Anth.245 Ppt. lecture-16: Late Bronze Age Hittites, Part 2: Settlement patterns and case studies: Hattusas (Bogazkoy), Yazilikaya, Eflatun Pinar, Alaca Hoyuk, Kusakli Sarissa, Ortakoy

ANT.245: Peoples of the World: Mediterranean.

From Prehistory to the Trojan War.

Lect-19: The Hittites: Part-2.Notes and images compiled by G. Mumford © 2020 (Nov.)

Late Bronze Age: ca.1,500–1,200 BCEHittite settlements: especially Hattusha.

Contents:

The Hittites and their royal capital Hattusha (and other key sites).

I. Hittite Settlements: selected examples.

*. Hittite settlement patterns (summary): 5

a. Hattusha/Hattusas (Bogazkoy): royal capital. 9/10

1. Layout/plan of the city 17

2. Exterior fortifications 23

a. Walling system 23

b. Gates 30

c. Yerkapi rampart 53

d. Posterns 62

3. Interior: small fortifications, rock outcrops 66

a. Rock outcrops 66

4. Interior large fortifications/castles 76

a. The Buyukkaya (granaries) 78

b. The Buyukkale (royal citadel) 88

c. The South Citadel 112

5. The Upper City: water sources 119

Contents:

The Hittites and their royal capital Hattusha (and other key sites).

a. Hattusha/Hattusas (Bogazkoy): royal capital (continued).

6. The Lower City: water sources 121

7. The Great Temple (I) 124

8. Other temples, many in the city 159

9. Housing areas and urban dwellings 175

b. Yazilikaya (near Bogazkoy): a rock shrine. 190

c. Ortakoy-Shapinuwa: Regional city/capital (med-size) 209

d. Alaca Hoyuk: possibly the Holy City of Arinna. 214

e. Golpinar Dam: Hittite dam near Alaca Hoyuk 228

f. Kusakli / Sarisa: Regional city (medium size) 230

g. Masat Hoyuk: Regional city (medium size) 240

h. Eflatun Pinar: sacred spring shrine. 245

2. Sources: i.e., some searchers. 253

Selected examples.

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https://howtostudyincollege.com/how-to-get-good-grades/note-taking-strategies/

https://howtostudyincollege.com/how-to-get-good-grades/note-taking-strategies/

*.Hittite settlement

patterns:

in general …

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.

Settlement patterns in Anatolia:

• The Hittite ruling class essentiallymigrated into Central Anatolia,taking over an already urbanizedalbeit mostly dis-unified land.

• The establishment of a large-scale Hittite empire introducedthe first real major kingdom,expanding the existing city-statesinto a system of provinces.

• The Hittites both adopted andadapted foreign-indigenoussocio-political & related systems,unifying a large area under 1 rule.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=hittite+map&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=L07aXS0dmcJAzM&tbnid=cujKGulAN79nDM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient.eu.com%2Farticle%2F169%2F&ei=BehmUbCbFPKo4APkqoEQ&psig=AFQjCNFMnkyLIYdypa0TEa6mNuh2c_XNtw&ust=1365784898012837

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=hittite+map&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=fsX8fGdQK-DPCM&tbnid=tgbfj9uxP8KM-M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-history.com%2Fmaps-collection%2Fancient-world-maps&ei=zedmUdGvNbKp4APRp4CYDg&psig=AFQjCNFMnkyLIYdypa0TEa6mNuh2c_XNtw&ust=1365784898012837

Map of the Hittite Empire and adjacent peoples & nations


Settlement patterns in Anatolia:

• The typical Hittite city-state hadthree main parts: settlement …

(a). A fortified citadel (with a royalresidence: palace complex);

(b). An inner town (with templesand other structures);

(c). An outer town (with housingand other structures).

• A prime example is the imperialcapital: Hattusas (Bogazkoy).

• Other Hittite settlements doinclude Alaca Hoyuk, Alisar,Masat, and Kultepe-Kanesh.

• The kingdom also had ruralcommunities: farms & villages

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=hattusha&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VkGkdlzQygRl4M&tbnid=-T2kIg6pRJQWIM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdineshgopal.ifunnyblog.com%2Fbogazkoy%2F&ei=leBmUbi4H4zS9ASHloDwBA&psig=AFQjCNFvy37bUVnwJWLj2y7ymW23xt1mGw&ust=1365783055613419

Hittite settlements:

Various examples …

a.Hittite Capital:

Hattusas/Hattusha(modern: Bogazkoy)

The Discovery, excavations, and other work at Bogazkoy: Hattusas

Discovery and early excavations:

1834 (July 28): Bogazkoy discovered by Charles Texier (believed to be Persian Pteria).

1836-1882: Diverse drawings, plans, topographic maps, & photographs at Hattusas.

1893-1894: E. Chantre opens excavations at Great Temple, Buyukkale, Yazilikaya.

1906-1907: H. Winckler, T. Makridi, & O. Puchstein excavate, finding 2,500 tablets.

1911-1912: 30,000+ cuneiform tablets formed basis of Hittitology: study of Hittites.

1915: Note: Bedrich Hrozny deciphers Hittite language.

1931-1939: Fairly continuous German excavations by the German Archaeological

Institute (DAI): working in palace complex and Upper & Lower Cities.

More recent work:

1952-1977: DAI excavations led by Kurt Bittel.

1978-1993: DAI excavations in central & eastern areas of Upper City (Peter Neve).

1993-1998: DAI investigations in settlement area of the Buyukkaya (NE area of city)

1999-2000: DAI excavation of a granary in the Lower City (dating to 16th cent. BC)

2001-2006+: DAI focus on western part of the Upper City.

2005: DAI reconstruction of 65 m portion of Hittite city wall at Hattusha.

2007+: DAI and Institut für Vorderasiatische Altertumskunde der Universität

Münster survey of city of Hattusas, documenting sculpted areas on

rock faces.

2007+: U.-D. Schoop (University of Edinburgh) & DAI exploring a Chalcolithic

settlement at Camlibel-Tarlasi (2 km east of Bogazkoy).

Present: DAI-Turkish investigations continue at Bogazkoy/Hattusha.


Hattusas background/location:• The historically attested Hittite

capital of Hattusas / Hattusha =equated with the site Bogazkoy,which has yielded a huge archivecontaining LB Age baked claytablets with cuneiform writingthat confirms this identification.

• Excavations have demonstrated,however, that Bogazkoy has beenoccupied as early as the late 3rd

millennium to 19th century BC:ca. 2,100 – 1,800 BC.

• MB Age Bogazkoy also had anAssyrian merchant colony, likeKultepe-Kanesh 100 miles South.


Hattusas background/location:• The historically attested Hittite

capital of Hattusas has beenequated with the site Bogazkoy,which has yielded a huge archivecontaining LB Age baked claytablets with cuneiform writingthat confirms this identification.

• Excavations have demonstrated,however, that Bogazkoy has beenoccupied as early as the late 3rd

millennium to 19th century BC:ca. 2,100 – 1,800 BC. = MB Age

• MB Age Bogazkoy also had anAssyrian merchant colony, likeKultepe-Kanesh 100 miles South.


Hattusas background/location:• After a period of abandonmentBogazkoy was selected as thelocation for the royal capital fora new Hittite imperial dynasty,founded poss. by King Labarnas,or his successor Hattusilis I.

• Aside from some brief periodsof abandonment and rebuilding(i.e., Kaska raids & destruction),Bogazkoy was occupied fairlycontinuously from 1650–1200 BC(i.e., major Kaska(?) raid).

• Brief reoccupation in 7th cent. BCin Phrygian per.: called Pteria.

• Village of Boghazkale NW corner.

Shapinuwa: Alternate Hittite state capital

See more information on

Shapinuwa toward end of lecture

Historical summary of the

settlement at Hattusas:

• A. Late 3rd millennium BCE Hattusas

ca. 2100 – 2000 BCE

• B. Karum Period Hattusas (MB Age)

ca. 2000 – 1700 BCE

• C. Early Hittite Period Hattusas:

ca. 1700 – 1550/1530 BCE

• D. Hittite Empire Period Hattusas:

ca. 1530 – 1200/1180 BCE

MB Age Hattusas: Karum period …

A 2100-2000 BC B 2000-1700 BC

C 1700-1530 BC D 1530-1180 BC


Hattusas background/location:• After a period of abandonmentBogazkoy was selected as thelocation for the royal capital fora new Hittite imperial dynasty,founded poss. by King Labarnas,or his successor Hatusilis I.

