
● ● ● ● ●
010
020
030
0
Gozo (36.0N, 14.1E)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = −0.796 MBE = −65.1%
●● ● ●
●
●● ● ●
●● ●
010
020
030
0
Key Biscayne (25.7N, 80.2W, 3m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
●
●●
●● ●
●●
● ● ● ●
r = 0.638 MBE = −13.9%
● ●● ●
●●
● ●● ● ●
●
010
020
030
0
Mauna Loa (19.5N, 155.6W, 3397m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.499 MBE = −51.9%
● ● ● ●●
●● ● ● ●
●●
050
100
150
200
Ragged Point (13.2N, 59.4W, 45m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●
● ● ●
r = 0.0384 MBE = −47.5%
●●
● ●●
● ● ● ● ●● ●
050
100
150
200
Christmas Island (1.7N, 157.2W, 3m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●
● ● ●
r = −0.782 MBE = −39.9%
● ● ● ●● ● ●
●● ●
●●
050
100
150
200
Ascension Island (7.9S, 14.4W, 54m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.825 MBE = −30.1%
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●
● ●●
050
100
150
Samoa (14.2S, 170.5W, 42m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.743 MBE = −32%
● ● ● ● ●●
●●
● ●●
●
050
100
150
Easter Island (27.1S, 109.4W, 50m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●
●
r = 0.954 MBE = −28.5%
● ● ● ●● ●
● ●● ●
●●
050
100
150
Cape Grim (40.7S, 144.7E, 94m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.57 MBE = −2.03%
●● ● ●
●●
●●
● ●●
●
020
4060
80
Crozet Island (46.5S, 51.8E, 120m)
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
●● ● ● ●
●●
● ● ● ●●
r = 0.995 MBE = −13.1%
● ● ● ●●
●●
●● ●
●
●
020
4060
80
Syowa Station (69.0S, 39.6E, 11m)
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ●●
●●
● ● ●●
r = 0.971 MBE = −9.97%
● ● ●●
●●
●●
● ●
●
●
020
4060
80
South Pole (90.0S, 24.8W, 2810m)
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ●●
●●
● ● ●●
r = 0.953 MBE = −8.94%
● ● ● ●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●
010
020
030
0Alert (82.4N, 62.5W, 210m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
aq399
r = −0.228 MBE = −66.5%
●● ●
●
●
●
● ●●
●●
●
010
020
030
0
Barrow (71.3N, 156.6W, 11m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = −0.27 MBE = −63.8%
● ● ● ●●
●● ● ●
●●
●
010
020
030
0
Mace Head (53.3N, 9.9W, 25m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = −0.413 MBE = −56.5%
● ● ● ●●
● ● ● ● ●●
●
010
020
030
0
Park Falls (45.9N, 90.2W, 472m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●● ●
●
● ● ● ●●
● ●
r = −0.629 MBE = −50.8%
●● ● ●
●●
● ● ● ● ● ●
010
020
030
0
Niwot Ridge (40.0N, 105.6W, 3475m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●●
● ●
●
●
●● ●
● ●
r = −0.391 MBE = −24.7%
●●
● ● ●
●
● ●● ●
● ●
010
020
030
0
Tae−ahn Peninsula (36.7N, 126.1E, 20m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●
●
●
●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.592 MBE = −64.9%
●● ● ● ●
●●
● ● ● ● ●
010
020
030
0
Gozo (36.0N, 14.1E)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = −0.792 MBE = −66.3%
●● ● ●
●
●● ● ●
●● ●
010
020
030
0
Key Biscayne (25.7N, 80.2W, 3m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
●●
●●
● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.605 MBE = −16.9%
● ●● ●
●●
● ●● ● ●
●
010
020
030
0
Mauna Loa (19.5N, 155.6W, 3397m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.573 MBE = −53.2%
● ● ● ●●
●● ● ● ●
●●
050
100
150
200
Ragged Point (13.2N, 59.4W, 45m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.0932 MBE = −49.7%
●●
● ●●
● ● ● ● ●● ●
050
100
150
200
Christmas Island (1.7N, 157.2W, 3m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = −0.816 MBE = −43.1%
● ● ● ●● ● ●
●● ●
●●
050
100
150
200
Ascension Island (7.9S, 14.4W, 54m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.937 MBE = −32%
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●
● ●●
050
100
150
Samoa (14.2S, 170.5W, 42m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.801 MBE = −34.1%
● ● ● ● ●●
●●
● ●●
●
050
100
150
Easter Island (27.1S, 109.4W, 50m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●
●
r = 0.963 MBE = −30.2%
● ● ● ●● ●
● ●● ●
●●
050
100
150
Cape Grim (40.7S, 144.7E, 94m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
r = 0.551 MBE = −4.34%
●● ● ●
●●
●●
● ●●
●
020
4060
80
Crozet Island (46.5S, 51.8E, 120m)
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
●● ● ● ●
●●
● ● ● ●●
r = 0.995 MBE = −15.8%
● ● ● ●●
●●
●● ●
●
●
020
4060
80
Syowa Station (69.0S, 39.6E, 11m)
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ●●
●● ● ● ●
●
r = 0.975 MBE = −12.8%
● ● ●●
●●
●●
● ●
●
●
020
4060
80
South Pole (90.0S, 24.8W, 2810m)
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ●●
●● ● ● ●
●
r = 0.952 MBE = −11.7%
