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CCOT OutlinesORGANIZING YOUR ESSAY TOPICSThere are a number of
ways to organize/categorize your information. Part of that
organization depends on what the prompt asks you to do and whether
or not you are addressing more than one region.
Categorical organization outline (SPEC or other specific topics)
Political
o Beginning characteristics; ending characteristic; analysis of
continuity or changeo Beginning characteristics; ending
characteristic; analysis of continuity or changeo GHR (I will
address this quirk later)
Economico Beginning characteristics; ending characteristic;
analysis of continuity or changeo Beginning characteristics; ending
characteristic; analysis of continuity or changeo GHR (I will
address this quirk later)
Culturalo Beginning characteristics; ending characteristic;
analysis of continuity or changeo Beginning characteristics; ending
characteristic; analysis of continuity or changeo GHR (I will
address this quirk later)
Chronological organization outline (note: only 2 body
paragraphs) Beginning time period paragraph (all of this in one
paragraph)
o Establish a baseline of SPEC characteristics with 2 subtopics
each Political
Baseline characteristic with evidence Baseline characteristic
with evidence
Economic Baseline characteristic with evidence Baseline
characteristic with evidence
Cultural Baseline characteristic with evidence Baseline
characteristic with evidence
o GHR(Notice there is no analysis in this paragraph)
Ending time period paragraph (all of this in one paragraph)o
Establish a baseline of SPEC characteristics with 2 subtopics
each
Political Characteristic of later time period with evidence; why
did that
characteristic change or continue Characteristic of later time
period with evidence; why did that
characteristic change or continue
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Economic characteristic of later time period with evidence; why
did that
characteristic change or continue characteristic of later time
period with evidence; why did that
characteristic change or continue Cultural
Characteristic of later time period with evidence; why did that
characteristic change or continue
characteristic of later time period with evidence; why did that
characteristic change or continue
o GHR
Changes, then Continuities organization outline (2 body
paragraph essay) Changes paragraph
o Political Early characteristic with evidence; later
characteristic with evidence; analysis of
why that characteristic changed Early characteristic with
evidence; later characteristic with evidence; analysis of
why that characteristic changedo Economic
Early characteristic with evidence; later characteristic with
evidence; analysis of why that characteristic changed
Early characteristic with evidence; later characteristic with
evidence; analysis of why that characteristic changed
o Cultural Early characteristic with evidence; later
characteristic with evidence; analysis of
why that characteristic changed or continued Early
characteristic with evidence; later characteristic with evidence;
analysis of
why that characteristic changed or continuedo GHR
Continuities paragrapho Political
Early characteristic with evidence; later characteristic with
evidence; analysis of why that characteristic continued
Early characteristic with evidence; later characteristic with
evidence; analysis of why that characteristic continued
o Economic Early characteristic with evidence; later
characteristic with evidence; analysis of
why that characteristic continued Early characteristic with
evidence; later characteristic with evidence; analysis of
why that characteristic continued
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o Cultural Early characteristic with evidence; later
characteristic with evidence; analysis of
why that characteristic continued Early characteristic with
evidence; later characteristic with evidence; analysis of
why that characteristic continuedo GHR
You will only have as many characteristics for each paragraph as
you have changes or continuities (i.e., 4 changes and 8
continuities).
Geographic organization outline
Region #1 paragraph
o Political - Early characteristic with evidence; later
characteristic with evidence; analysis of why that characteristic
changed or continued
o Economic - Early characteristic with evidence; later
characteristic with evidence; analysis of why that characteristic
changed or continued
o Cultural - Early characteristic with evidence; later
characteristic with evidence; analysis of why that characteristic
changed or continued
o GHR Region #2 paragraph
o Political - Early characteristic with evidence; later
characteristic with evidence; analysis of why that characteristic
changed or continued
o Economic - Early characteristic with evidence; later
characteristic with evidence; analysis of why that characteristic
changed or continued
o Cultural - Early characteristic with evidence; later
characteristic with evidence; analysis of why that characteristic
changed or continued
o GHR
Global Historical Reference - How is a specific characteristic a
part of a global trend or event? Does the example/characteristic
reflect or contradict the overall global trend? What are the major
milestones/turning points in the development of the global
trend?
o Examples: Political France and England becoming countries is
part of a larger trend of the
formation of nation-states as the most common political entity
around the world.
Economic One of the causes of World War II was the economic
depression in Germany. Germany suffered, like most other countries
through a worldwide Great Depression in which international trade
was reduced by 50% between 1929 and 1933.