• Aside from some brief periodsof abandonment and rebuilding(i.e., Kaska raids & destruction),Bogazkoy was occupied fairlycontinuously from 1650–1200 BC(i.e., major Kaska(?) raid).

• Brief reoccupation in 7th cent. BCin Phrygian per.: = called Pteria.

• Village of Boghazkale NW corner.

Hattusas during the 7th – 6th cent. BCE

(i.e., = the Phrygian Period)

HATTUSHA (Bogazkoy):

(1). Layout/plan ofHittite city of Hattusha:


Bogazkoy basic components:• The city is massive, expandingfrom 79 to 180 hectares. 1 x 2 km

• Its population may have reached25,000.

• The city can be subdivided intoseveral distinct interior areas &various external components:

Bogazkoy external components:• Northern Fortified outcrop: theBuyukkaya;

• Later walls placed surrounding the Buyukkaya;

• Cremation burials beyond walls;• Temple site of Yazilikaya ¾ mile to

the NE.• A river lies to the west of the city.


Bogazkoy internal components:(1). Lower City: entire LB Age.- Great Temple (I) & complex;

- Housing area around Gr. Temple;

- Some outcrops within Lower City;

- Fortified extension W. of L. City(built by King Suppiluliumas I);

- Later external fortified outcrop to East (Buyukkaya) later includedwithin an extension fortification,& reached by a bridge over gorge.

- A series of postern tunnels liealong South wall of Lower City.

- A fortified citadel on a majoroutcrop to SE: i.e., Buyukkale.


Bogazkoy internal components:(2). Upper City.- More than Six temples (II-VII): 29?

- Series of “castles”/strongholds:(a). Yenicekale;(b). Sarikale;(c). Nisantas;(d). Kizlarkaya;

- The South Citadel with basins;

- Extensive housing areas (somehave burials under the floor);

- 3 major city gates (and others):(a). Lion’s Gate: Southwest.(b). Sphinx Gate: South with a

rampart (Yerkapi) & postern.(c). King’s Gate: Southeast.


City’s environs:• Northern Fortified outcrop: Buyukkaya• Later walls surrounding Buyukkaya• Cremation burials beyond these walls• Temple site of Yazilikaya ¾ mile to NE

Lower City & Upper city (fortified S-ext.)Lower City:- The citadel (Buyukkale)- Great Temple (I) of Storm God etc.- Many houses- Various gates & postern tunnels

Upper city:- Gates: King’s, Sphinx, Lion’s, etc. Gates- Postern tunnels- Series of six temples- Series of “castles” / strongholds.- Housing

Exterior upper city:- Yerkapi rampart

FORTIFICATIONS:

Bogazkoy: HattushaS

Upper City

Lower City

The Citadel

(Buyukkale)

Great Temple (I)

Buyukkaya


(2). Exteriorfortifications:

(a). Walling system …


Fortifications at Bogazkoy:• Bogazkoy lies on uneven ground,extending across several gorges,which necessitated the raising ofthe ground level in several areasto build the walling systems:e.g., Earthen ramparts

• The city’s earthen ramparts mayextend to 70 m in width (base),with a stone slab-paved glacis to protect against battering rams.

• The upper fortification wall hada stone casemate foundation &lower courses with a rubble filling.

• The lower stone course had anoverlying mud brick wall above.

Hattusas fortification system:Hittite

model

crenel merlon

Crenellated battlements


Fortifications at Bogazkoy:• The thick ramparts and upperwalls enabled greater stabilityand a firing platform for archers.

• A ceramic model from Bogazkoy,and depictions elsewhere, attestto crenellated battlements. (abv.)

• The walls contained a series ofprojecting towers with uppercrenellated battlements (recon.),placed on average every 31 m(minimizing corner “blind spots”).

• An outer apron wall often lies 8 m beyond the main wall, withbastions mid-way between themain wall’s bastions (later phase).

Turkish government’s recent reconstructions at site

Hattusas fortification system:• Reconstruction of Hattusas fortification system at site (today)• Interior view


Fortifications at Bogazkoy:• The inner side of some of thefortification walls contained astone-paved roadway to facilitatethe rapid re-deployment oftroops along key parts of the citywalls that might require moretroops: i.e., concentrated attack.Aids speed re: wet mud & snow.

• Hattusas and many other Hittitefortified towns and cities tendedto have round to ovoid plans,presenting a continuous wall faceand thereby minimizing any “blind spots” at corners andsharp turns (such areas oftenreceived extra strong bastions).

Hittite circular city of Zincirli–Samal:

“perfect”

fortification design


(2). Exteriorfortifications:(b). Gates …






Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Gates at Bogazkoy:• A gateway forms the weakestspot in all fortification systems.

• Various architectural designs =adopted by Hittites to restrictaccess and increase exposure offoes to defenders’ projectile fire:

(a). Right-angle turns in gateways;(b). Multiple turns within gateway;(c). Approach ramps to cities often

ran perpendicular to the citywall: i.e., increasing exposureof enemy forces to defenders.

(d). Gates flanked by large towersadjoining main wall, apron wall, and glacis.

(e). AE-sheathed wooden doors. AE = “bronze”

“killing

box”

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Gates at Bogazkoy (Hattusha):• Several gates at Bogazkoy haveyielded huge stone carved figuresthat are placed facing outwardson either side of the entry towerleading into the city:i.e., Three gates along the UpperCity: Lion’s Gate, Sphinx Gate, &King’s Gate.

• One of the interior forts also hada sphinx sculpture placed in itsgate complex: e.g., Nisantas.

• These sculptures are suggestedto be protective figures to keepout both evil influences and foesvia supernatural assistance:Male may = deity? king? warrior?


(2).Exterior fortifications

(b). Gates: WEST GATEs

Excavated Lower City gates:

• Lower West Gate, and

• Upper West Gate

Lower West Gate

Upper West Gate



(b). Gates: LION’s GATE

“Lion’s Gate”: on the Southwest side of Hattusas’ Upper City.

An elite homewas found nearthe Lion’s Gate,inside the city.

“Lion’s Gate”: on the Southwest side of Hattusas’ Upper City.

Upper City, Lion’s Gate:

• Details from sculpture & inscription.



(b). Gates: KING’s GATE

“King’s Gate”: on the Southeast side of Hattusas’ Upper City.

“King’s Gate”:

“King’s Gate”:

Initially

debated

male vs.

female

(confirmed

= male: i.e.,

chest hair)

Replica

of the

original



(b).Gates: SPHINX GATE

Sphinx Gate behind Yerkapi rampart system.

Sphinx Gate behind Yerkapi rampart.

Sphinx Gate behind Yerkapi rampart.

Sphinx Gate

Sphinx Gate postern



(c). Yerkapi rampart …






http://wikimapia.org/24018141/Yerkap%C4%B1-Rampart

http://wikimapia.org/24018141/Yerkap%C4%B1-Rampart

Yerkapi: major landscape feature highlighting entry to Hattusha.




Yerkapi: Southern exterior fortification

Yerkapi rampart side stairway

postern at base of front

Yerkapi: Southern exterior fortification

Sphinx Gate:83 m long postern tunnelwith corbel-vaulted roof.



(d). Postern tunnels …






https://followinghadrianphotography.com/2016/08/22/hattusa/

https://followinghadrianphotography.com/2016/08/22/hattusa/

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Postern tunnels:Bogazkoy has var. postern tunnels:

(a). Many extend under the Lower City’s southern wall to what used to be the city exterior,

(b). Another major one extendsbelow Sphinx Gate to the Yerkapirampart to the south of the Upper City.

Postern tunnels may represent:(a). Southern escape route fordefenders facing imminent defeat;

(b). Hidden tunnels enabling sortiecounter attacks (one-time use?);

• Posterns = common elsewhere:E.g., Alaca Hoyuk; Alisar; Ugarit.

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Postern tunnels:Bogazkoy has var. postern tunnels:

(a). Many extend under the Lower City’s southern wall to what used to be the city exterior,

(b). Another major one extendsbelow Sphinx Gate to the Yerkapirampart to the south of the Upper City.

Postern tunnels may represent:(a). Southern escape route fordefenders facing imminent defeat;

(b). Hidden tunnels enabling counter attacks (one-time use?);

• Posterns = common elsewhere:E.g., Alaca Hoyuk; Alisar; Ugarit.