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
ppm
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.15
0.2
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.3
0.4 0.4
0.45
0.5
−75 −60 −45 −30 −15 0 15 30 45 60 75
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
MLS − UKCA ap664 ClO comparison
Latitude (degrees)
Alti
tude
(km
)
Min = 1.05e−08 Max = 0.0809
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
ppm
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.15
0.2
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.3
0.4 0.4
0.45
0.5
−75 −60 −45 −30 −15 0 15 30 45 60 75
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
MLS − UKCA aq399 ClO comparison
Latitude (degrees)
Alti
tude
(km
)
Min = 1.64e−08 Max = 0.0806
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA East Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 40 Lon 296.5 − 307
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
356290172243206170225133203139222ap664
Emmons CO comparison
●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA Central 2004 07 Lat 30 − 40 Lon 259.5 − 285
CO (ppb)A
ltitu
de /k
m
3842892002131961532119915284200
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA North East 2004 07 Lat 42.5 − 52.5 Lon 285 − 310
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
459295154208176124174145190254180
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA West Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 45 Lon 217 − 240
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
2111101011101910101660
●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
OP3 2008 07 Lat 2.5 − 7.5 Lon 112.5 − 120
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
2188177941513951
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 1400
24
68
10
PEM−Tropics−B Christmas−Island 1999 03 Lat 0 − 10 Lon 200 − 220
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
520240731331639814061
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
PEM−Tropics−B Tahiti 1999 03 Lat −20 − 0 Lon 200 − 230
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
82340997208279522130151
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
PEM−West−B Japan 1994 02 Lat 25 − 40 Lon 135 − 150
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
2223812514571481302018840145
●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil 1992 09 Lat −15 − −5 Lon 310 − 320
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
691252425576130482714812
●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil Coast 1992 09 Lat −35 − −25 Lon 310 − 320
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
422342951514121412852
●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●
●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A S−Africa 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 15 − 35
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
3077898144138464732147
●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●
●●
●●
●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A W−Africa Coast 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 0 − 10
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
732318114212023971417468
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA East Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 40 Lon 296.5 − 307
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
356290172243206170225133203139222aq399
Emmons CO comparison
●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA Central 2004 07 Lat 30 − 40 Lon 259.5 − 285
CO (ppb)A
ltitu
de /k
m
3842892002131961532119915284200
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA North East 2004 07 Lat 42.5 − 52.5 Lon 285 − 310
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
459295154208176124174145190254180
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA West Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 45 Lon 217 − 240
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
2111101011101910101660
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
OP3 2008 07 Lat 2.5 − 7.5 Lon 112.5 − 120
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
2188177941513951
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 1400
24
68
10
PEM−Tropics−B Christmas−Island 1999 03 Lat 0 − 10 Lon 200 − 220
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
520240731331639814061
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
PEM−Tropics−B Tahiti 1999 03 Lat −20 − 0 Lon 200 − 230
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
82340997208279522130151
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