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Regional Outline for Eastern Europe8000 600 CE 600 1450 CE
1450-1750 CE 1750 1914 CE 1914 - Present
Politics Religion basedHierarchal system
Delegation of responsibilityBureaucratic codification
6th century Justinian rule restore Rome
Mongol invasion 1237-1241- Russia divided into small
kingdoms
Tartars control- left day to day control to locals
Ivan III/IV -Free from Mongols 1480Empire expanded eastward
Russia centralization of authorityPeter the Great St. Petersburg
as
capitalParliamentary government
Secret policeFirst Russian navy
Russia tsar continued to be all powerful
Prussia remained militaristic and authoritarian
Duma created, but no real powerLocal rulers zemstvoes
regulate
roads, schoolsMilitary officers based on meritocracy
Tsarist regime falls apartArmy in full retreat
USSR formed collapses following cold war
Soviet troops occupy all of eastern Europe
Gorbachev tries to reformfrees E. European nations
updated authoritarian structure in reality
Economy Byzantine empireMost important western
terminal of the Silk Road
Constantinople located on important trade routs
Trade lapsed under TartarsNorth-south commerce never
returned
Moscow trade, tribute collectorMost part, remained
agricultural
Trades with nomadic people
Key economy bound to agricultureDevalued merchant class
Limited commercial exchangeSystemized tax systemMetallurgy and
mining
Economics funded military
Backward position in tradeExported some grain to W. EuropeTrade
deficit lessened by increasing serf output, not improving industry-
realizes the need to industrialize
But sill doesnt want to be materialistic
COMECONEconomies nationalized
Collectivization under state planned control
Soviet welfare systemFocus on heavy industry
Lenins New economic policyRussia-five year plan
Social Class/Gender
Serfdom began in Middle Age
Original sin devalues women
Influx of jews Monogamy replaced polygamy
Fairly free farmersBoyars-aristocrats-less political power
FeudalismPeter the Great encourages serfdomWomen and nobles
forced to dress
in western fashionsMen shaved beards denial of
Mongol traditionPower to upper class women
Emancipating serfs 1861-but most indebted, life doesnt
improveIncreased literacy
Some upper class women have access to new careers
Pogroms against Jews
Muslim population growthLenins New Economic Policy
gave freedom to small businesses, peasant landowners more
power
Education started to spread literacy
ScienceInventions
Focus on Serfs-cheap labor force impeded invention or new
scientific ideasJohn Desarguliers builds first steam engine
outside England
Western machinery importedOutdated agricultural methods hard
to competeMendel and some peas, Pavlov and
his dog
Cold War Arms race, space race Scientists highly
respectedResearch heavily funded
Direction/research determined by government want applied
scienceArt/Architecture Hagia Sophia
MosaicReligion based
Ornate churchesIcons, illuminated manuscripts
Religious art vs. local music, street performers &
theater
Not part of Renaissance due to illiterate Mongols
Architecture of city done by serfsRomanov Policy
- Italian artists/architects to work on churches/palaces
Beginning of some arts flourish-Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky,
Tchaikivsky
Nationalist pride through dictionaries, histories,
folktales,
music
Art-attacked western styleClassical arts
Literature walked line of angering government still
discussed
patriotism/Russian
Empire Byzantine Empire Kievan Rus could not replicate
Byzantine
Kievan decline rival princes set up regional governments
Rapid decline of Byzantium
Connection to Byzantine Empire- married niece of emperor
Expansion fought Ottoman EmpireFall of Byzantine Empire
(1453)
Religion Animist gods of sun, thunder, wind and fire
Vladimir I convert to Christianityforced conversion
Splendor of Orthodox religious ceremoniesReligion allowed to
have vernacular languages
Orthodox Christianity moved to Moscow
Romanov family state control over Russian Orthodox Church
Russification all Russians had to convert to Orthodoxy
Soviet schools taught religion as myth under Stalin
No church service to under 18
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CCOTChart - Describe (and analyze) the political, economic, and
cultural changes in western Europe from 600 C.E. to 1750. Be sure
to discuss continuities as well as changes.
Western Europe in 600 need specific examples
Why Western Europe in 1450 need specific examples
Why Western Europe in 1750 need specific examples
Why Key Changes/why did these occur?
Key Continuities/why did theseContinue?