Alaca Hoyuk

Alaca Hoyuk


(3). Interiorsmall fortifications:(a). Rock outcrops …






https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hieroglyphic-inscription-on-the-rocky-surface-of-

Nisantasi_fig2_323827189

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hieroglyphic-inscription-on-the-rocky-surface-of-Nisantasi_fig2_323827189

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-hieroglyphic-inscription-on-the-rocky-surface-of-Nisantasi_fig2_323827189


Inner “castles” / strongholds:• Bogazkoy (Hattusas) contained avariety of apparent internal defensive features that consistedof stronghold’s placed on raisedrock outcrops scattered aboutthe Upper City in particular:

• These “strongholds” ranged fromsmall to large, and included

Small castles (on outcrops):(a). Yenicekale(b). Sarikale: walling around tower(c). Nisantas: rectangular tower

with courtyard & side rooms.(d). Kizlarkaya(e). Other possible strongholds.

Castle/stronghold at Nisantas:Gate text, Sphinx guardian, and a

courtyard around a tall tower.

Nisantas / Nisantepe:

• Hilltop fortification with Sphinx Gate,

rock-cut text, and “North Complex”.

Nisantas / Nisantepe:

• Fragments of Sphinx Gate to hill fort.

Nisantas

E.g., Fortress/stronghold:

- Within Upper City.

- Yenicekale (left; bottom)

- Nisantepe (centre right)

Yenicikale:

• Hilltop fortification.

Sarikale:


Kesikkaya:


Kizlar Kaya


(4). Interior largeFortifications/castles.


Large “castles” / strongholds:• Bogazkoy (Hattusas) contained aseveral large strongholds:

(a). The Buyukkaya, which lay ona large rock outcrop to the NEand was accessed across agorge, using a bridge (RIGHT).

(b). The North Citadel, which isnormally called the Buyukkale,containing the royal residence,royal archives, etc.

(c). The South Citadel, which helda royal residence, large stone-lined basins, and royal burials.



(a). The Buyukkaya(granaries, etc.)

Hattusha, Lower City, Buyukkaya:

A large fortified area with bridge accessing it across a gorge.

Buyukkaya

Early suggestion of a “Hittite” bridge across gorge

Hattusas: Buyukkale bridge? across gorge to plateau

• Drill holes on either side of plateau top;

• Traces of masonry on either side of plateau top;

• Route to either end of reconstructed bridge/towers/+?

• Suggested technique for bridging the gorge … (later!):

Byzantine chisel marks redate bridge! Maybe rope bridge?

Hattusha, Lower City, Buyukkaya: large fortified area with 11+ granary pits.

Major grain storage for the city and the state (very well-protected)

Granary pits

Bridge

Buyukkaya:

fortified area with granary pits.

Buyukkaya: large fortified area with granary pits. reconstruction

Buyukkaya: large fortified area with granary pits. reconstruction

Underground grain storage elsewhere at Hattusas: 16th cent. BC (early LB Age).

• 32 chambers for 7000-9000 cubic metres of grain: Supplies for 20,000–30,000 persons

• Creating sealed silos to minimize oxygen, with grain converting air into carbon dioxide

and thereby killing any pests (rodents; insects) or grain spoilage (via bacteria & mould).

Early granaries

along interior,

southern wall

of Lower City



(b). The Buyukkale(royal citadel)






Hattusas: Southern Citadel

https://www.anatoliatravelservices.com/en/guide/55/hattusas-the-capital-standing-the-test-of-time.html

https://www.anatoliatravelservices.com/en/guide/55/hattusas-the-capital-standing-the-test-of-time.html

Buyukkale: Royal palace.

• Fortified citadel with main palace.

Hattusas: Buyukkale (citadel)

Hattusas: Buyukkale (citadel)


The citadel / Buyukkale:• The royal citadel at Bogazkoy layon a natural plateau (i.e., a rockoutcrop) measuring 150 x 220 m.

• It had the best defended location(a). Sheer cliff face on N & E sides(b). Fortification walls on S & W

• It contained the royal palace &royal archives: Level III 13th cent.

Phases of occupation:• Occupation dating to 3rd mill. BC;• MB Age settlement walls;• Fragmentary buildings dating to

Hittite Old Kingdom;• Rebuilding ca. 1400 BC: frag.• Later structures Imperial period:

Bogazkoy: HattushaS

Upper City

Lower City

The Citadel

(Buyukkale)

Great Temple (I)

Buyukkaya


Level IV-III citadel / Buyukkale:• During Level IV, King Muwatallis moved the royal capital to thetown of Tarhuntassa in E. AnatoliaLevel IV dates 1,400 – 1,300 BC.

• Hattusas (Bogazkoy) continues tobe occupied, but the buildings onthe citadel (Buyukkale) displaymodest domestic buildings.

• In the subsequent Level III, theroyal capital returns to Hattusasand Hattusilis III and later rulers(e.g., Tudhaliyas IV) carry outmuch construction work.

• Level III dates mainly to the 13th

century BC: 1300 – 1200 BC.

House in Level IV of Buyukkale

Hittite bull and lion vases found in Buyukkale at Hattusas:

• Found in 1963 in Level IVb2, 30m west of housing area (Bittel 1970: 72, pl.15)

• Ritual vessels, approx. 90cm, symbol of Storm god (redated to 14th cent. BC?)


Level IV-III citadel / Buyukkale:• During Level IV, King Muwatallis moved the royal capital to thetown of Tarhuntassa in E. AnatoliaLevel IV dates 1,400 – 1,300 BC.

• Hattusas (Bogazkoy) continues tobe occupied, but the buildings onthe citadel (Buyukkale) displaymodest domestic buildings.

• In the subsequent Level III, theroyal capital returns to Hattusasand Hattusilis III and later rulers(e.g., Tudhaliyas IV) carry outmuch construction work.

• Level III dates mainly to the 13th

century BC: 1300 – 1200 BC.

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Level III citadel / Buyukkale:• The construction dating to theImperial period is characterized by a new fortification wall alongthe plateau top.

• Northern end: free-standingdomestic structures: residences.

• Centre: main palace of king.(palace partly destroyed underKing Urhi-Teshub / Mursilis III).

• SW gateway access to plateau

• LB: Hittites used large bouldersto build terraces to increase theplateau’s top for new buildings.

• Defensive walls moved down slope to facilitate new terracing.


Level III citadel / Buyukkale:

• SW entries:(a). City Gate leading to a chariotrampway, which accessed theroyal plateau/citadel from West;two towers flanked the gateway;

(b). Citadel gate leading to anEntry Court with a red marblepathway directed to SW Hall;

• The Lower Court led to a triple-chambered, complex gateway;

• The Middle Court (South) waslined by domestic housing for theroyal family.

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Level III citadel / Buyukkale:• N. End: domestic buildings E-F;

• Centre N: long narrow rooms (D)prob. with audience hall above.

• Centre S: 5 rooms around centralcourt, which lay 1.5 m below witha drainage outlet in one corner,suggesting “lustration chamber”for purification rites(?), or simplya drain for rainfall (= practical).

• Level IV.b2 also had sunken drain

• Royal Archive (A): Many tablets,with other tablets from E & K.

• Courtyard: yielded season dep.of sand & mud, and shells, andvotive-type pottery vessels.

E.g., Votive-type vessels

(Levels IV-III)







Note: Tablets came from various

rooms within this area …

Buyukale: Hittite Archive Building A.

Archive excavation

in Building K

(nearby to East)

Buyukkale: Buildings G and J around pool in courtyard:

G-J = archive: where many Hittite tablets originated to North (A+K)







Buyukkale: Main palace reception hall in Building D:

- Reception hall: i.e., visiting dignitaries, etc.

Buyukkale: Building E residence:

Buyukkale: Ritual “lustration”(?) chamber in Building C:

Hattusas: Buyukkale/citadel in Level III, 13th cent. BC

Destruction of the palace: a conflagration

ca. 1200+ BC


(4). Interior largeFortifications/castles.(c). The South Citadel.




Upper city:- Gates: King’s, Sphinx, Lion’s, etc. Gates- Postern tunnels- Series of six temples- Series of “castles” / strongholds.- Housing and South Citadel



https://www.amusingplanet.com/2017/06/hattusa-ancient-capital-of-hittites.html


South Citadel Eastern Ponds

Chamber 1 = mostly destroyed: Tomb? Shrine?

