The Europeans The age of discovery and new imperialism of the Atlantic states. 1492- 1900 Bernice Lin, Katherine Lamb, Hannah Heyerdahl.

The EuropeansThe age of discovery and new

imperialism of the Atlantic states. 1492- 1900

Bernice Lin, Katherine Lamb, Hannah Heyerdahl

AfricaPolitics•When the Dutch gained Cape Town they used the tip as a stopping-off point for merchant ships heading to India and China.•When the Boer War was over (fight between British and Boers) for the diamonds and gold that was found, the British now controlled the mines.•The Europeans didn’t have as much of a culture shock as expected.•People in Africa already had urban centers, governed by elaborate dynasties, organized around apprenticeship-based artistic guilds and agricultural systems that could sustain big populations.

IntellectualThe Africans already had some treatments for illnesses.Protective amulets were considered medicinally valuable in both cultures.Afonso I the Kongo King was literate and spoke and wrote in Portuguese.

ReligionThe kings of Kongo converted to Roman Catholicism and King Alfonso (one of the Kings) was successful in converting almost all of his people.Shared beliefs with Portuguese about magic and the supernatural. Sickness in general was attributed to witchcraft.

Art/ ArchitectureWhen the Kongo Kingdom converted to Christianity they started to make brass crucifixes and brass people holding the cross in their hand.

TechnologyThe Portuguese brought iron and metal goods to Africa and taught the Africans to melt iron and brass to make molds and sculptures that depicted their religion (Christianity).

EconomicsThe Portuguese merchants traded with the kingdom of Kongo. They traded livestock and other food products.The Portuguese desire for African slaves to sell didn’t sit too well with the kings.The Portuguese set up trade centers in Angola to sell the slaves.

Society Made the slaves a new class among African society.The British made the Africans work in the mines to get diamonds and gold. The Africans also had no right to the treasures they were digging up.

Americas (Latin and north) PoliticsPope Alexander divided North America in the Treaty of Tordesillas giving some land to Portugal and some to Spain. A civil governor served a 4-5 year term in Mexico and was paid 300-350 pesos from the Spanish crown. Pueblo lands were now protected by the new government

IntellectualIntellectualThe Spanish attempted to teach the Native Americans their language.The Spanish started mission schools to attempt to convert Native Americans so they would be loyal and good citizens.

ReligionSet up Catholic Churches in the Americas. The Spanish fought with the French around the Mississippi River and because of that the Church started to loose authority. Now the church had to tolerate more of the Pueblo Religions.

Art/ ArchitectureThe Spanish built houses in the Americas. Their houses had unique features at that time that distinguished them from other regions. Their houses had patios, iron gating on windows, balconies and tiles for the roof.

TechnologySpanish Taught the Native Americans how to use and Smelt metal goods and weapons. The Spanish built royal roads (Camino Real) where Spanish missions were established.The Spaniards developed gold and silver mines in the Americas.

EconomicsThe Spanish introduced farming and ranching bringing livestock (horses, donkeys, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs). Brought lots of plants and fruits (alfalfa, sugar cane, wheat and grapes). Started up cattle industry and cowboys and herds men developed.

Society New business opportunities and trade caused the increase of the merchant class. During the year 1500 Pedro Alvarez Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal and started to import African slaves to the Americas creating a slave population.

Society continued When the Europeans came over to the Americas, they gave the native Americans small pox and the disease wiped out many tribes. Slaves had the right to own property, allowed to work for themselves in special holidays and save up money to pay for their freedom. Slaves also had access to the courts and the churches.

Asia (China and India)PoliticsEuropeans were able to establish trade with the Asian Empires.British beat the French in wars and gained control of India through the corporate troops.The company (British East India Company) took advantage of the weakening Mughals and set up Administrative regions throughout the empire.

IntellectualThe upper castes of India were taught English and expected to learn English attitudes.

ReligionThe British company didn’t respect local customs of the Sepoys, Muslims or the Hindu religious ways.The British Made the Sepoys grease their bullet cartridges of their rifles with pork and beef fat which violated their dietary laws. Christianity was spread and the British tried to convert the Indian and Chinese.

Art/ ArchitectureRailroads and canals were built in India.