P 1. Invasions/wars2. fragmented,
decentralized, regional3. without a strong
bureaucracy4. competing regional
powers5. power based on
land6. feudalism: powerful
aristocracy
1. A few local kingdoms emerge; HRE, England, France2. Wars
between kings (particularly Eng. and Fr.)3. power based on land
1. absolute and parliamentary monarchies
2. nation-states: ruled peoples who shared a common culture and
language
3. ambitious military organization; France and Spain with
standing armies
4. growing bureaucracy drawn from the merchants and lawyers
5. mercantilism: state actively involved in economy
weakening of feudal order growth of
professional armies emergence of
central monarchies religious wars weakening of
churchs power rise of merchant
class exploration &
colonization
maintained a characteristic tension btw. govt growth and the
idea that there should be some limits to st. auth., linkage between
statecraft and war politically divided and often at war
E 1. manorialism - self-sufficient agricultural estates
2. most were serfs3. wealth based on
land4. little trade and
commerce
1. rise of urban centers with skilled craftsmen/commerce
2. serfdom ends 3. specialization takes place4. trade expands;
particularly
between cities5. guilds help with rules and quality
1. mercantilism: importance of colonies
2. growth of colonial trade: core-dependent relationship
3. improved food supply and agricultural efficiency, leaving
surplus labor force
4. increased manufacturing5. early capitalism: domestic
system
increased trade new farming
methods & techniques colonization and
dominance in maritime trade
remained predominantly agricult. unequal distribution of
wealth
C 1. Christianity (Roman Catholic)
2. religious themes in art and literature
3. believed humans were sinful and only religion could save
them
4. literate group associated with the church
5. women lacked rights
1. Humanism - people begin to question Catholic practices
2. Renaissance - art becomes more secular
3. Christianity (Roman Catholic)
4. women could own businesses and belong to guilds
1. science as the new authority2. applied scientific methods
to study nature as well as human society
3. religious pluralism4. increased literacy5. believed: human
beings are
good, can be educated to be better, reason is the key to
truth
6. womens rights: political rights and freedoms should extend to
women
7. greater equality & respect in treatment of women &
children in the home
Crusaders exposed to the advanced Islamic civilization
Renaissance humanism: the here
and now individualism Reformation Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Christian values and traditions remained important, especially
to the masses, albeit declining in influence
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East Asia One Page Review
8000 600 CE 600 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 1914 CE 1914 -
PresentPolitics Dynasties with emperors-
mandate of heaven Start of bureaucracy/meritocracy
Japan borrowed from China Increased bureaucracy Tributary system
Constant threat from North Prince Shotoku then daimyos
Fall of Ming from internal/external - Manchu Japan: Warring
States Period to Tokogawa ShogunateCentralized rule
Abdication of Qing, unification of China Fight for control with
Mao Japan: abolishes feudalism, Civil code, regional
govsNationalism = huge force
Decolonization from Europe Nominally democratic Tensions- China
and WestUSSR/China split Birth of Chinese Republic Japan:
parliamentary capitalism
Economy Lots of money flowing in from Silk Roads Otherwise
agricultural
Paper moneyCredit or flying moneyHigh taxes cause peasant
revolts Serfs bound to land
China: trade with Europeans in Qing Japan: manufacturing,
merchant class get wealth and power , urbanization, population
growth
Provide labor for plantations/minesMeiji Restoration- quickly
industrialized in Japan
Modernization of Japan, Taiwan, South KoreaPost-
industrial/high-techLess affected by global depression Need natural
resources
Social Class/Gender
Patriarchal Confucian principles Women only power in court
Scholars/officials military artisansFew live in cities
Code of Bushido- chivalry Women lost freedom in Japan
Foreigners allowed in China Manchus higher than Chinese Japan:
hierarchy becomes unbreakable, samurai at toplower class women more
free upper obey or die
Rigid Tokogawa hierarchy ended Middle class grows power Lower
classes- horrible conditions, taxed a lot
Slow to embrace/tolerate diversity and individualism High
degree/variety social services Rise of feminism- suffrageWomen went
worked WWIIFoot binding outlawed
Science/Inventions Iron AgeModernized army Paper, accurate
sundials/calendars, agriculture improvements (plow)
Gunpowder for military Boasts = junks Navigation/block printing
Iron production Agriculture technique population cities
Gunpowder more prevalent Globalization of trade
British introduced opium to China Westernization of Japan -
steamships/railroads Communication revolution
Atomic bombsNuclear weaponry Militarism in Japan Computer,
internet, biotechnology and genetic science
Art/Architecture Brush painting Palaces
Infrastructure (roads, inns, postal stations) Japan: haiku,
pencil sketches, ink sketches, Noh drama, tea ceremony
Japan: kabuki theatre replaces restrained drama,Woodblock prints
= art form, borrowed Korean ceramics and western oil painting
Artistic styles change more rapidly and radically than ever
before
Theme for lit- resisting USNew style= cubism Movie industry Use
of concrete and glass New skepticism
Empire Collapse of empires in China from internal problems
economic depression, natural catastrophe, social unrest
Mongol empires conquer China, but fail in Japan replaced by
Ottoman Turks and Ju Yuanzahng of Ming dynasty
Japan empire centralized Fall of the Manchu empireInteraction
with west = China relatively isolated, Japan- periods of isolation
and acceptance
The fall of China opium wars, internal rebellions, external
lasses, Boxer Rebellion Japanese imperialism- Taiwan, Korea,
Russia
Japan- WWII- invades Manchuria, China, Siberia taking over
Southeast Asia,Bomb Pearl Harbor brings US into war atomic bomb US