Chamber 2

Sun-god in Chamber 2

Chamber 1

Chamber of King Shupiluliuma II: tomb? Shrine? Poss. Symbolic entry to the Underworld

(Hawkins)


Ponds & chambers might reflect a possible symbolic entry to the Underworld (Hawkins)

Chamber of King Shupiluliuma II: Tomb?

Shrine?

Possible Symbolic entry to the Underworld


(5). The Upper City:Water sources ...

Southern ponds in Upper City:


(6). The Lower City:Water sources ...

(part of ritual ponds?)



Lower City & Upper city: water sources.Lower City:- The citadel (Buyukkale)- Great Temple (I) of Storm God etc.- Many houses- Various gates & postern tunnels



Hattusas: Water sources




Water sources:• Bogazkoy contained a variety ofwater sources within its walls:

(a). Streams;- A river ran along the eastern andwestern sides of the city.

(b). Springs;- Springs lay at various locationsin the city.

(c). Wells;- Artificial wells enabled the

extraction of water at var. loc.

(d). Cisterns.-Rock-cut cisterns provided water:Buyukkale & Sarikale “hospitals:”2 m wide x 2.7 m deep


(7). The Great Temple.







1834 discovery of Temple 1 at Hattusha – by Charles Texier.


Great Temple (I) at Hattusas:• The Great Temple had its ownenclosure wall with four gates:The main gate lay at SE corner.

• Great Temple lay in Lower City,placed on large limestone slabterrace measuring 100 x 137 m(cutting through earlier buildings).

• A series of storerooms with longrectilinear chambers lay aroundthe edge of the terrace, enclosingthe central temple building.

• A limestone paved street lay btw.the storerooms and the temple.

The Great Temple (I) at Hattusha

N

The Great Temple (I) at Hattusha

Temple

Pithoi found in some of the rectilinear storerooms associated with Great Temple (I):

Exterior storerooms

Exterior storerooms

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Great Temple (I) at Hattusas:• Interior to exterior drainage …

basin

Pre-planning & adapting to drainage needs

Drainage channel system along the front of the Great Temple (I)

Drainage system interior → exterior

Exterior processional rites?

Trough for pack animals? +?

Is it too nice for it to be

a simple “trough”???

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Great Temple (I) at Hattusas:• The main temple is rectilinear inplan, and is built in granite.

• It has an ornate entrance placedin the centre of the south wall:

(a). A series of 3 entry chambersflanked by “porters’ rooms.”

(b). Each “porter’s room” has alarge window on each side ofthe open doorway, in both theexterior and interior walls.

• The temple also has:(c). A central, open courtyard;(d). 2 shrines for 2 deities;(e). 2 stone pedestals for 2 deities;(f). The statues had not survived.

basin

Great Temple I at Hattusas:Southern main entry to temple with doorway & low window sills.

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Great Temple (I) at Hattusas:

basin

Great Temple of Hattusha:

• Lion basin from Great Temple

• Cult chamber with base for

a cult statue.

Prob. A special altar

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Great Temple (I) at Hattusas:• The Great Temple’s shrines:(a). Presumably represented main

deities in Hittite pantheon:i. “Weather-god” of Hatti;ii. “Sun-goddess” of Arinna.

(b). The twin, low stone platformswere made for life-size figures

(c). The cult figures most likelyrepresented wood covered inprecious metals, or solid metal

(d). It is possible that the 2 deitieswere represented by theirsacred animals, or a weapon(e.g., a sword, or spear),rather than anthropomorphic(i.e., human) figures.

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Great Temple (I) at Hattusas:• The temple was designed in a

relatively open fashion, havingwindows in exterior walls facingthe surrounding storerooms(unlike many other, more privateenclosed Hittite cult buildings).

• The Hittite calendar suggests thatmany rituals and great festivalswould have been celebrated in various parts of this temple:

(a). Ritual worship (chants; hymns);

(b). Cultic equipment + furnishings

(c). Sacrifices (before altars);

(d). Libations (liquid offerings);

(e). Other offerings / votives.

Overview of Great Temple

Isometric view of the Great Temple (I) at Hattusas

Isometric reconstruction of the Great Temple (I) at Hattusas

Overlying wood, rubble & plaster walls

Great Temple:

Construction

techniques with

stone base, and

overlying wooden

frame, rubble,

plaster, etc.


Great Temple (I) at Hattusas:• The cultic equipment included:(a). Sun-disks;

(b). Moon disks;

(c). Vases of precious metals;

(d). Pottery rhyta (animal-headedvases): especially bulls.

(e). Cult statues.

• Other furnishings:-The royal throne and other partsof the temple were considered“sacred.”

• The temple was considered the“home” of the god(s) throughoutthe year. Like elite/royal dwellings

Celestial Bulls

Hurri & Sheri,

who served

Storm-deity

Teshub

Example of bull figurines

Cultic ritual / offering scene

The Great Temple (I) of Sun-goddess & Storm God at Hattusas.

E.g., The king and queen often appear together appear in rites,

offering before the Storm God (e.g., below: Alaca Hoyuk),

and Sun-goddess (of Arinna) …

Examples of Hittite altars: Emirgazi altars dating to Tudhaliyas IV–Suppiluliuma II

Great Temple (I) at Hattusas:

• Below: Royal couple offering

before an altar with bull-figure,

a sacred manifestation/symbol

of the Storm God (Alaca Hoyuk).

• Right: Probable votive figure

of sun-goddess.• Great Temple dedicated to both gods

Bird divination: augurers

“Fortune telling” via various means:

Reading different signs on livers,

using liver models/reference works

to aid in obtaining answers to many

questions: personal to state matters

Hittite bronze liver model: Found in Piacenza

Generic liver divination

Clay liver models from Hattusas

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Great Temple (I) at Hattusas:• An irregularly shaped complex lay to the Southwest of the G.T.-I

• A 7.5 m wide, limestone slabpaved street lay between the two complexes.

• The southern complex measured55 by 120 m.

• It contained:(a). a central courtyard;(b). 16 independent units placed

around this courtyard;(c). These units likely included:

Kitchens, breweries, andscribal quarters.

• Other buildings lay in G.T. area,including underground pool.

G.T.

storerooms

storerooms

Administration

etc.

Entry to underground cistern/Grotto

Cross-section of underground cistern

Hattusas: Great Temple I,nearby spring / grotto …


(8). Other temples:Many in Upper City.

Temple I and other temples at Hattusas:

Collins, 2007. The Hittites and their World. Pg. 161.




Upper city:- Gates: King’s, Sphinx, Lion’s, etc. Gates- Postern tunnels- Series of many temples- Series of “castles” / strongholds.- Housing


A later addition to Hattusas:i.e., Sacred / Holy Southern Upper City(dominated by temples, but also with other structures)

https://www.artstation.com/artwork/baQ46G

https://www.artstation.com/artwork/baQ46G

Upper City: central temple area –temples 2 - 29

Hattusas Upper City:

• Aerial view of six temples: nos. II – VII (Lower City = Temple I)

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Temples II-VII in the Upper City:• The Upper City had at least sixmajor temples in addition to theGreat Temple (I) –in Lower City.

• These temples varied in theirsize and design and lay on smallrock outcrops (shaped plateaus).

• One type had a single cult room:- Temples II, III, and IV.

•Another type had two cult rooms:- Temple V.

• The remaining 2 being studied:- Temples VI and VII.

• Unfortunately, the deities towhom these temples = dedicatedremain unknown (… mostly).

Hattusas Upper City:• Top plan of six temples: nos.II-IV: One cult rooms; V has 2 cult rooms

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Temples II-VII in the Upper City:• The Upper City had at least sixmajor temples in addition to theGreat Temple (I) –in Lower City.

• These temples varied in theirsize and design and lay on smallrock outcrops (shaped plateaus).

• One type had a single cult room:- Temples II, III, and IV.

• Temple type with 2 cult rooms:- Temple V.

• The remaining 2 being studied:- Temples VI and VII.

• Unfortunately, the deities towhom these temples = dedicatedremain unknown.

Temple 5: Also has an enclosure & lies near King’s Gate

Temple 5: figure of dancing deity

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Temples II-VII in the Upper City:• The Upper City has yielded atleast 10 other smaller buildingswith plans similar to temples 2-7:

• The smaller buildings, including“House 9,” have now beeninterpreted as “cultic shrines”based on:

(a). Architectural details

(b). Much votive-type potteryfound inside them.

