A.P. U.S. History Exam Review 1900 – 1950. What was driving US imperialism at the end of the 19 th century?

A.P. U.S. History Exam Review

1900 – 1950

What was

driving US

imperialism

at the end of

the 19th century

?

Where?

What point of view does this illustration reflect?

What is the significance of the inserted map at the lower right?

1798

Directions: For the time period below, list as many people, groups, organizations, domestic and foreign events, court cases, publications, etc. related to the corresponding topic. You will have 3 minutes to prepare your response.

1890 - 1920 Topic – GlobalizationEngagement with the rest of the world including global hegemony, development of markets, imperialism, and cultural exchange.

Imperialism and Foreign Affairs• Big Stick Policy – Roosevelt’s Corollary

to the Monroe Doctrine

• Alfred T. Mahan – Great White Fleet

• Panama Canal• Russo-Japanese War• Negotiated an end to the war – Nobel Peace Prize

• Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908 - Upheld the “Open Door” Policy in China - Hay

- “Gentlemen’s Agreement” – limited Japanese immigration to the United States

Imperialism Inequalities

1. The Sinking of the USS Maine < yellow journalism

2. Teller Amendment > Platt Amendment

3. Acquisition of the Philippines < Acquisition of Cuba

4. Open Door Policy > Roosevelt Corollary

Hypothesis: American imperialism was contradictory to American idealism.Respond to this hypothesis

with a least two pieces of historical evidence.

Discussion Prompt

Progressive Era Solutions to Gilded Age Problems

• Harsh working conditions• Rampant poverty• Trusts/Monopolies• Political corruption• Destruction of the environment

Why were the Progressives more successful than the

Populists?

For example…Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911

The Progressives

• Progressivism – Square Deal – New Nationalism• Control corporations and protect consumers• Trust-Busting• Muckrakers – Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens (Jacob Riis)• Regulating corporations & railroads (e.g. Elkins Act, Hepburn

Act, Department of Commerce and Labor) • Consumer Protection The Jungle Meat Inspection Act of 1906

and Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906• Acted to conserve and preserve natural resources (e.g.

Newlands Reclamation Act, US Forest Service, Forest Reserve Act)

• “Dollar Diplomacy”• Mann-Elkins Act • National Parks and Forests• Trust Buster!• 16th Amendment • Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909

– splits the Republicans

• Bureau of Mines• Open Door in China – Closed!• Pinchot-Ballinger controversy, 1909

(conservation v. reclamation) – splits the Republicans

The Election of 1912

Domestic Affairs• New Freedom• 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments • Underwood Tariff, 1913 • Federal Reserve System, 1913 • Federal Trade Commission, 1914 • Countered Roosevelt’s New Nationalism with New Freedom

- “triple wall of privilege” = 1. high tariffs 2. unfair banking practices and 3. monopolies by trusts

• Replaced Sherman Act with the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914• Espionage Act of 1917• Sedition Act of 1918• Rise of the Ku Klux Klan [xenophobia]• Labor Unrest

Social Reforms – Child Labor

For the first time, the government attempted to help child labor with the Child Labor Act. This was enacted in 1916, but was struck down as unconstitutional in the 1918 court case of Hammer v. Dagenhart

African Americans in the Progressive Era

Although the leaders of the progressive era were ostensibly the “champions of democracy”, most progressive leaders avoided working to improve the situation for African Americans.

Leaders such as Wilson were born in the south and shared the general prejudice of their time.

Booker T. Washington

Booker T. Washington stressed black economic development. He believed that only after establishing a secure economic base, could African Americans hope to realize their goal of political and social equality.

First President of theTuskegee Institute (1881-1915)

W.E.B. Du Bois

Du Bois disagreed with Washington. He argued that political and social rights were a prerequisite for economic independence.

His pragmatic approach for economic advancement and militant demands for equal rights framed the debate that continued throughout the 20th century and today. Founded the N.A.A.C.P.

The Decline of Progressivism

By the time the US has entered the great war in Europe, Progressivism had begun to decline for the following reasons:- The entry of the US in WWI shifted the public’s eye towards foreign policy instead of national matters.- Soon after WWI, the US entered the roaring twenties, an era of great prosperity. This overshadowed the progressive movement.

Who is the “Best” Progressive?

Roosevelt Taft Wilson

Evaluate the effectiveness of Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform at the national level. In your answer, be sure to analyze the successes and limitations of these efforts in the period 1900 – 1920.

Prompt Analysis

World War I

The Great War – World War I

• Neutrality Proclamation• Sinking of the Lusitania, 1915• Unrestricted submarine warfare• War propaganda – George Creel• Zimmermann Telegram• “Fourteen Points” – January 1917 • Treaty of Versailles, 1919-1920 • Public-speaking tour to rally support for the League of

Nation – Lodge Reservations• Bolshevik Revolution – fears of socialism and

communism

The 1920sA Decade of Contradictions

An Examination of the 1920s:

Was it more Roaring or

Reactionary?

What were the sources of domestic turmoil during

the 1920s?

- Red Scare - Communism and Socialism- A. Mitchell Palmer (Palmer Raids)- deportation- Immigration Quota Act- National Origins Act- labor strikes (workers and police)- Nativism - rise of the KKK- Sacco and Vanzetti (anarchists)

Did you identify any of the following?

Fear of communism, socialism, and anarchy!

Fear of immigrants and deportation!

Labor Strikes!

Nativism and the rise of the KKK!