occupies Japan
Religion Polytheism, animism ancestor worship Confucianism,
Legalism Daoism, also spread of Buddhism from India
Buddhist missionaries Shinto religion Influenced by monotheistic
religions Neo- Confucian thought
New sects of Buddhism from China to Japan Neo- Confucianism
increase(ethnocentric, historicism, rationalism)
Scientific/secular world becomes dominant
Religious fundamentalism Western appreciation for science
spread
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Politics Economy Social Class/ Gender
8000-600 CE
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Aryans (1500 BCE)16 statesThen Maurya
(321-185 BCE) Central, powerful militaryThen Gupta Empire (320 550
CE) Central control w/ village govts
Active trade and communication with Sumer Ashoka (Maurya)
promote trade with rest areas for travelers and Buddhist
missionariesTrade with Mesopotamia Silk, cotton, elephants Silk
Road
Warrior aristocracy/ enslaved Dravidians Arayans stratify class
Varna four classesPatriarchalCustoms devalued women More isolated
purdh
600-1450CE
Collapse of Delhi sultanate in 1300s Indian Ocean trade andTrade
with Islamic World, China, East Africa and Persia Traded: cotton,
silk, elephants, gems, cinnamon, and salt
Caste system
1450-1750 CE
Centralized under Mughal Thrived due to cotton trade Patriarchal
Treatment of women better under Akbar (initially) allowed widows to
remarry and intermarry between Hindus and Muslims, portray talents
openly
1750-1914 CE
Mughal empire, Buhudar Shahill sent into exile Indian National
congressGhandiEuropean influence
European tradersBritish East India Company
More racial based Abolish inhumane cultural traditions
(Sati)
1914- Present
Nationalism Indian National CongressPush for independence
(finally get after WWII)
Globalization facilitate and create greater trade across the
globe
Still patriarchal w/ caste system
Science/ Inventions Art/ Architecture Empire Religion8000-600 CE
Pi, Zero, numerical system,
medicine, astronomy, plastic surgery
Paintings, temples, sculptures, courtyard
Indus HinduismBuddhism
600-1450CE
Islam,Hinduism, Buddhism
1450-1750 CE Gunpowder technology Blended w/ MuslimArches,
domesTaj Mahal
MughalGunpowder empireDecline: due to opening to foreign
control
Islam, Buddhism though mostly Hindu
1750-1914 CE European education promotes science/ invention
Roads, railroads, canals British colony Hindu, Islam, Buddhism,
Christianity (though not very popular)
1914- Present After civil war: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Muslim minority
South Asia
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Regional Outline for Middle East8000 600 CE 600 1450 CE
1450-1750 CE 1750 1914 CE 1914 - Present
Politics -city-state - controlled city and surrounding area
Caliphs-political unrest-succession -problemIslam-Theocratic
Rulers- codified Islamic law
Sultan-Provincial govt-centralized power
-Ottoman decline -centralized, but -not around economy
-Turkish state-Sultan kicked outAtaturk- father of the Turks
Economy Trade-great traders-agricultural
Participated in trade-Trans Sahara Trade-Silk Road/Route-Indian
Ocean Trade
-Initially dominated trade (beginning)-Indian Ocean, African
Coast
-Trade still go on -no longer dominant traders/master
traders
WWI- join central power (lost)-Attempted Industrialization-Iran,
Iraq- Oil supply (econ based)
Social Class/Gender -Men work (more freedom)-Women confined to
home-Slavery (owned slaves) -from E.Africa
Education- more opportunitiesWomen- married at puberty - equal
before Allah
Harems established-female slaves, women had some rightsSocial
Class: 1)Sultan 2)Govt Officials 3)Reg Officials 4)General people
(peasants, Merchants..)
Women-stayed same, had some property rights-not really property
of men -hardly any rights -devalued
Women-Even with pressure from West. Stayed same-negative effect,
treatments-still had to wear the clothes to cover the whole
body
Science/Inventions -Independent innovations -4000BCE Bronze,
Copper -Wheel, irrigation canals -number system (from India,
improved)-Navigation tools
Mathematics-Algebra, GeometryetcScience -Objective
experiment-navigation: astrolabe improved-Medicine
Military Tech-canons, guns-advanced medically
-Medicines-Science- navigation tools, atstronomy
-Affected by western science -overtaken (no longer
dominant-stayed isolated
-Fall of USSR -start accepting west influence
Art/Architecture Architecture-Ziggurats -glory of
civilization
-Calligraphy, designs-Minarets-Mosques-Literature -Poetic works:
Arabian Nights
-Mosques-Minarets-Mosaics
Arts-still had Mosques-Minarets-Mosaics-styles still there, but
-due to decline of empire, corruption, little time for art
Arts-still have, but not much developmentsimprovements
Empire Regional Kingdom-Babylonians-Acadiansetc
-Islamic -regular civil wars -1258 Mongols overran Islamic
empire
Ottoman Empire-Gunpowder Empire-Safavid Persia
Sick man of Europe-decline of Ottoman Empire-Balkans -seeking
independence
Young Turks-Secularization, sceiences technology-Iran vs
Iraq-Turkey formed
Religion -Polytheistic -Animistic -Many gods
Islam-Suffis-respect for Jews/Christians -People of the book
Islam-divided -Sunni vs. Shia
Islam- unifying force- Sunni vs. Shia conflict-tolerant of other
religions to some extent
Islam-more focused on religion-tried to become like before
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Regional Outline for: Sub-Saharan Africa
8000 600 CE 600 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 1914 CE 1914 -
PresentPolitics Pharaoh/queen (living
incarnation of sun god), internal disorder, invasions (900 BCE),
irrigation
Kingship legitimized by Islam, People of The Book, Bantu
(stateless societies)
leaders cooperated with slave traders; monarchy
Re-colonization of Africa; Sierra Leone, Liberia ; coastal
kingdoms ruled by warlords/merchants; intertribal war;
Revolutions;White Mans Burden
Decolonization of Africa; attempt at representative government;
involved in WWII; renewed independence efforts civil war,
government corruption; socialism
Economy Trade with Kush and Mesopotamia, agricultural villages
engaged in trade.