• Hence, the Upper City appearsto contain at least 16+ templesand shrines, arguing that theUpper City was more of a “sacredarea” (temp. King Tudhaliyas IV).

Reconstruction of

Temple no. 7: etc.

Cult figures & fittings

from Temples

2-7+

Lion’s head from sculpture in Temple no.2

Cultic/ritual items: E.g., Pieces from ceramic figural libation vessels etc. (Hattusas):

E.g., Ritual pouring of liquid offerings for deities before altars and cult figures

Also animal & human figurines used in rituals (textual references to this)

Hattusas: Human figurines from Sarikale Valley

- Human & animal figurines = attested in various

Hittite cultic rituals (i.e., representing individuals

and symbolic representatives).

- Such figurines = common in Near Eastern cults,

as votive offerings & diverse, affiliated functions.

Public participation in Hittite religion/ritesHittites had many & varied festival rites (e.g., The Inandik Vase):

Depiction on a ritual vase of people participating in festival rites,

with processions, music (e.g., lyres; tambourines; etc.), votives &

other items (jars), offerings, revelry, feasting, cult figures on altars,

etc.

E.g., poss.

“Ritual

of Holy

Marriage”


(9). Housing areas,urban dwellings,

and other activities.



Lower City & Upper city:Lower City:- The citadel (Buyukkale)- Great Temple (I) of Storm God etc.- Many houses- Various gates & postern tunnels




Lower City:

• The House-on-the-Slope.

Image of House on the Slope by Dr. Gunther Eichhorn (and other images) …http://gei.aerobaticsweb.org/images/TURKEY/Turkey_0764_1536x1024.jpg

http://gei.aerobaticsweb.org/images/TURKEY/Turkey_0764_1536x1024.jpg

House on the Slope:

The designated “Hillside House”

represents one of the bigger,

secular structures at Hattusha,

and is well-preserved.

It originally contained two floors,

being rectilinear in plan and

measuring 32 by 36 metres.

It = probably an administrative

structure rather than a residential

building owing to the scale of its

main courtyard/lobby: 13 x 17 m,

located on the second floor.

The first floor functioned as a

magazine & archive, which has

yielded many clay tablets in 1911

and 1960-1963.

This “House on the Slope” met its

end during a fire in the late 13th

century BC, and was not rebuilt.

The fire preserved some of the

burnt mudbrick walls along the

building’s back wall.http://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/house-slope-hattusa

http://turkisharchaeonews.net/object/house-slope-hattusa


Hattusas domestic housing:• An area of housing lay within theouter enclosure of Great Templeat Hattusas: near an open area.

• The houses had various sizes &presumably catered to priests.

• They lay in blocks of several houses, or even one large house,separated by streets and alleys.

• Most houses had a front court(dom. activities) & 2 back rooms.

• Ea. house had stone base, uppermud brick walls, hearths & ovens.

• One 2-storey house to SE may bea “scribal school” (beside E. Gate).


Hattusas domestic housing:• An area of housing lay within theouter enclosure of Great Templeat Hattusas: near an open area.

• The houses had various sizes &presumably catered to priests.

• They lay in blocks of several houses, or even one large house,separated by streets and alleys.

• Most houses had a front court(dom. activities) & 2 back rooms.

• Ea. house had stone base, uppermud brick walls, hearths & ovens.

• One 2-storey house to SE may bea “scribal school” (beside E. Gate).

https://www.journalagent.com/itujfa/pdfs/

ITUJFA-39974-DOSSIER_ARTICLES-

KUCUK.pdf

https://www.journalagent.com/itujfa/pdfs/ITUJFA-39974-DOSSIER_ARTICLES-KUCUK.pdf



Private houses at

Hattusas –near the

Great Temple:

• Priests’ dwellings

• Officials

• Etc.

Hattusas: Housing

A = front courtyard;+ 2 back rooms.

Terracotta model of a “Syro-Hittite house”

Context(?):

Design plausible …https://www.pinterest.com/pin/306526318366899134/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/306526318366899134/

General reconstruction of “Hittite-type” housing:http://www.warfactory.co.uk/gallery/alan15/alan15gallery.php

http://www.warfactory.co.uk/gallery/alan15/alan15gallery.php

Reconstruction by: https://3darchaeologist.com/2013/06/25/hittien-house/

Hittite rural housing in general: elsewhere …

https://3darchaeologist.com/2013/06/25/hittien-house/

Reconstruction by: https://3darchaeologist.com/2013/06/25/hittien-house/

Hittite rural housing in general: elsewhere …

Cooking pot

https://3darchaeologist.com/2013/06/25/hittien-house/

Industrial activity

at Hattusas:

• Pottery kilns in

the Upper City,

in-between the

various temples,

“castles,” and

other structures.

Generic image

Hattusas: Stone moulds for casting tools & weapons

Bronze axe

head from

Hattusas

Hattusas

b. Yazilikaya(near Hattusas):

A sacred rockoutcrop & shrine.







Yazilikaya, Rock Chamber A


Yazilikaya: outlying shrine.• This shrine lay about ¾ of a milenortheast of Hattusas.

• Initial shrine consisted of a shrinefronting 2 large, open naturalchambers in a tall rock outcrop:i.e., “Chambers A & B.”

• The earliest temple = c.1500 BC,when the Main Chamber A waswalled-off from the exterior.

• The faces of these rock chambers= sculpted with processions andfigures of various deities & somekings: E.g., Tudhaliyas IV.

Yazilikaya, Rock Chamber B

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Yazilikaya: outlying shrine.• King Hattusilis III built severaladditions to the rock-shrine:

(a). He built a temple complex infront of Chambers A-B, withseveral gates and stairwaysleading to a central courtyard.

(b). This central courtyard held analtar & adjacent rectangularinstallation with a basin: i.e.,“lustration chamber” forsome sort of purification rites.

(c). NE gate leads to Chamber Afrom this courtyard; a separategateway leads to Chamber B.

• Temple partly burnt down andrebuilt under King Tudhaliyas IV.

Yazilikaya shrine & rock chambers A-B

A

B

Yazilikaya Rock Shrine:Shrine & Chambers A-B

AB

Yazilikaya, natural tall rock outcrop:Reconstruction of exterior shrine, and modified rock-chambers A-B.

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Yazilikaya, Rock Chamber A:• The wall faces of this rockchamber = sculpted with reliefscenes: 2 processions.

(a). Left side: Male deities movingtowards rear wall of A.

(b). Right side: Female deities→towards rear wall of A.

• Back wall: rock-cut figures ofchief god & goddess depictedlarger than all other deities.

• King Tudhaliyas IV = depicted atrear of the right-hand procession(where narrow passage leads toa narrower/smaller chamber B).

• Winged, lion-headed demonsflanking entryway (guardians)

https://www.hittitemonuments.com/yazilikaya/yazilikaya02.jpg

https://www.hittitemonuments.com/yazilikaya/yazilikaya02.jpg

Yazilikaya, Rock Shrine A(?) focal panel:Two main deities (left) face smaller, lesser deities (right).

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Yazilikaya, Rock Chamber A:• The wall faces of this rockchamber = sculpted with reliefscenes: 2 processions.

(a). Left side: Male deities movingtowards rear wall of A.

(b). Right side: Female deities →towards rear wall of A.

• Back wall: rock-cut figures ofchief god & goddess depictedlarger than all other deities.

• King Tudhaliyas IV = depicted atrear of the right-hand procession(where narrow passage leads toa narrower/smaller chamber B).

• Winged, lion-headed demonsflanking entryway (= guardians)

Procession of male deities


Yazilikaya, Rock Chamber B:• Chamber B is much narrower &smaller than Chamber A:i.e., B is 2.7 m in width.

• Large stone blocks enclose theback of B, which is partly open tothe exterior (a narrow stairwayallowed access to the exterior).

• A limestone base (altar?) lay bythe rear wall in Chamber B, andyielded wood ash from the soilsurrounding it: i.e., burning wood,incense, or other offerings.

• A rock-cut “cartouche” (name)of a King Tudhaliyas (IV?) lay inChamber B: = shrine’s re-builder.

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Yazilikaya, Rock Chamber B:• Chamber B yielded a large carvedsword with a hilt consisting oftwo lions above the blade, thefront parts of two other lions, &a human-headed deity with atypical deity’s hat: = Sword-god.

