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Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position and Directional TermsTo
describe body parts and position accurately, we need an initial
reference point and must indicate directionThe anatomical reference
point is a standard body position called the Anatomical
PositionAnatomical Position: position in which the body is:Erect
with feet only slightly apartPalms face forwardThumbs point away
from the body
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REGION TERMS
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REGION TERMS
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Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position and Directional TermsIn
anatomical position, right and left refer to the right and left
sides of the person viewedNOT those of the observer In anatomy,
anatomical position is always assumed, regardless of the actual
position of the body
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Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position and Directional
TermsDirectional terms are used to explain exactly where one body
part is in relation to anotherExample:The ears are located on each
side of the head to the right and left of the noseUsing anatomical
terminology, this condenses to,:The ears are lateral to the
noseSaves words and is less ambiguousAnatomical meanings are VERY
PRECISE
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Orientation and Directional Terms
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Orientation and Directional Terms
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Orientation and Directional Terms
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Regional TermsThere are two fundamental divisions of the
body:Axial region:Makes up the main axis of our bodyIncludes the
head, neck, and trunkAppendicular region:Consists of the
appendages, or limbsAttached to the bodys axisConsists of the upper
and lower limbsRegional terms are used to designate specific areas
within the major body divisionsThe common term for each of these
body regions is provided (in parentheses)
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REGION TERMS
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REGION TERMS
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Body Planes and SectionsFor anatomical studies, the body is
often sectioned (cut) along a flat surface called a planeBody
planes are flat surfaces that lie at right angles to each
otherSagittal plane: a vertical plane that separates the body into
right and left partsMedian, or midsagittal plane: lies exactly
along the bodys midlineParasagittal plane (para=near): lies offset
from the midlineFrontal plane: a vertical plane that separates the
body into anterior and posterior partsTransverse, or horizontal,
plane: a plane that runs horizontally from right to left, and
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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BODY PLANES
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Body Planes and SectionsTransverse, or horizontal, plane: a
plane that runs horizontally from right to left, and divides the
body into superior and inferior partsMany different transverse
planes exist, at every possible level from head to footTransverse
section, or cross section, is a cut made along the transverse
planeOblique sections are cuts made at angles between the
horizontal and vertical planesThe ability to interpret sections
made through the body, especially transverse sections, is important
in the clinical sciencesNew medical imaging devices produce
sectional images rather than three-dimensional images
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BODY PLANES
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Abdominopelvic RegionsBecause the abdominopelvic cavity is large
and contains several organs, it helps to divide it into smaller
areas for studyCavity divided into 9 regionsUmbilical region:
centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus
(navel)Epigastric region: located superior to the umbilical region
(epi=upon, above; gastri=belly)Hypogastric (pubic) region: located
inferior to the umbilical region (hypo=below)
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ABDOMINAL REGION
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ABDOMINAL REGIONS
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Abdominopelvic RegionsRight and left iliac, or inguinal regions:
located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac=superior part of
the hip bone)(inguinal=groin: between thigh and trunk)Right and
left lumbar regions: lie lateral to the umbilical region
(lumbus=loin: between ribs and pelvis)Right and left hypochondriac
regions: flank the epigastric region laterally
(chondro=cartilage)
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ABDOMINAL REGION
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ABDOMINAL REGIONS
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Quadrants Medical personnel usually use a simpler scheme to
localize the abdominopelvic cavity organsIn this scheme, one
transverse and one median sagittal plane pass through the umbilicus
at right anglesThe resulting quadrants are named according to their
positions from the subjects point of view:Right upper quadrant
(RUQ)Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Right lower quadrant (RLQ)Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
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ABDOMINAL REGION
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Abdominal Regions and QuadrantsAbdominal regions divide the
abdomen into nine regions
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Abdominal QuadrantsAbdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into
four quadrants Right upper and left upper quadrantsRight lower and
left lower quadrants
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Medical ImagingX-ray (radiograph)CAT: Ccomputerized axial
tomographyXenon CTDSR: Dynamic spatial reconstructionDSA: Digital
subtraction angiographyPET: Positron emission tomographySonography
(ultrasound imaging)MRI: Magnetic resonance imagingMRS: Magnetic
resonance spectroscopy
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IMAGING