Trade, with Islam as unifying factor, trans-Saharan trade
routes; Ghana (gold), Mali; gold, salt, honey, slaves, ivory,
imports, trade with Byzantine Empire, agriculture
Triangular Trade/ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade; guns traded for
slaves; slave trade with Mediterranean world
End of Atlantic Slave Trade Islamic states of West Africa still
trade slaves; rely on slave trade more; economic slump
Globalized economies; mercantilism in former colonies; poverty
stricken countries; international debt
Social Class/Gender
Patriarchal, but women manage household, own property, regents
of rulers, priestesses, scribes, can divorce, high priest class
Merchants valued; patriarchal society, rich women more
restricted; Islamic law, People of the Book, religious tolerance,
class centered around age group
Demographic shifts; more males in the slave trade than females
(females traded more in the East coast); depopulated
Rapid population growth Spanish Flu (global epidemic); clear
black majority making decolonization easier (apartheid in South
Africa)
Science/Inventions Hieroglyphics, bronze tools, papyrus, 365 day
calendar, medicine, math, astronomy, iron
Hellenistic thought, science/math
manioc, maize, sweet potatoes (from America); technology
suffered due to slave trade
Industrialization; guns, textiles, alcohol (importance of
foreign imports); Enlightenment
Slow technological development due to colonization,
mercantilism, internal instability; miners; no money for industrial
goods after WWI; oil (Nigeria)
Art/Architecture Pyramids, temples, hieroglyphics
Linguistic, architectural, artistic version of Christianity;
calligraphy, Mosques, minarets
Islamic art/architecture, paper making; arts suffered due to
slave trade
Christian/ Islamic arts ; literary/ artistic forms of the
west
Western artistic forms, religious art, native art (export)
Empire Geographyprotected, unique civilization, not as urban as
Mesopotamia, Nile river
Islamic urban center, Bantu Migrations, trade centers,
Trans-Saharan trade route
Part of Triangular Trade (with Europe and America); beginnings
of European exploration ; Kongo, Benin, Mali, Songhay
Open to foreign takeover due to economic slump; colonized by
Europe
Decolonization new sovereign nations
Religion Polytheism , afterlife (mummification), Book of the
Dead
Islam , Christianity in Ethiopia and Egypt, animistic,
syncretism,
Islam, Christianity, animism, ancestor worshipsyncretism
Islam, Christianity, animism, ancestor worshipsyncretism
Islam, Christianity, animism, atheists
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Regional Outline for Mediterranean 8000 600 CE 600 1450 CE
1450-1750 CE 1750 1914 CE 1914 - Present
Politics - Persian Empire: governors and law code
- Greece: city states (Athenian democracy)
- Roman Republic (510 - 23 BCE): Senate/Assembly
-Roman Empire (23 BCE 576 CE): bureaucrats
Byzantine: absolute authority
Secular rulersJustianian Code
Spain: Ferdinand + Isabella (Christian North + Muslim South) =
nation state
- Unification of Italy Victor Emmanuel (1870) (helped by
Revolution of 1848) - Italy before (mid 1800s): foreign controlled
small kingdoms
power of nationalism - Iberian colonies freeing selves- Italy:
Triple Alliance
WWI - Conflict in BalkansItaly changes sides for alliances want
N territories controlled
by Austria (later got some, but not all they wanted)
Interwar Fascist Italy, Mussolini aggression
* no absolutes!Economy Trade among Med (1st
controlled by Phoenicians/ Greeks), and also with Africa
(Trans-Saharan) and Silk Roads (connected to China)
-necessary b/c large scale agriculture impossible
East Byzantine: trade- at crossroads- commercial, cultural
connections
- Byzantines not dominant- Iberian wave of exploration
-start off strong, later replaced by more W. Europe
- Got lots of wealth, but spent just as quickly
- N. Italian city-states rich
- N. Italy industrializes- Portuguese coastal settlements
(esp. India), and quite harsh w/ African colonies
- Italy not really colonizing (humiliating loss to Ethiopia)
Interwar period global econ crisis
Fascists want to protect enterprise
Economic Globalization Italy in G-8
Social Class/Gender
Classes:- citizens (adult males)- free people (no pol rights)-
noncitizens, slaves
or patricians, plebians, slavesWomen: inferior (marry in
teens) but role in religion
SerfdomWomen: domestic
participate in trade/craft
- Women: Overall Europe some awareness of injustices
- limited opportunities
Women: some movement to equality (esp. industrialization)- also
w/ indus.: changes in classes (rise of middle)
Fascists (unlike Communists) dont want to eliminate private
property, class distinctions
Women: roles changed during war - suffrage
Science/Inventions MedicineAstronomy (Ptolemy)Engineering (Roman
roads,
aqueducts)Philosophy*slavery applied sci behind
Printing press Gutenberg (1436): increased impact of new
ideas
1252: Gunpowder to Europe-Muslims in Spain maintained
Greek/Roman learning
- (Muslims) Preserved past added to math and science-
Navigational tech- Scientific Revolution
Many associated w/ Industrial Revolution
Mussolini attempts to modernize Italy (brought medicine/tech to
backward parts)
Art/Architecture Classical pillars, arches- realistic human