• The deity Sharruma is depicted(beside the unidentified Sword-god) and is holding a smaller KingTudhaliyas (IV) protectively.

• The opposing wall portrays 12deities in a procession holdingsickle-swords, heading to building

• Ch-B yielded a basalt statue basewith feet & an ankle-length robe:possibly from a deity, or a king.









Yazilikaya, Rock Chamber B:Depiction of goddess Sharruma,embracing King Tudhaliyas (IV).









Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Yazilikaya, Rock Chamber A? / B?:• Chamber B yielded a large carvedsword with a hilt consisting oftwo lions above the blade, thefront parts of two other lions, &a human-headed deity with atypical deity’s hat: = Sword-god.




Yazilikaya, Rock Chamber B:

Yazilikaya, Rock Chamber B:

Overview:Diverse rituals,

offerings, and

other rites in

Chambers A-B

& front temple.

Ideas:

• “House of the New Year’s Celebration”;

• “House of the Weather God,” hosting

festivals honoring deities at the advent

of the New Year and pending Spring.

• Huwashi-sanctuary …

c. Ortakoy-Shapinuwa:

Hittite capital & regional centre

(medium-size).


Ortakoy (Anc. Shapinuwa):• 50 km NE of Hattusha

(Bogazkoy) located in valleywith arable land. = 2 days’ trip.

• Late Hittite period site (capital).

• Found in late 1980s: roadwork.

• Salvage excavation work byAnguel Suel.

• A settlement with housingplaced on 7 N-S terraces with asurrounding fortification wall.

• A temple built with cyclopean(i.e., huge) limestone blocks,two courtyards, and an archive.

• Discovered 3,000+ tablets

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=ortakoy+turkey&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=RokQ5pcriBpIXM&tbnid=mI1Mb9r1IxYsAM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnona.net%2Ffeatures%2Fmap%2Fplacedetail.950385%2FOrtak%25C3%25B6y%2F&ei=n4VsUbibA4jC9gTL94GICw&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNH-HetwVCdukna-QdMDAWCUBfdiKw&ust=1366152991650075

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=shapinuwa&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_0ilx83bF2eBMM&tbnid=PjyS0IjzBt4jwM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGasgas&ei=-qVsUdG0Bojm9ATGvoH4Bw&psig=AFQjCNFgyXTWXtoyOWCQs0Fhc1pHfHwH1A&ust=1366161274717826

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=shapinuwa&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=PDIDumVXrez2MM&tbnid=tp5mso7uwo6dTM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focusmm.com%2Fcivcty%2Fortky_00.htm&ei=ZKdsUdfkJZDW8gSMy4GgCw&psig=AFQjCNHRUy80GPBKU2EN5wS5l6JBprjHGA&ust=1366161636859728

Ortaköy: Ancient Šapinuwa

A major site that served sometimes

as the Hittite state capital:

Hittite king & queen resided here,

governing the state and carrying

out religious rites, etc. (tablets etc.)

Initial excavations reveal it was a

very wealthy & important city.


Ortakoy (Anc. Shapinuwa):• 50 km NE of Hattusha

(Bogazkoy) located in valleywith arable land.

• Late Hittite period site.

• Found in late 1980s: roadwork.

• Salvage excavation work byAnguel Suel.

• A settlement with housingplaced on 7 N-S terraces with asurrounding fortification wall.

• A temple built with cyclopean(i.e., huge) limestone blocks,two courtyards, and an archive.

• Discovered 3,000+ tablets

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=ortakoy+turkey&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=RokQ5pcriBpIXM&tbnid=mI1Mb9r1IxYsAM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnona.net%2Ffeatures%2Fmap%2Fplacedetail.950385%2FOrtak%25C3%25B6y%2F&ei=n4VsUbibA4jC9gTL94GICw&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNH-HetwVCdukna-QdMDAWCUBfdiKw&ust=1366152991650075

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=shapinuwa&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=gnpZREIdLzC3EM&tbnid=AxN-hxNbDEpjhM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsatrapminiatures.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F07%2Fshapinuwa-and-corum-museum.html&ei=-qVsUdG0Bojm9ATGvoH4Bw&psig=AFQjCNFgyXTWXtoyOWCQs0Fhc1pHfHwH1A&ust=1366161274717826

Hittite city: Shapinuwa (Ortakoy).See http://www.focusmm.com/civcty/ortky_00.htm

http://www.focusmm.com/civcty/ortky_00.htm

d.Alaca Hoyuk:

Possibly “the Holy City of Arinna.”

Alaca Hoyuk: 36 km NE of Hattusas

Alaca Hoyuk

Project website:

Linkhttp://alacahoyukkazisi.com/main.html

http://alacahoyukkazisi.com/main.html

Model of Alaca Hoyuk: Sphinx Gate and associated complex in background …

WEBLINK: ://www.gateofturkey.com/section/en/425/7/culture-and-art-anatolian-civilizations-first-settlements-in-anatolia-alacahoyuk

Sphinx Gate

http://www.gateofturkey.com/section/en/425/7/culture-and-art-anatolian-civilizations-first-settlements-in-anatolia-alacahoyuk


Alaca Hoyuk:• Located 36 km NE of Hattusha.

• Perhaps the ancient city ofArinna (religious site): sun deity.

• It contained many Hittite piecesof sculpture & architecture:

(a). Two guardian female sphinxes.(7 foot high), Egyptian-styleheaddresses.

(b). Carved orthostats along walls,gates, and ramps with scenes of archers, etc.

(c). Hittite complex inside gateway(unexcavated).

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alaca+huyuk&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VIzeMSshaYjJFM&tbnid=yVRRnv_8YqwEmM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waa.ox.ac.uk%2FXDB%2FASP%2FwaaSites.asp%3Fid%3D%257BCE1C6607-4E2A-4C1F-A947-D191EC0577FF%257D&ei=AIpsUa-cHYmy8ATXuoGYDg&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHMZ3EoPqjCG5sJ25nfJDLfwumhpA&ust=1366154113021123

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alaca+huyuk&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Vr01KUgiYuRIUM&tbnid=seILwF34CVTvjM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAlaca_H%25C3%25BCy%25C3%25BCk_1.jpg&ei=AIpsUa-cHYmy8ATXuoGYDg&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHMZ3EoPqjCG5sJ25nfJDLfwumhpA&ust=1366154113021123

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alaca+huyuk&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=f1D2aCAoR-7v_M&tbnid=HG9QI6PTjzFhrM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fteachingcompany.fr.yuku.com%2Ftopic%2F1928%2F2-First-Civilizations-in-Anatolia&ei=AIpsUa-cHYmy8ATXuoGYDg&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHMZ3EoPqjCG5sJ25nfJDLfwumhpA&ust=1366154113021123

Sphinx Gate

(Alaca Hoyuk)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alaca+huyuk&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Vr01KUgiYuRIUM&tbnid=seILwF34CVTvjM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAlaca_H%25C3%25BCy%25C3%25BCk_1.jpg&ei=AIpsUa-cHYmy8ATXuoGYDg&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHMZ3EoPqjCG5sJ25nfJDLfwumhpA&ust=1366154113021123


Alaca Hoyuk:• Located NE of Hattusha.

• Perhaps the ancient city ofArinna (a religious site).





http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alaca+huyuk&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VIzeMSshaYjJFM&tbnid=b_kWted0TzPQCM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waa.ox.ac.uk%2FXDB%2FASP%2FwaaSites.asp%3Fid%3D%257BCE1C6607-4E2A-4C1F-A947-D191EC0577FF%257D&ei=AIpsUa-cHYmy8ATXuoGYDg&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHMZ3EoPqjCG5sJ25nfJDLfwumhpA&ust=1366154113021123

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alaca+huyuk&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=uTYGwBj3ZkzATM&tbnid=Py_PjJkCfE4U7M:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corbisimages.com%2Fstock-photo%2Frights-managed%2FGD004442%2Fsculpture-of-men-from-alaca-huyuk&ei=AIpsUa-cHYmy8ATXuoGYDg&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHMZ3EoPqjCG5sJ25nfJDLfwumhpA&ust=1366154113021123








http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alaca+huyuk&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=neZHmgLQJ__-UM&tbnid=nMCfHrkavGAHpM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmusicscience-anilina.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fblog-post_18.html&ei=Mo5sUf_GBYiG8QTF2oHYBA&psig=AFQjCNERzZTMwa7LWsnwgSZUCdf2wwYiYg&ust=1366155186384216

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alaca+huyuk&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=9uKOTTAOnJ7VPM&tbnid=Z4n_3IxrlaOAnM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panoramio.com%2Fphoto%2F76080695&ei=AIpsUa-cHYmy8ATXuoGYDg&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHMZ3EoPqjCG5sJ25nfJDLfwumhpA&ust=1366154113021123







(c). Hittite complex inside gateway(undergoing excavation …).