TechnologyThe British introduced the rifle to the Indians, which started a rebellion.

EconomicsThe British took over the trade in India (Indian Ocean Trade).British fought a lot for the right to have no limitations on trading with China.

Society Indians worked for the British as soldiers, and they were also called Sepoys.The British introduced Opium to the Chinese and soon the drug habit among the Chinese grew so wide spread that the emperor forbid the use and sale of the drug.

Pictures • Opium was introduced to the

Chinese by the British. However, the Chinese emperor banned it because so many Chinese workers became addicted to the opium, and they stopped working hard.

• The Spanish brought livestock , plants, and fruits and introduced farming and ranching in the Americas. This caused the cattle industry to start up, and the jobs of cowboys and herdsmen became professions.

Opium

Horses

Alfalfa

Sugarcane

More pictures

• Brass Crucifixes were made by the Kongo Kingdom when they converted to Christianity. Iron and metal goods were brought by the Portuguese to Africa, and the Portuguese taught the Africans to melt iron and brass to make molds and sculptures depicting Christianity.

• The Age of Discovery in Europe led to the discovery and conquering of parts of Africa, parts of Asia (China and India), and parts of the Americas (North and Latin).

Chronology • 1492- Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas hoping to colonize in India from Spain. • 1510- the Portuguese took some areas including the Indian port of goa and Malacca and the island of sri lanka. • 1512- slaves start to be brought over from Africa to the Americas. • 1500’s- Portuguese and Spanish colonies in Brazil and the Caribbean became major centers of sugar production, and

the desire for slave labor became more intense. • 1513- the enocomenda system (declared all people in the America Spanish subjects to force notice Americans to work

as slaves. It was ended by the 1530’s and 1540’s because the native Americans proved unable and unwilling to work as slaves and because the catholic clergy protested against the cruelty and the encomienda was abolished in 1542.

• 1513- Ferdinand Magellan led an expedition that broadened Spain and Portugal's idea of the world. • 1518- The first boatload of slaves were brought directly from Africa to the new world. • 1519-1522- The most striking victories of the Spanish in the Americas were the conquest of Montezuma and the Aztecs

by Herman Cortes and the destruction of the Incan empire between 1531- 1536 by Francisco Pizarro. • 1534- 1541- Jacques Cartier took the first step in France's settlement of Canada and they established the first cities in

Canada in the early 1600’s • 1540- Francis Xavier came to southeast Asia and spent the rest of his life cementing a catholic foothold throughout

Asia. • 1500s and 1600s- Jacques carter, Samuel Champlain and other explorers charted the St.. Lawrence river and made

outposts like Quebec and Montreal. In the 1600’s they created the Louisiana territory and that included the great lakes and the Mississippi basin.

Chronology • 1580- the English fought a series of naval wars with the Spanish and the English gained much navigational knowledge

from these fights. • 1600- The English established colonies in north America. (ex. Jamestown) • 1621- the Netherlands established the Dutch west India company. • 1652- The Dutch migrated to south Africa when a European settlement was established by the Dutch East India

Company at the Cape of Good Hope.• 1661- the British east India company established bases in Ceylon (now sri lanka) • 1664- the Dutch lost new Netherlands to the English and it was renamed new York. • 1701-1763- many wars between the French and the English over the colonies. This included the fight of queen Anne's

war, king George's war, and the French and Indian wars. The third conflict resulted in the English taking over Canada. • 1750- the English had defeated the French and took the conquest of India. They took the Mughal state but they kept

the leaders in charge. • 1770- James Cook charted the east coast of Australia and claimed the continent for his country. (England)• 1784- The Russians established a colony in Alaska. • 1788- Full- scale settlement of Australia and in 1830, the British claimed the entire continent of Australia. • 1808- news of slave revolts like that on Saint Dominguez and the activities of abolitionists combined to lead Britain and

the United States to prohibit their citizens from participating in the slave trade.• In 1830 France invaded Algeria• 1834-1870 large numbers of Indians, Chinese, and Africans went overseas as laborers• Before 1850 the British created a government that relied on military power, disarmed the warriors of the Indian states,

gave free reign to Christian missionaries, and established a private land ownership system in order to ease tax collection.