statues- literature (Homer)Rome borrowed from G
-Greek Orthodox Church:Blend of Greek & Roman
elements Domes IconsCathedrals Romanesque,
Gothic
- Exploration/colonization ensured spread of culture
- Renaissance (esp. Italy) - Humanism
Artists experimented with new styles
New literary trends (Romanticism, realism)
Media used for propaganda (e.g. for war) AdvertisementsMore new
styles (cubism)
Empire Alexander the GreatCollapse of Roman
-split into east and west- internal/external factors
East Roman Byzantine (Justianian reconquest of N. Africa, Italy,
Spain coast)
- Byzantine- 800 CE Holy Roman Empire starts in West
- Greece/Rome essentially forgotten
- Weakening of Byzantine
Splitting into different countries (e.g. new nation of
Italy)
Greece, Egypt launch independence movements
Eastern Question decline of Ottoman
Spanish Civil War (training ground for new weapons) not so
directly involved in WW
No longer a unifying empire, but separate countries
hard to make generalizations Religion Originally
polytheistic
- Constantine: Edict of Milan (313 CE) legal status to
Christianity
Byzantine = Greek Orthodox Church
West = Roman Catholic Church(1054 Great Schism)
Spain ties w/ Catholic churchSpanish Inquisition for
hereticsProtestant Reformation/ Catholic Reformation
Mostly continuities e.g. Scientific Rev. challenged aspects of
Roman Catholicism, but people learned to be both
Now most of the area = Roman Catholic, but some Eastern Churches
(Orthodox, etc), some Sunni Muslim
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Regional Outline for Latin America
8000 600 CE 600 1450 CE
1450-1750 CE 1750 1914 CE 1914 - Present
Politics - The leaders are related to divinity (priests)
- Hierarchal system
- Arrival of Cortes (1518)- Annihilates existing political
system- Codified laws
- Colonization- Implement own government
(Europeans immigrate)- Religion (Catholic) plays a
strong influence in govt
- Decolonization- Majority rules- Series of
juntas/dictatorships
Economy - Little trade- Internally based- Mostly agriculture-
Large marketplaces
- Cortes trading- Encomiendas- Haciendas- Trade of crops-
Brought beasts of burden
improved agriculture
- improved technology- dependent- Europe sucks natural
resources/profits- monoculture
- Europe cannot maintain- Monoculture- Difficulty
industrializing- Heavily dependent on natural
resources (Venezuela)
Social Class/Gender - priests rules- hierarchal- patriarchal
(though women
appreciated)
- more hierarchal (by race)- depreciation of women (European
influence)
- Continued hierarchy - New castes created (creoles,
mestizos )
- Society opens up- More egalitarian - Some meritocracy-
Existing racism
Science/Inventions - Calendar- No wheels- Road system-
Chinampas
- medical advances (longer life span)
- Wheel brought in (levers, pulleys)- Brought in writing system
(for
Incan empire)
- primitive anesthesia- tools for probing, incision,
organ extraction- blood letting- transfer of European
inventions/influenced
- innovation continued- beginning industrialization- extracting
natural resources- science/inventions gotten
through trade
Art/Architecture - Pyramids- Religion-based
- Western/religion (Christian based) art- Mix of original
Spanish and Western art
- Combination of European, indigenous, and Christian arts.
Empire - Aztecs- Incas- Mayans- Toltecs, etc.
- decimated (guns, germs, steel)- Iberian rule
- Spanish/Portuguese empire- Treaty of Tordesillas (1949)-
Portuguese King moves to
Brazil- Some French influence
- split into many countries - General Boliva: legacy of anti
American, influenced many countries
- No strong institutions due to dependency
Religion - Animism- Polytheism- Worship of nature, etc.
- West considered Gods- Lose belief in previous Gods- West
brought Christianity - Influenced (little syncretism:
superstitions created)
- Christianity heavily encouraged - Atheism agnostics increased-
Legacy of Catholicism- Society more free to choose
religion
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Thematic Outline for Gender RelationsConsider the Following:
Inheritance, Rituals, Divorce, Marriage (Age), Suffrage,
Leadership, Profession, Education, Religion (missionaries, deities,
authority), Sexuality
8000 600 CE 600 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 1914 CE 1914 -
PresentEast Asia China- patriarchal society,
emperor can have more than 1 wife.Matrilineal before Shang
Dynasty.
China- Had growing number of infanticide if child was female.
Males regarded as lucky-Primo Geniture. Wives and young girls had
foot binding.
Japan- women live with increased restrictions on daily lives,
obey husband or face death.Women educated at home. Known as Warring
Period
Women have little freedom, society corrupted because of Opium
Trade leads to war with British Empire in Canton, Macau
Women able to gain prestigious jobs, although remain inferior to
men. Can Divorce and marry again. Expected to provide sons.
Western Europe Rome-Pater Familias- Centered around eldest Male.
Women have influence on family: supervising family
businessGreece-Patricians, Plebeians, Slaves-had say in religious
rituals, married early and virgin till marriage
Patriarchal society but women could get power if were upper
class aristocrats or monarchs/member of royal family.