PEM−West−B Japan 1994 02 Lat 25 − 40 Lon 135 − 150
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
2223812514571481302018840145
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil 1992 09 Lat −15 − −5 Lon 310 − 320
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
691252425576130482714812
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil Coast 1992 09 Lat −35 − −25 Lon 310 − 320
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
422342951514121412852
●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A S−Africa 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 15 − 35
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
3077898144138464732147
●●●●●●●●●●●
● ●●●
●●
●●
●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A W−Africa Coast 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 0 − 10
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
732318114212023971417468
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA East Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 40 Lon 296.5 − 307
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
2781788911019098128138145144155ap664
Emmons HNO3 comparison
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA Central 2004 07 Lat 30 − 40 Lon 259.5 − 285
HNO3 (ppt)A
ltitu
de /k
m
27816611486182761131049577131
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA North East 2004 07 Lat 42.5 − 52.5 Lon 285 − 310
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
390235116152164131153114222212208
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA West Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 45 Lon 217 − 240
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
10744362322420
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
OP3 2008 07 Lat 2.5 − 7.5 Lon 112.5 − 120
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 50 100 150 2000
24
68
10
PEM−Tropics−B Christmas−Island 1999 03 Lat 0 − 10 Lon 200 − 220
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
1857623624339276
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●
0 50 100 150 200
02
46
810
PEM−Tropics−B Tahiti 1999 03 Lat −20 − 0 Lon 200 − 230
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
3311593379711312919
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
PEM−West−B Japan 1994 02 Lat 25 − 40 Lon 135 − 150
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
321182010316116911
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil 1992 09 Lat −15 − −5 Lon 310 − 320
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
121341531328
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil Coast 1992 09 Lat −35 − −25 Lon 310 − 320
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
11310124122123
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A S−Africa 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 15 − 35
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
109201182165215
●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●
●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A W−Africa Coast 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 0 − 10
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
204829435161240
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA East Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 40 Lon 296.5 − 307
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
2781788911019098128138145144155aq399
Emmons HNO3 comparison
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA Central 2004 07 Lat 30 − 40 Lon 259.5 − 285
HNO3 (ppt)A
ltitu
de /k
m
27816611486182761131049577131
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA North East 2004 07 Lat 42.5 − 52.5 Lon 285 − 310
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
390235116152164131153114222212208
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA West Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 45 Lon 217 − 240
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
10744362322420
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
OP3 2008 07 Lat 2.5 − 7.5 Lon 112.5 − 120
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 50 100 150 2000
24
68
10
PEM−Tropics−B Christmas−Island 1999 03 Lat 0 − 10 Lon 200 − 220
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
1857623624339276
●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●
0 50 100 150 200
02
46
810
PEM−Tropics−B Tahiti 1999 03 Lat −20 − 0 Lon 200 − 230
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
3311593379711312919
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
PEM−West−B Japan 1994 02 Lat 25 − 40 Lon 135 − 150
