Top Banner
Experience of Empire A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger
22

A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Dec 24, 2015

Download

Documents

Magnus Roberts
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Experience of EmpireA.P. United States HistoryMr. Krueger

Page 2: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Living with Diversity• Throughout history, Americans have shut out any

minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or share the culture of the English origin.• The separation of ethnic and racial groups caused

violence and anger.• These issues intrigued public debate in the 18th century• This occurred before Americans advocated independence

• Does this still occur today?

Page 3: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Growth and Diversity • Ben Franklin made demographic calculation• U.S. population was doubling every 25 years

• Total population of Britain mainland population• 1700 – 250,000*• 1770 – 2,150,000*• 3% increase

• Natural reproduction accounted for most of the increase

• Population grew younger – ½ under 16 at the time• Population Characteristics• Dispersed• Heterogeneous

Page 4: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

New Arrivals• Non-English Europeans start arriving by the

thousands• Goals• Land• Independent Farmers

• Tended to head to the backcountry• They found these western areas demanding and violent –

Native Americans, Africans, Europeans

• Non – English Colonists in numbers entered the colonies in the 18th century• Rich ethnic diversity• Largest group: Scotch – Irish• 2nd largest group: Germans

Page 5: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Scotch-Irish• Reasons to come to the colonies:

• Control in Ireland (Catholics)• Scotch Irish (150,000 in the colonies pre-revolution)• In England they were held at a disadvantage when trading and

taxed extremely high

• Result:• Emigration to America• Freedom • Property

• Most arrived in Philadelphia, but quickly moved west• They were welcomed because they created a buffer

between the Native Americans and the Atlantic Settlers• Scotch-Irish challenged authority and settled large land

areas

Page 6: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Germans• Similar to Quakers• Seeking religious freedom they settled in Pennsylvania• Leader – Francis Pastorius (Mennonites)• Settlement – Germantown

• Lutherans also emigrated (Germany) and sought material gains more than religious freedom• Leader – Henry Melchior Muhlenberg• He organized a meeting of local pastors and organized

ministers, this was very important to American Lutheran History• They were the Pennsylvania Dutch, due to the confusion

with the word deutsch – which meant German

Page 7: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Ethnic Differences• Ethnic differences in Pennsylvania led to disputes• Ben Franklin referred to them as stupid, and

feared that they would soon be outnumbered• Feared loss of language (English) and government

• 1730’s many Irish-Germans emigrated to western Virginia due to the prejudice

• Germans remained on fertile soil, while the Irish kept moving

• These groups stayed outside of colonial government

• Methodist ministers offered spiritual advice and created moral character.

Page 8: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Middle Ground or Native Ground• Native American groups suffered greatly in the

17th-18th centuries• War• Disease

• Native Americans wanted to know where they could live

• 18th century – many lived between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River• Some wandered as remnants of their pre-colonial tribes• Survivors joined other groups to form multi-ethnic

communities• Strong tribes (Cherokee, Choctaws) welcomed refugees

• Many found unique ways to adjust

Page 9: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Middle Ground or Native Ground• Middle Ground – term for how Native Americans

held their ground beyond the Appalachians• Total isolation was not the Native American plan• They traded with the English and French for metal

goods and weapons• Their goal was to maintain a strong independent voice,

backed by military strength• Took advantage of rivals when possible, and

compromised when necessary• Would even complain to the Europeans when prices

were too high• European competition kept prices down, but the French

and Indian War (1763) ended competition

Page 10: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Ben Franklin• Regarded as a philosopher – used reason and science• Grew up in Puritan New England• He loved to read and enjoyed, “The Spectator” a new

British journal• With his brother published The New England Courant

(Weekly Newspaper) under the name of Silence Dogood. Satirical paper directed at the Boston political – religious leaders.

• Invention – Lightning Rod – it was a symbol of material progress.