Queen mothers ran royal house, kept relations with foreign
nations and controlled marriage alliance. Exploration &
colonization ensures spread of Spanish/Portuguese language,
culture, Catholicism
Industrial Revolution- Poor women who had taken care of
home/worked in fields shifted to factories/sweatshops. More and
more children working now, people moving to cities, immigrants o
US, Australia
Men and Women seem almost equal-voting rights, job interviews,
and day-to-day rights. Can choose when to get married and not
dependable on family to make choices. Well Educated- most prominent
place for women
Eastern Europe NO INFORMATION Women treated as inferior to men,
but could have say in family life. Both men and women work, mostly
agricultural style. Serfdom= work for protection
Russia- nobles adopt Western European culture thru language
(some spoke French) and dressing style, but ordinary peoples remain
the same.
Emancipation of Serfs in 1861 brings massive changes; Russia
modernizes, but changed precedent of tsars because of unrest among
lower class.
Women still subordinate to men; however, both are required to
work. Orthodox Church doesnt encourage divorce. Both males and
females educated.
South Asia Women gained little rights as needed supervision from
malesPatriarchal- SatiCouldnt own property
Women remain subordinate to men. Caste system decides each
persons place in society. Males educated if Brahmin, women not
educated, worked at home.
Mughal outlaw Sati, encourage widows to remarry, Hindu-Muslim
try for better relations. Women=Aristocrats, able to supply income
(all castes)
British try to outlaw both Sati and Caste System, still both
illegally continued. Violence between Hindu and Muslims also
persist. Boys + few girls educated
Still extremely patriarchal but women can work + have good jobs,
expected to provide sons. Not as auspicious as male babies
Latin America No clear-cut indications; however, most likely
patriarchal society based on Latin American history.
Aztec/Inca ruled. Women could become priestess or work under the
royal family. Human Sacrifice common for gods.
Changes brought by Europeans, Coloumbian Exchange, slavery
encouraged, European disease diminish Aztec and Incan culture and
peoples.
Social inequalities persist in spite of laws against it, People
of mixed race, Indians, blacks victims of informal prejudice,
slavery continued into 19th Century
Rise of Feminism, more than just legal equality and right to
vote (cultural and economical), Cuban government limits rights of
women: Communism
Middle East Men were hunters, women were food gatherers. Ruled
by elite, rulers, priests, and patriarchal society. Women can gain
power in courts, priestesses, scribes, small business
Women initially able to conduct businesses and hold certain jobs
(Mohammads Wife), Women dont need to veil themselves, divorce is
not tolerated
Harems-complex social network, originally non-Islamic
slaves/prisoners, mothers had influence if son represented in
court-became members of sultans extended family
Merchants contribute to expanding economy based on trade with
Europeans, South Asians and East Asians
Laws still very religious (Shari a) but some women can have
businesses, males can have up to 4 wives if they can provide
substantial lifestyle for each
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Global Trade/InteractionsConsider the Following: Major players,
dominant vs. dominated regions, how goods traded, technological
innovations, what was traded (disease, ideology, religion,
materials), role of merchants, currency,
routes, cultural exchange8000 600 CE 600 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE
1750 1914 CE 1914 Present
East Asia China: silk cloth; roads constructed; Han-Silk Road
trading increased; Iron Age; modernized army (iron weapons, etc.);
paper, accurate sun dials/calendars, use of metals, ox-drawn
plow.
China controlled east trading zone; traded: silk,
porcelain,& paper, military tech, Buddhism, Islam,
Christianity; Japan traded: silver; China refocused on Indian Ocean
trade in 15th century; expeditions by Zheng He; junks; Mongols;
Port of Canton;
China: many navigational inventions[sternpost rudder, lanteen
sails, astrolabe, magnetic compass]; relied on regional trade;
Japan: prohibited foreign trade
Opium Trade;1st China greatly benefits from trade; China opens
up to Europe; Japan industrializes; Japanese ports open up (1854)
b/c second Perry expedition. Industrialization
Japanese silk exports reduce; rubber exports damaged; China
prospered during Global trade; Vietnam: leading rice exporter;
Japan supplied food &raw materials, cars, electronics, etc;
Korea: cheap textiles;, steel, cars; Taiwan: textiles; Singapore:
4th largest port.
Western Europe Internal trade mostly; trade &cultural
diffusion by boat; wine and olive products for grain in Greece;
barter system replaced w/ money system;Hellenism; roman culture
spread; rds. connected to silk rd.
Crusades; Hanseatic League: trade monopoly established; begins
to trade with Islamic world;
Trade no longer land based only; Hanseatic League; European
exploration and colonization; new navigational technology utilized
for voyages; British East India Company; stole info. From
Spanish/portuguese
European dominance of the world; seized trading networks from
local/regional control.
Surrenders export dominance to US/Japan (WWI); Common Market;
US: huge exports;; food, wheat, corn, fast food; NAFTA;
advertising= diffusion of products and culture; development of
economic unions;
Eastern Europe not much contact with the outside world; traded
very little
Hanseatic League: trade monopoly established; Mongol Empires;
crossroads of Europe and Asia; didnt have much interest in Western
goods;
Russia: forced to establish agencies in Moscow/St. Pete; traded
primarily with nomads of central asia; Ottoman Empire: European
traders formed colonies with Constantinople; dismissed western tech
and trade.