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
321182010316116911
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil 1992 09 Lat −15 − −5 Lon 310 − 320
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
121341531328
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil Coast 1992 09 Lat −35 − −25 Lon 310 − 320
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
11310124122123
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A S−Africa 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 15 − 35
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
109201182165215
●●●●●●●●●●●
● ●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A W−Africa Coast 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 0 − 10
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
204829435161240
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA East Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 40 Lon 296.5 − 307
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
333237123168171136154158190183230ap664
Emmons NOx comparison
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA Central 2004 07 Lat 30 − 40 Lon 259.5 − 285
NOx (ppt)A
ltitu
de /k
m
353227137147161124135119137105197
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA North East 2004 07 Lat 42.5 − 52.5 Lon 285 − 310
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
402241131174162137183167285193208
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 100 200 300 400 500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA West Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 45 Lon 217 − 240
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
22101892481661123102
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
OP3 2008 07 Lat 2.5 − 7.5 Lon 112.5 − 120
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 20 40 60 80 1000
24
68
10
PEM−Tropics−B Christmas−Island 1999 03 Lat 0 − 10 Lon 200 − 220
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
26213711782831343152
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 20 40 60 80 100
02
46
810
PEM−Tropics−B Tahiti 1999 03 Lat −20 − 0 Lon 200 − 230
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
37123043327468485390226
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 200 400 600 800 1000
02
46
810
PEM−West−B Japan 1994 02 Lat 25 − 40 Lon 135 − 150
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
22819143121882815229185581
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil 1992 09 Lat −15 − −5 Lon 310 − 320
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
43801717313617217204
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil Coast 1992 09 Lat −35 − −25 Lon 310 − 320
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
2411182968887422
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A S−Africa 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 15 − 35
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
1833393514491418650
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 100 200 300 400 500
02
46
810
TRACE−A W−Africa Coast 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 0 − 10
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
351311631310104754229
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA East Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 40 Lon 296.5 − 307
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
333237123168171136154158190183230aq399
Emmons NOx comparison
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA Central 2004 07 Lat 30 − 40 Lon 259.5 − 285
NOx (ppt)A
ltitu
de /k
m
353227137147161124135119137105197
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA North East 2004 07 Lat 42.5 − 52.5 Lon 285 − 310
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
402241131174162137183167285193208
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 100 200 300 400 500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA West Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 45 Lon 217 − 240
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
22101892481661123102
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
OP3 2008 07 Lat 2.5 − 7.5 Lon 112.5 − 120
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 20 40 60 80 1000
24
68
10
PEM−Tropics−B Christmas−Island 1999 03 Lat 0 − 10 Lon 200 − 220
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
26213711782831343152
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 20 40 60 80 100
02
46
810
PEM−Tropics−B Tahiti 1999 03 Lat −20 − 0 Lon 200 − 230
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