NOTE: A dam built 1.5 km to SE fordrought relief (ca. 1200 BC)

Temple to north of Sphinx Gate

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alaca+huyuk&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Y9f6wjfUSNDnEM&tbnid=Bu2onyDHq2Mk1M:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panoramio.com%2Fphoto%2F76080513&ei=Mo5sUf_GBYiG8QTF2oHYBA&psig=AFQjCNERzZTMwa7LWsnwgSZUCdf2wwYiYg&ust=1366155186384216

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=alaca+huyuk&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HXSnMrjuuee6TM&tbnid=N1iDzggeYv7fdM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digplanet.com%2Fwiki%2FAlaca_H%25C3%25B6y%25C3%25BCk&ei=Mo5sUf_GBYiG8QTF2oHYBA&psig=AFQjCNERzZTMwa7LWsnwgSZUCdf2wwYiYg&ust=1366155186384216

Alaca Hoyuk: Plan of South Gate and Temple-palace structures to NW

Please note: See following slides for a simplified plan of Alaca Huyuk …

Alaca Hoyuk: Aerial overview looking at South Gate (upper left) and mound …

South/Sphinx

Gate

WEBLINK: ://www.gateofturkey.com/section/en/425/7/culture-and-art-anatolian-civilizations-first-settlements-in-anatolia-alacahoyuk

http://www.gateofturkey.com/section/en/425/7/culture-and-art-anatolian-civilizations-first-settlements-in-anatolia-alacahoyuk

Alaca Hoyuk: Plan of Alaca II excavation area …

Sphinx

GateSphinx Gate

Views of Alaca Huyuk:

https://followinghadrianphotography.com/2016/08/01/alacahoyuk/

Temple

complex

Temple complex

Housing: W of Gate

Housing

See plan

(later slide)

https://followinghadrianphotography.com/2016/08/01/alacahoyuk/

Alaca Hoyuk: Temple-palace.

“Temple-palace” in Level II,

which resembles the Great

Temple I courtyard at Hattusas,

is unclear re: its function(?).

-Some debate regarding it

serving as a palace with shrine

along its northern section.

Alaca Hoyuk:

• Hittite period (Late Bronze Age)

• House plan & reconstruction

(near Sphinx Gate / South Gate)

Housing at Alaca Hoyuk:

NOTE: A dam built 1.5 km to SE for drought relief (ca. 1200 BC)

e.Golpinar Dam:

Near Alaca Hoyuk(13th cent. BC).

Hittite Golpinar dam (near Alaca Hoyuk):

-The Hittite dam at Golpinar (1935+)

-Wall measuring 130 m long; 2+m high

-Made of stone+clay & clay plastering

-Inscriptions suggest it was dedicated

to goddess Hepatu (temp.Hattusili III?)

It may predate Tudhaliyas IV

A.Cinaroglu+D.Celik in M. Dogan-Alparslan & M. Alparslan, 2013 Hittites: An Anatolian Empire.

f.Kusakli / Sarissa:Hittite regional

centre (medium-size).


Kusakali / Sarissa:• xxxx: Excavated by H. H. von derOsten;

• 1990s: Surveyed and excavatedby Andreas Muller-Karpe.

Location:• A significant Tell/mound locatednear Basoren in Central Anatolia(modern Sivas province).

Date range and findings:• Old Hittite to Imperial period:i.e., late MB Age to LB Age.

• Residential area on a terrace.

• One house yielded a vase witha hieroglyphic text naming localAnatolian king (Hittite vassal?).

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=Sarissa+turkey&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_c5ue_4Z9teaeM&tbnid=kqeO35q2MPK3PM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panoramio.com%2Fphoto%2F16099240&ei=uoFsUZzRNYvI9QTG2ICwBQ&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNEyxEwiAlrV395LBp1y10HOfQ0oOg&ust=1366151995371206

https://www.pinterest.com/ebakla/hittites/

Kusakali (Sarissa):

https://www.pinterest.com/ebakla/hittites/


Kusakali / Sarissa:Large Temple:• A 54-chambered temple thatresembles the Great Temple (I)at Hattusas.

• It has a gate with one column.

• It has two shrines and an opencourtyard.

• It had been destroyed by a largeconflagration.

Associated installation:• An oven lay outside this temple,near the entryway, & contained:Wheat, barley, pistachio, lentils,chick peas, grape pits, & a humanskeleton: re-used as a grave?Excavation area:

Kusakali (Sarissa):






Associated installation:• An oven lay outside this temple,near the entryway, & contained:Wheat, barley, pistachio, lentils,chick peas, grape pits, & a humanskeleton: re-used as a grave?

Temple






Associated installation:• An oven lay outside this temple,near the entryway, & contained:Wheat, barley, pistachio, lentils,chick peas, grape pits, & a humanskeleton: re-used as a grave?


Kusakali / Sarissa:Palatial/administrative building:• Building C: = a medium-sizedprovincial centre (“palace”) withinthe Hittite empire.

• It has a large, central colonnadedcourtyard surrounded by rooms.

• Building A, nearby, has yieldedan archive that details the king’sconducting rituals here in thetown and installations at Sarissa(i.e., Kusakli).

Fortifications:• The town measures 18 hectares;it has a casemate wall, bastions,and four gateways: N, E, S & W.


Kusakali / Sarissa:Palatial/administrative building:• Building C: a medium-sizedprovincial centre within theHittite empire.


• Building A, nearby, has yieldedan archive that details the kingconducting rituals here in thetown and installations at Sarissa(i.e., Kusakli).


Kusakali (Sarissa): View of South Gate and palace from the south.

See Andreas Muller-Karpe & Vuslat Muller-Karpe, 2013. “Kusakli-Sarissa,”

pp. 220-25 in M. Dogan-Alparslan & M. Alparslan, Hittites: An Anatolian Empire.


Kusakali / Sarissa:Palatial/administrative building:• Building C: a medium-sizedprovincial centre within theHittite empire.


• Building A, nearby, has yieldedan archive that details the king’sconducting rituals here in thetown and installations at Sarissa(i.e., Kusakli).


Kusakali (Sarissa):

https://sites.google.com/site/marahorowitz2/Sarissa2.jpg

https://sites.google.com/site/marahorowitz2/Sarissa2.jpg

g.Masat Hoyuk:Hittite regional

centre (medium-size).

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Masat Hoyuk (ancient Tapikka):• Masat Hoyuk is located 116 km

East of Hattusha (near Kaska!).

• It consists of a medium-sizedsettlement with an archive: 96+tablets (> letters; plus oracles,religious & mythological texts).

• The tablets identify Masat as theHittite town of Tapika/Tapikka.

• A large communal buildingwith 40+ rooms representedan administrative centre,perhaps with a governor.

• The storerooms contained someMycenaean pottery (otherwisenot found at Hattusha).

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=masat+hoyuk+tapika&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=PaiWQCVHJkap6M&tbnid=-e0WhvThpia8rM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Funyezile.com%2Fmilat.htm&ei=aKFsUd2QG4Sa9gTomIGoDQ&psig=AFQjCNEv-hBGCEvF-_nYuHr-pw3c5olXjg&ust=1366160104780108

http://unyezile.com/masat2.htm

Anatolia: Kingdom of the Hittites.Masat Hoyuk (ancient Tapikka):• Masat Hoyuk is located 116 km

NE of Hattusha (near Kaska!).

• It consists of a medium-sizedsettlement with an archive: 96+tablets (> letters; plus oracles,religious & mythological texts).

• The tablets identify Masat as theHittite town of Tapika/Tapikka.

• A large communal buildingwith 40+ rooms representedan administrative centre (palace),perhaps with a governor.

• The storerooms contained someMycenaean pottery (otherwiseNOT found at Hattusha/Hattusas).