Exported grain to Europe for western machinery; # 4 in steel
production;
Still agricultural & exports to W. Europe; COMECON;
industrialization; cut off from world trade because refusal to join
Bretton Woods System;
South Asia Indian Ocean Trade; Mauryans: promoted trade; rds.
connected w/ Silk Rd.; Buddhist missionaries sent out; Guptas:
Arabic # system, inoculation of smallpox, sterilization during
surgery, astronomy.
Indian kingdoms controlled Middle trading zone; ports in India;
trades: gems, elephants, salt, cotton cloth & cinnamon
India encouraged to trade with West but was more preoccupied
with imperial expansion.
Exclusive trade over India with British East India Company;
increase of urbanization due to British colonialism; roads and
canals built in; raw materials exported to Britain, finished
materials imported back to India;
SW Asia joins in intl drug trade; cheap textiles; exports
clothing; became worlds largest democracy
Latin America Didnt trade much yet. Lots of roads; didnt really
trade. Exploration of Portugal; Spain headed West-Columbuss voyage;
Reconquista delayed Spanish exploration; Vasco de Gama, Dias,
Ferdinand Magellan; haciendas formed;
LA trade increased significantly; sugar, cotton, cacao
plantations, beef exports-refrigerated boxcars; used for natural
resources.
Great Depression kills export economy; US=Cubas leading trade
partner til 1959; Columbia: intl drug exchange; Brazil: exotic
woods; Mexico: oil; Venezuela: member of OPEC
Middle East Great traders in Mesopotamia; traded with Egypt
some; Silk Road Trade; trans-Saharan trade; adopted Sumerian
beliefs
Arabs dominated trade; controlled western trading zone; traded:
textiles, carpets, glass & Arabian horses; Crusades;
Trans-Saharan trade routes; Islam spread; Mongols
Colonies formed here by western Europe. Traded with West but
more interested in expanding empire;
Trade with Islamic world decreased; dependent on European
imports; discovery of oil gains lots of money.
Oil; westernization; ASEAN ; joins intl drug trade;
migration;
Africa East Africa linked to Southern China through Indian Ocean
Trade; Trans-Saharan Trade: use of camel/camel saddle; exchange of
salt and palm oil; N. Africa supplied Rome with olives, wheat, and
wild animals; Egyptian culture spread.
Trans-Saharan trade routes; salt, gold, honey, slaves, ivory
(exports); copper, horses, textiles, figs, iron (imports);
Internal Africa not explored, Europeans too scared.
Trans-Atlantic slave trade ended but slavery still continued
illegally; coastal regions important for limited trade: stopping
points for merchant ships; center for slave trade; established
outposts, naval bases and small colonies; diamond deposits;
exported cotton to Britain;
After WWI no money to purchase industrial goods, S. African
miners prosper from gold mines; after WWII rely on sales of cash
crops/minerals; Niger: oil producer, member of OPEC; exports native
arts
Major Themes/Turning
Points
Silk Road; Iron Age Silk Road connected everyone; east to west
(1200-1600); Crusades; Mongols; Indian Ocean trade; Trans-Saharan
trade; Marco Polo; Global Trade Network; Rise of Islam
Silk Road; east to west (1200-1600); Renaissance; gunpowder;
European colonization and exploration; Commercial Revolution;
Atlantic Slave Trade; ships used for trade; Crusades
End of trans-Atlantic slave trade; industrial revolution;
European dominance of world; communication and transportation
revolution.
WWI & WWII; Great Depression; globalization;
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Political Developments
Time Period Political Developments Notes Foundations Governments
emerge as people
settle; Most were monarchies or oligarchies; Greek democracy
Roman republic Military empires: Assyria Persia Rome China
600 1450 China had the most advanced political systems; Medieval
Europe began to gain power; Major states: Mali Ghana Great Zimbabwe
Delhi Sultanate Aztecs Incas; Mongols brought together large
portions of Europe and Asia; Governments were primarily monarchies
and oligarchies; Formal restrictions were placed on monarchies;
Legal systems and legal bodies emerge; Multicultural empires;
Feudalism became a common;
1450 1750 Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Persia, Mughal India and
China controlled before Europeans; European power began to grow;
Military strength led to power; Centralized governments;
Bureaucracies; National states with fixed borders, national unity,
and homogenous
-
in language and ethnicity; European monarchies: absolutism and
constitutional
1750 1914 Political Revolutions: American, French, Haitian,
Latin American; Ottoman empire collapsed; Creation of new
countries: Italy and Germany; Nationalism becomes a dominant
philosophy; Alliance systems form; More democratic government;
Japan and Ottoman Empire developed parliamentary forms of monarchy;
Latin America led by dictators or military leaders; Colonial
domination
1914 to present
Europe loses power; US gains power; Cold War divides the world
into camps; Decolonization; Dozens of new nations formed; Democracy
grew on all continents, but in many places democracy was fragile
and limited; Totalitarian dictatorships;