37123043327468485390226
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 200 400 600 800 1000
02
46
810
PEM−West−B Japan 1994 02 Lat 25 − 40 Lon 135 − 150
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
22819143121882815229185581
●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil 1992 09 Lat −15 − −5 Lon 310 − 320
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
43801717313617217204
●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil Coast 1992 09 Lat −35 − −25 Lon 310 − 320
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
2411182968887422
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A S−Africa 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 15 − 35
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
1833393514491418650
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 100 200 300 400 500
02
46
810
TRACE−A W−Africa Coast 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 0 − 10
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
351311631310104754229
−50 0 50
UKCA ap664
Latitude
Pre
ssur
e (h
Pa)
[OH] Air mass weighted (106 molecules cm−3) Red: Spivakovsky valuesValues in ( ): Std devMean OH= 8.86e+05 molec/cm3
ACCMIP Multi−model Mean= 1.17 (+/− 0.1) e+06 molec/cm3 NH:SH ratio= 1.28 Patra et al 2014: 0.97 +/− 0.12
1000
750
500
250
0.28 1.4 1.5 0.46
0.36 1.5 1.6 0.59
0.28 0.97 1.1 0.43
0.47 1.44 1.52 0.76
0.72 2 1.99 0.88
0.64 1.43 1.36 0.64
(0.3) (0.21) (0.19) (0.34)
(0.31) (0.28) (0.23) (0.31)
(0.23) (0.18) (0.19) (0.24)
−50 0 50
UKCA aq399
Latitude
Pre
ssur
e (h
Pa)
[OH] Air mass weighted (106 molecules cm−3) Red: Spivakovsky valuesValues in ( ): Std devMean OH= 9.38e+05 molec/cm3
ACCMIP Multi−model Mean= 1.17 (+/− 0.1) e+06 molec/cm3 NH:SH ratio= 1.26 Patra et al 2014: 0.97 +/− 0.12
1000
750
500
250
0.28 1.5 1.6 0.48
0.36 1.5 1.7 0.59
0.29 1.1 1.2 0.44
0.47 1.44 1.52 0.76
0.72 2 1.99 0.88
0.64 1.43 1.36 0.64
(0.29) (0.24) (0.21) (0.32)
(0.31) (0.29) (0.24) (0.3)
(0.23) (0.21) (0.21) (0.25)
010
030
050
0
r = 0.969 mbe =−1.27 ppbv
South Pole
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.579 mbe =4.42 ppbv
Southern Midlat
r = −0.895 mbe =−13.3 ppbv
Tropics2
r = −0.435 mbe =−20.7 ppbv
Tropics3
r = 0.6 mbe =−21.7 ppbv
East US
ap664 Tilmes ozone sonde comparison
r = 0.838 mbe =−28 ppbv
Japan
r = 0.789 mbe =−4.19 ppbv
West EU
r = 0.926 mbe =−53.7 ppbv
Canada
r = 0.978 mbe =−44.2 ppbv
North Pole East
r = 0.975 mbe =−105 ppbv
250 hPa
North Pole West0
2040
6080
100
r = 0.663 mbe =−10.3 ppbv
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.174 mbe =−13 ppbv
r = −0.544 mbe =−11.2 ppbv
r = 0.377 mbe =−22.9 ppbv
r = 0.959 mbe =−22.4 ppbv
r = 0.721 mbe =−23.3 ppbv
r = 0.963 mbe =−23.6 ppbv
r = 0.731 mbe =−21 ppbv
r = 0.818 mbe =−26.1 ppbv
r = 0.708 mbe =−22.3 ppbv
500 hPa
020
4060
8010
0
r = 0.947 mbe =−8.71 ppbv
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.805 mbe =−10.4 ppbv
r = 0.223 mbe =−4.05 ppbv
r = 0.756 mbe =−14.6 ppbv
r = 0.888 mbe =−25.7 ppbv
r = 0.496 mbe =−20.4 ppbv
r = 0.752 mbe =−22.2 ppbv
r = −0.0579 mbe =−18.1 ppbv
r = 0.268 mbe =−24.2 ppbv
r = −0.0656 mbe =−19.4 ppbv
700 hPa
020
4060
80 r = 0.981 mbe =−8.05 ppbv
Jan May Sep
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.917 mbe =−7.78 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.129 mbe =−0.145 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.956 mbe =−3.65 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.906 mbe =−26.7 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.497 mbe =−24 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.821 mbe =−17 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = −0.351 mbe =−13.2 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = −0.632 mbe =−22.8 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = −0.937 mbe =−16.7 ppbv
Jan May Sep
900 hPa
010
030
050
0
r = 0.94 mbe =−8.55 ppbv
South Pole
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.387 mbe =8.61 ppbv
Southern Midlat
r = −0.886 mbe =−8.54 ppbv
Tropics2
r = −0.389 mbe =−17.9 ppbv
Tropics3
r = 0.658 mbe =−14.3 ppbv
East US
aq399 Tilmes ozone sonde comparison
r = 0.908 mbe =−18.8 ppbv
Japan
r = 0.866 mbe =3.01 ppbv
West EU
r = 0.833 mbe =−45 ppbv
Canada
r = 0.983 mbe =−38.3 ppbv
North Pole East
r = 0.993 mbe =−101 ppbv
250 hPa
North Pole West0
2040
6080
100
r = 0.845 mbe =−9.88 ppbv
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.659 mbe =−12.6 ppbv
r = −0.363 mbe =−8.14 ppbv
r = 0.483 mbe =−21.2 ppbv
r = 0.966 mbe =−21.4 ppbv
r = 0.722 mbe =−21.9 ppbv
r = 0.969 mbe =−22.9 ppbv
r = 0.738 mbe =−20.5 ppbv
r = 0.81 mbe =−25.4 ppbv