• After 1857–1858 the British eliminated the last traces of Mughal and Company rule and installed a new government, administered from London.

• After 1857 the British government and British enterprises expanded the production and export of agricultural commodities and built irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraph lines in India.

• 1867- Russia sold Alaska to America.• By 1871 130,000 European settlers had taken possession of rich Algerian farmland.

Compare over time• In Africa, there were many changes over time. First, the Europeans arrived in the early

1500s and started moving African Americans over to America in 1512. Henry the Navigator sent his Portuguese sailors out to explore the African coast. Then in 1652, the Dutch migrated to south Africa when a European settlement was established by the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope. The French, Dutch, and English scrambled to establish colonies and claim territories in Africa for their own and seizing control and taking advantage of the people resulting in the slavery period.

• In Asia, The Europeans took over many parts mainly India. 1750- the English had defeated the French and took the conquest of India. They took the Mughal state but they kept the leaders in charge. Before 1850 the British created a government that relied on military power, disarmed the warriors of the Indian states, gave free reign to Christian missionaries, and established a private land ownership system in order to ease tax collection.

• After 1857–1858 the British eliminated the last traces of Mughal and Company rule and installed a new government, administered from London.

• After 1857 the British government and British enterprises expanded the production and export of agricultural commodities and built irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraph lines in India.

• In the America's Columbus’ expedition sparked the desire to claim the new land that was the Americas. In the 1500s and 1600s- Jacques carter, Samuel Champlain and other explorers charted the St.. Lawrence river and made outposts like Quebec and Montreal. In the 1600’s they created the Louisiana territory and that included the great lakes and the Mississippi basin. 1701-1763- many wars between the French and the English over the colonies. This included the fight of queen Anne's war, king George's war, and the French and Indian wars. The third conflict resulted in the English taking over Canada. Slaves were imported from Africa and a government was set up. Finally in 1867 Russia sold Alaska to America.

Comparing the locations• The European culture and religion spread to the Americas, Africa and Asia through trading,

conquests and force. Each region was taken over and the Europeans beat the native people into submission.

• In Asia they were forced to lift the limitation on trade with Europe, in Africa they were forced to work as slaves and miners and in the Americas the Native Americans were pushed farther from their native homelands.

• The Portuguese didn’t have as much of an impact on Africa intellectually as did the British and Spanish on the Americas and Asia. Africans already had treatments for illnesses. The Portuguese and the Spanish taught the regions that they conquered how to write and speak their languages.

• The Europeans converted all three of the regions to Christianity. In the Americas the Spanish set up Catholic Churches and the churches had to tolerate Pueblo Religions. Africans switched to Christianity fairly easily and fast while in Asia the people rebelled.

• Each region was taught how smelt and mold iron and other metals. The Africans used brass to make molds of the crucifix and people holding the cross, this was after they converted to Christianity. In the Americas and Asia the Spanish and British taught the Native Americans how to smelt metal to make weapons.

• While in Asia and the Americas traded for food and other products Africa traded slaves and metals. Slaves, gold and diamonds were the most popular trade in Africa. The more slaves they traded the bigger the demand for them was. In Asia and the Americas the Europeans introduced farm animals and new crops to grow.

• In all three regions the Europeans held the native people at a lower status. In Africa the Africans were sold off and forced to do hard labor for no pay at all. In the Americas they tried to enslave Native Americans but the Native Americans didn’t last long in captivity and in Asia the Indians were forced into the military.

Impact on today’s world• The Age of Discovery and Exploration in Europe marked the

beginning of the Europeans seizing control of the world’s sea-lanes. The Europeans eventually began to create a global market as well as spread their culture to other areas of the world.

• European culture and ways were brought to the lands discovered during the Age of Discovery and Exploration. New trade routes were discovered as well, and this enabled world trade. Trade was established between Europe and many other parts of the world.

• Colonies were set up in the Americas, leading to new countries.• Christianity and Catholicism were spread to Asia, the Americas, and

Africa. Many people in those areas converted to Christianity and Catholicism.

• The Age of Exploration opened the way for geographic knowledge.

Who did what

• Bernice- pictures and today’s world• Katherine- pirates and comparing locations• Hannah- chronology and change over time