• Organized groups that discussed English literature, philosophy, and science

• Organized groups called the Junto, a club for mutual improvement (Liberty Company) – members communicated between colonies

Page 12: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

English Policy• Colonial economy increased with the population• Abundance of Land• Increase in Agriculture

• America produced more tobacco, wheat, rice• Over 50% of the goods produced went to Great Britain• British Controls in the Colonies• White Pine Act – No cutting of White Pines – best for Royal Navy• Navigation Acts• Sugar Act – heavy tax on molasses from foreign ports• Hat and Felt Act – limited colonial goods that competed with

foreign exports• Iron Act

• British laws at this point were seldom enforced. With consumer society in GB, colonies had a market.

Page 13: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

English Policy Continued• Colonies traded amongst themselves and with the

West Indies – helped to cover the unfavorable balance of trade with Great Britain.

• English now Exporting more than ever (1740’s-1770’s) increased 360%.

• Example: china and silverware replace earthenware bowls in colonies.

• English industrialization hurt the colonies• British merchants offered credit for purchase with

interest• American debt continued to rise

Page 14: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Great Awakening• Mid 18th century individuals began to rethink basic

ideas involving church and state• Religious revivals spring up throughout the

colonies• New England – Congregational church shattered

(felt organized religion had lost vitality)• In Virginia the Methodist and Baptist Churches

were changing• Jonathon Edwards – Massachusetts minister (Calvinist) felt

local ministers had gone soft. Felt new birth depended on God.• George Whiefield – toured colonies. Great speaker,

welcomed all Protestants, used the press• Gilbert Tennent – revivalist with a sermon called Once the

Danger of Unconverted Ministers

Page 16: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Positives of the Great Awakening• New light Presbyterians founded higher learning,

establishing the following colleges• New Jersey (Princeton)• Brown and Rutgers University• Eleazar Wheelock – Dartmouth College

• People were taught to speak up and take an active role in their salvation

• African Americans sects developed• Richard Allen – African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)

• It brought colonists together outside of various city boundaries

• *It was a national event before a nation existed

Page 17: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

British Government• Parliament provided a model for American

Government, by copying the British, they saw the differences and became more American

• British Constitution was not a formal document, change was dangerous and destabilizing• Monarch with hand picked court• House of Lords (180 aristocrats) Upper House• House of Commons (558 elected members) Lower House• Both Houses tend to be from the same background

• Cato’s Letters – important for colonies

Page 19: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Colonial Government• Colonists thought their government was modeled after

GB.• Governor = King• Council = House of Lords• Assembly = House of Commons

• By mid 18th century most colonies had Royal governors• Selected through patronage• Had great power – Veto, Dismiss judge, military commanders• Councils were 12 wealthy colonists appointed by Board of Trade

• Colonial Assemblies• Wanted to protect liberty• Printed many types of written work to promote ideals• Would not coop with Royal Governor

Page 20: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Colonial Wars• Colonies become more involved in conflicts

between the British and French in America.• British had more population in the Colonies than the French• However, the French and Native Americans had success

against the English – defended Quebec and Montreal

• The fight was for the entire west including the Mississippi Valley• French Allies – Algonquin• British Allies – Iroquois

• British were successful against the French• French Forts stopped English Colonial expansion –

hemmed in the colonies

Page 22: A.P. United States History Mr. Krueger. Throughout history, Americans have shut out any minority groups or newcomers who didn’t speak the language or.

Colonial Wars• George Washington and troops constructed Fort

Necessity, but were overthrown by the French• Ben Franklin sought colonial cooperation and called for

the Albany Congress – discussed coop with Iroquois• Common defense• Western Expansion• Native American Affairs• B.F. suggested taxes to cover military

• May 18, 1756 – Britain declares war (Seven Years War) (French and Indian War)

• Perceptions of War• Colonists had cooperated• Leaders like George Washington learned the British weren’t

invincible• Colonists still part of Empire – but not as willing to pay the cost.