r = 0.698 mbe =−21.8 ppbv
500 hPa
020
4060
8010
0
r = 0.976 mbe =−8.09 ppbv
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.911 mbe =−10.3 ppbv
r = 0.496 mbe =−2.54 ppbv
r = 0.876 mbe =−13.5 ppbv
r = 0.89 mbe =−24.7 ppbv
r = 0.47 mbe =−19.6 ppbv
r = 0.766 mbe =−21.8 ppbv
r = −0.0357 mbe =−17.9 ppbv
r = 0.328 mbe =−23.5 ppbv
r = −0.00736 mbe =−18.9 ppbv
700 hPa
020
4060
80 r = 0.993 mbe =−7.63 ppbv
Jan May Sep
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.958 mbe =−7.53 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = −0.0308 mbe =0.756 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.954 mbe =−3.01 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.958 mbe =−25.3 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.588 mbe =−23.3 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.824 mbe =−16.7 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = −0.334 mbe =−12.9 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = −0.576 mbe =−22.4 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = −0.907 mbe =−16.3 ppbv
Jan May Sep
900 hPa
0
5
10
15
20
−180 −120 −60 −30 0 30 60 90 120 150
−75
−60
−45
−30
−15
0
15
30
45
60
75
ap664 tropospheric NO2 column
Longitude (degrees)
Latit
ude
(deg
rees
)
Min = 0.00538 Mean = 0.329 Max = 3.48 1015 (molecules cm−2)
0
5
10
15
20
−180 −120 −60 −30 0 30 60 90 120 150
−75
−60
−45
−30
−15
0
15
30
45
60
75
aq399 tropospheric NO2 column
Longitude (degrees)
Latit
ude
(deg
rees
)
Min = 0.00625 Mean = 0.347 Max = 3.51 1015 (molecules cm−2)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
24
24 28
28
28
28
28
28
28
32
32
32
32
36
36
36
40
40
40
44
48
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
−75
−60
−45
−30
−15
0
15
30
45
60
75
ap664 tropospheric O3 column
Month
Latit
ude
(deg
rees
)
Min = 4.44 Mean = 16.3 Max = 24.6 Burden (Tg) = 200
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
24
24 28
28
28
28
28
28
28
32
32
32
32
36
36
36
40
40
40
44
48
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
−75
−60
−45
−30
−15
0
15
30
45
60
75
aq399 tropospheric O3 column
Month
Latit
ude
(deg
rees
)
Min = 4.26 Mean = 16.9 Max = 27.5 Burden (Tg) = 209
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2025
30Tropical Mean Age Profile
Mean Age (years)
Alti
tude
(km
)UKCA ap664 Mean Age of Air
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2025
30
Midlatitude Mean Age Profile
Mean Age (years)A
ltitu
de (
km)
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
2025
30
Trop−Midlat Mean Age Gradient Profile
Mean Age Gradient (years)
Alti
tude
(km
)
ap664SF6
−50 0 50
01
23
45
6
Mean Age, 23km (~50hPa)
Latitude (degrees)
Mea
n A
ge (
year
s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2025
30Tropical Mean Age Profile
Mean Age (years)
Alti
tude
(km
)UKCA aq399 Mean Age of Air
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2025
30
Midlatitude Mean Age Profile
Mean Age (years)A
ltitu
de (
km)
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
2025
30
Trop−Midlat Mean Age Gradient Profile
Mean Age Gradient (years)
Alti
tude
(km
)
aq399SF6
−50 0 50
01
23
45
6
Mean Age, 23km (~50hPa)
Latitude (degrees)
Mea
n A
ge (
year
s)
−50 0 50
510
1520
UKCA ap664 Ox Net Chemical Production
Latitude (degrees)
Alti
tude
(km
)
−1.5e−19
−1.0e−19
−5.0e−20
0.0e+00
5.0e−20
1.0e−19
1.5e−19
Ox Prod = 2.68e+03Tg/yrOx Loss = 2.49e+03Tg/yr
Ox Net = 193Tg/yrSTE inferred = 378Tg/yr
STE diag. = 9.39e+05Tg/yrLifetime = 23.5days
−50 0 50
510
1520
UKCA aq399 Ox Net Chemical Production
Latitude (degrees)
Alti
tude
(km
)
−1.5e−19
−1.0e−19
−5.0e−20
0.0e+00
5.0e−20
1.0e−19
1.5e−19
Ox Prod = 2.75e+03Tg/yrOx Loss = 2.53e+03Tg/yr
Ox Net = 217Tg/yrSTE inferred = 369Tg/yr
STE diag. = 9.31e+05Tg/yrLifetime = 24.1days
HO
2+N
O
MeO
2+N
O
RO
2+N
O
Oth
er
ap664 Production of Tropospheric Ox
Con
trib
utio
n (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
65 18 14 3O
1D+
H2O
Min
or
HO
2+O
3
OH
+O
3
O3+
Alk
NxO
y
O3d
ry
NO
ydep
ap664 Loss of Tropospheric Ox
Con
trib
utio
n (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
45 0 23 10 3 1 17 1
HO
2+N
O
MeO
2+N
O
RO
2+N
O
Oth
er
aq399 Production of Tropospheric Ox
Con
trib
utio
n (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
65 18 14 3O
1D+
H2O
Min
or
HO
2+O
3
OH
+O
3
O3+
Alk
NxO
y
O3d
ry
NO
ydep
aq399 Loss of Tropospheric Ox
Con
trib
utio
n (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
44 0 23 10 3 1 17 1
−150 −100 −50 0 50 100 150
−50
050
UKCA Ox deposition ap664
Longitude (degrees)
Latit
ude
(deg
rees
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Total Ox Deposition = 570 Tg/yr
−150 −100 −50 0 50 100 150