Organized Intolerance• Red Scare – Deportations

- Undercover agents- Faced with terrorism....bombs, strikes, and violence- A. Mitchell Palmer – “Raids”- Supreme Court Gitlow v. New York - anarchy laws- Schenk v. United States - “clear and present danger”

• Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan• Immigration restrictions – Emergency Quota Act of 1924• Prohibition – 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act

The “Return to Normalcy”"America's present need is not heroics but healing; not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration."

• Revenue Act of 1921• Teapot Dome Scandal• Washington Naval Conference • Pardoned Eugene Debs• 1922 Fordney-McCumber

Tariff 38.5% • Sacco and Vanzetti• Bureau of the Budget• Ku Klux Klan• Flapper Culture• Harlem Renaissance • Veteran’s Bill

“The business of America is business.” - Calvin Coolidge

• Coolidge was “distinguished for character more than for heroic achievement,” wrote a Democratic admirer, Alfred E. Smith.

• “His great task was to restore the dignity and prestige of the Presidency when it had reached the lowest ebb in our history ... in a time of extravagance and waste....”

The “Roaring Twenties”

Coolidge…Sleeping at the wheel

• Revenue Acts of 1924, 1926, 1928• McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill• Great Mississippi Flood of 1927• Indian Citizenship Act• Radio Act of 1927• Withdrawl of American troops from the Dominican Republic in 1924• Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928

The The 19201920

ss

Xenophobia

Organized Intolerance

Prohibition…a success?

Leisure Time!

The HarlemRenaissance

“Back to Africa”- Marcus Garvey

“The Lost Generation”

- Gertrude Stein

“Rugged Individualism”• Smoot–Hawley Tariff of 1930• “Black Tuesday” of October 29,1929

- Buying on margin, easy credit• Bonus Army March• Federal Farm Board• “Good Neighbor” policy• Reconstruction Finance

Corporation (RFC)• The Great Depression

“Hoovervilles”

Prices FALL!!

Run on the Banks!!

Less EMPLOYMENT

Less Bank LOANS and More Bank FAILURES

For your consideration…

What is the role of Government in society?

Examine the list of factors below. To what extent does one’s personal situation impact their response to this question?

•Urban/Rural•Rich/Poor•Wall Street [Investors/bankers]/Main Street [small businesses]

According to Carl Degler…

In all our history no other economic collapse brought so many Americans to near starvation, endured so long, or came so close to overturning the basic institutions of American life. It is understandable, therefore, that from that experience should issue a new conception of the good society.

“HUNGER IS NOT DEBATABLE”

FDR’s Inaugural Address, 1933

“Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself.” Not Your Fault

“The Evil Money Changers…” Nothing Wrong with Democracy

Only Reforms Needed “This Nation will Endure…”

The New Deal The Goal – Reorganize Capitalism

1. Stabilize the economy – Keynesian economics2. Provide assistance to the working/lower classes

to halt rebellion

The Broker StatePerhaps the strongest legacy of the New Deal was tomake the federal government…

1. a protector of interest groups, and2. a supervisor of competition among them.

As a result of the New Deal, political and economic life became politically more competitive than before, with workers, farmers, consumers, and others now able to press their demands upon the government in ways that in the past had been available only to the corporate world.

The New Deal

• Philosophy of the New Deal • “Broker State”• 100 Days; “alphabet

agencies” • Second New Deal • Critics, left and right • Rise of CIO; labor strikes• The Welfare State• The Dust Bowl

• Supreme Court – Court Packing

• Recession of 1938 • American people in the

Depression • Social values, women,

ethnic groups • Indian Reorganization Act • Mexican-American

deportation – racial issues

Critics of the New Deal

• Father Charles Coughlin• Dr. Francis Townsend• Senator Huey Long• American Liberty League• U.S. Supreme Court

“The Kingfish”Share Our Wealth Plan

Court- Packing

Controversy

“New Deal” Considerations

“Rugged Individualism” vs. the Welfare State [New Deal]

The 1st New Deal vs. the 2nd New Deal

FDR – The great reformer of business and banking OR champion of workers and farmers?

Prelude to War – Diplomacy in the 1930s

• Good Neighbor Policy: Montevideo, Buenos Aires • London Economic Conference• Disarmament – The Washington Conference • Isolationism: Nye Committee; • Neutrality legislation • Aggressors: Japan, Italy, and Germany - Axis• Appeasement• Rearmament; Blitzkrieg; Cash and carry; Lend-Lease• Atlantic Charter • Pearl Harbor

World War II

World War II • Organizing for war • Mobilizing production • Propaganda • Internment of Japanese Americans – E.O. #9066• Zoot Suit Riots• Bracero Program• The war in Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean; D-Day• The war in the Pacific: Hiroshima, Nagasaki • Diplomacy • War aims • War-time conferences: Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam• Postwar atmosphere; the United Nations

The 1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment

Act, or G.I. Bill of Rights• Recognized as one of the most significant pieces of social

legislation of the twentieth century • Enormous effects on both the national economy and its

beneficiaries. • Academics and politicians credit the benefits offered by the

bill with – forestalling a widely feared post-World War II economic

depression, – expanding the home-owning middle class, and– forever changing the nature of higher education in the

United States.

“The Buck Stops Here!”From Isolationism to Collective

Security• The Atomic Bomb• The “Fair Deal”; the Taft-Hartley Act • Civil rights – desegregation of the military – Election of 1948• Containment – in Europe and the Middle East • Truman Doctrine – Greece, 1947• Marshall Plan, NATO• Berlin Crisis • Revolution in China – “Losing China”• Limited war: Korea, MacArthur• Domestic frustrations; - McCarthyism!

“Dropping the Pilot”

“Cannon to Right of Him, Cannon to Left of Him”

Thank you!