−50
050
UKCA Ox deposition aq399
Longitude (degrees)
Latit
ude
(deg
rees
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Total Ox Deposition = 586 Tg/yr
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
6090S − 60S
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
ap664ACEUARSMLSMIPASTES
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
30N − 60N
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
90S − 60S
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
ap664ACEUARS
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
1020
3040
5060
30N − 60N
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
6090S − 60S
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
aq399ACEUARSMLSMIPASTES
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
30N − 60N
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
90S − 60S
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
aq399ACEUARS
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
1020
3040
5060
30N − 60N
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
6090S − 60S
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
ap664ACEUARS
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
30N − 60N
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 50 100 200 300
010
2030
4050
60
90S − 60S
H2O (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
ap664ACEUARS
0 50 100 200 300
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
H2O (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 50 100 200 300
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
H2O (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 50 100 200 3000
1020
3040
5060
30N − 60N
H2O (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 50 100 200 300
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
H2O (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
6090S − 60S
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
aq399ACEUARS
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
30N − 60N
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 50 100 200 300
010
2030
4050
60
90S − 60S
H2O (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
aq399ACEUARS
0 50 100 200 300
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
H2O (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 50 100 200 300
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
H2O (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 50 100 200 3000
1020
3040
5060
30N − 60N
H2O (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 50 100 200 300
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
H2O (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 100 200 300 400
010
2030
4050
6090S − 60S
N2O (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
ap664ACEUARS
0 100 200 300 400
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
N2O (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 100 200 300 400
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
N2O (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 100 200 300 400
010
2030
4050
60
30N − 60N
N2O (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 100 200 300 400
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
N2O (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 100 200 300 400
010
2030
4050
6090S − 60S
N2O (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
aq399ACEUARS
0 100 200 300 400
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
N2O (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 100 200 300 400
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
N2O (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 100 200 300 400
010
2030
4050
60
30N − 60N
N2O (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 100 200 300 400
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
N2O (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
−50 0 50
05
1015
20UKCA ap664
Latitude (degrees)
Alti
tude
(km
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
% CH4 + OH flux (moles cm−3 s−1)
Methane lifetime valuesTrop−only vs OH= 9.09 yrWhole Atm vs OH = 11 yr ACCMIP Whole Atm vs OH = 9.3 +/− 0.9 yr
Whole Atm vs Total (OH+soil+strat) = 8.19 yr ACCMIP vs Total = 8.2 +/− 0.8 yr
−50 0 50
05
1015
20UKCA aq399
Latitude (degrees)
Alti
tude
(km
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
% CH4 + OH flux (moles cm−3 s−1)
Methane lifetime valuesTrop−only vs OH= 8.9 yr
Whole Atm vs OH = 10.8 yr ACCMIP Whole Atm vs OH = 9.3 +/− 0.9 yrWhole Atm vs Total (OH+soil+strat) = 8.07 yr ACCMIP vs Total = 8.2 +/− 0.8 yr
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