East of Hattusas

Myc. flask from Masat Hoyuk

http://unyezile.com/masat2.htm

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=masat+hoyuk+tapika&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=PaiWQCVHJkap6M&tbnid=-e0WhvThpia8rM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Funyezile.com%2Fmilat.htm&ei=aKFsUd2QG4Sa9gTomIGoDQ&psig=AFQjCNEv-hBGCEvF-_nYuHr-pw3c5olXjg&ust=1366160104780108


Masat Hoyuk (ancient Tapikka):• Masat Hoyuk palace:

Cache of clay sealings & tabletsdating to reign of Tudhaliya III.

• = Governor’s palace?

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=masat+hoyuk+tapika&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=PaiWQCVHJkap6M&tbnid=-e0WhvThpia8rM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fzilehabercom.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fmasat-hoyuk.html&ei=aKFsUd2QG4Sa9gTomIGoDQ&psig=AFQjCNEv-hBGCEvF-_nYuHr-pw3c5olXjg&ust=1366160104780108

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=masat+hoyuk+tapika&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=PaiWQCVHJkap6M&tbnid=lMZzwH9TzylWfM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Funyezile.com%2Fmasat2.htm&ei=aKFsUd2QG4Sa9gTomIGoDQ&psig=AFQjCNEv-hBGCEvF-_nYuHr-pw3c5olXjg&ust=1366160104780108

h.Eflatun Pinar:

A sacred springsanctuary.


Eflatun Pinar (SE of Konya):• Eflatun Pinar lies well to the SWof Hattusas, and SE of Konya.

• Its style of decoration dates tothe late 13th cent. BC, probablyto the reign of Tudhaliyas IV.

• Eflatun Pinar represents a small,stone-built spring-sanctuaryplaced beside a 30 by 35 metreopen pool of water.

• It appears to have been built ingratitude to its patron deities forsupplying water to the localpopulation.

UNESCO World Heritage WEB LINK:http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5912/

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=eflatun+pinar+map&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=-9OI2zLHGhBa3M&tbnid=003uGA5Dl8Ol1M:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmikemcclaughry.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F10%2F23%2Fscientology-roots-chapter-six-actual-jewish-history%2F&ei=SoBsUfqrNZDY9QT434CADw&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHfXYC5jIWm4_QW0tY9fJ01r2rQeQ&ust=1366151627332315

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=eflatun+pinar+turkey&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=1jT8ZPIxBYnc6M&tbnid=Aq5kNat3dEG4rM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panoramio.com%2Fphoto%2F80914790&ei=SH9sUeecKYa49gS9r4DgCw&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHn22QopwH-Ku965TrLOGk8f5FnBw&ust=1366151369202515

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=eflatun+pinar+turkey&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=HUrnzmO0nBYEJM&tbnid=Xiz5WxvkDWOw8M:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.360cities.net%2Fimage%2Fprint%2Feflatun-pinar-turkey&ei=SH9sUeecKYa49gS9r4DgCw&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHn22QopwH-Ku965TrLOGk8f5FnBw&ust=1366151369202515

http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5912/

Eflatun Pinar

Elfatun Pinar: https://www.hittitemonuments.com/eflatunpinar/

https://www.hittitemonuments.com/eflatunpinar/


Eflatun Pinar (SE of Konya):• The sanctuary lies on the spring’snorth side and consists of a stoneplatform measuring 7 m in lengthby several m in width and height.

• The spring-side face of thisplatform bears a relief scene of:

(a). A winged sun-disk;(b). An underlying pair of hybrid

animals placed in two registersat either end of the platform.

(c). An adjacent pair of wingedsun-disks below the upper two.

(d). A series of five columns with3 sets of two figures flanking2 larger figures placed underthe lower winged sun-disks.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=eflatun+pinar+map&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=7Hz3QFzOnbjbSM&tbnid=lR2v0yvqygbaIM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.bundeskunsthalle.de%2Fausstellungen%2Fhethiter%2F0e.htm&ei=SoBsUfqrNZDY9QT434CADw&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHfXYC5jIWm4_QW0tY9fJ01r2rQeQ&ust=1366151627332315


Eflatun Pinar (SE of Konya):• The smaller, lower winged sun-

disks lie above:

(a). a left-hand male deity with atall crown: possibly an Earth-or Mountain-deity.

(b). A right-hand female deity witha Hathor-like sun-disk on herhead: possibly a female water-deity.

• Hence, this sacred water-shrinemay have been dedicated to amale Earth/Mountain-god and afemale Water-goddess, namelythe key essential factors neededfor sustaining life: earth & water.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=eflatun+pinar+map&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=QYfo91Y-iyJ1bM&tbnid=ySDS3ezQT5W5uM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fparmat%2F2131194309%2F&ei=SoBsUfqrNZDY9QT434CADw&bvm=bv.45175338,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHfXYC5jIWm4_QW0tY9fJ01r2rQeQ&ust=1366151627332315

http://www.beysehirim.com/Anasayfa/beysehir/eflatun-pinari-ve-sadikhaci

Original statuary fitting

into the platform at

Eflatun Pinar

Eflatun Pinar:

• Sacred spring: Pairing

of male “earth”? deity &

of female “water”? deity

→ enabling fecundity

(especially in droughts)

Tudhaliyas IV founds this sacred spring sanctuary when climate is deteriorating:

→ Droughts → famine → hardship → DAMS are built and DEITIES’ AID = SOUGHT

and THANKED …

SELECTEDSOURCES:

(i.e., some “searchers”)

Broad background studyto Ancient Anatolia:

Alkim, U. Bahadir1968 Anatolia I: From the

Beginnings to the End of the Second Millennium B.C. Trans. By J. Hogarth.Archaeologia Mundi.New York: World Publishing Company.

STERNE: DS57 .A413 1968

Old Assyrian MB Age trade withAnatolia:

Atici, L., Kulakoglu, F., Barjamovic,

G. & Fairbairn, A. (eds.).

2014 Current Research at

Kultepe-Kanesh: An

Interdisciplinary and

Integrative Approach to

Trade Networks,

Internationalism, and

Identity. The Journal of

Cuneiform Studies

Supplement Series no. 4.

Atlanta: Lockwood Press.STERNE: Pending …

2011

Hittite & NW Anatolian history:

Gary Beckman, Trevor Bryce & Eric Cline

2011 The Ahhiyawa texts.

SBL Writings from the Ancient

World 28. Atlanta: Society of

Biblical Literature.

STERNE: P945.A3 B43 2011 SUMMARY:

Machine generated contents note: AhT 1A-1B (CTH 61) Annals of Mursili II, Years 3 -- 4 -- AhT 1A

(CTH 61.I) Ten-Year Annals -- AhT 1B (CTH 61.II) Extensive Annals -- AhT 2 (CTH 105) Treaty

between Tudhaliya IV of Hatti and Shaushga-muwa, king of Amurru -- AhT 3 (CTH 147) Indictment of

Madduwatta -- AhT 4 (CTH 181) Letter from a king of Hatti (probably Hattusili III) to a king of

Ahhiyawa -- the "Tawagalawa Letter" -- AhT 5 (CTH 182) Letter from a king of Hatti (probably

Tudhaliya IV) to a western Anatolian ruler (Tarkasnawa, king of Mira?) -- the "Milawata Letter" –

AhT 6 (CTH 183) Letter from a king of Ahhiyawa to a king of Hatti (probably Muwattalli II) -- AhT 7

(CTH 191) Letter from Manapa-Tarhunta of the Seha River Land to a king of Hatti (probably

Muwattalli II) -- AhT 8 (CTH 209.12) Letter from a Hittite official to a king of Hatti (Hattusili III?) –

AhT 9 (CTH 209.16) Letter from a king of Hatti(?) (perhaps Mursili II or Hattusili III) to a king of

Ahhiyawa(?) -- AhT 10 (CTH 209.17) Letter -- AhT 11 (CTH 211.4) Offenses of the Seha River Land

(royal edict of Tudhaliya IV?) -- AhT 12 (CTH 214.12.A) Prayer of Mursili II/Muwattalli II/Urhi-

Teshshup(?) -- AhT 13 (CTH 214.12.B) Memorandum(?) -- AhT 14 (CTH 214.12.C) Extract from a

letter(?) from a king of Hatti(?) (Tudhaliya IV?) concerning Urhi-Teshshup -- AhT 15 (CTH 214.12.D)

Letter from a king of Hatti (Hattusili III?) to another Great King -- AhT 16 (CTH 214.12.E) Fragment

-- AhT 17 (CTH 214.12.F) Fragment -- AhT 18 (CTH 214.16) "Boundary" list(?). Reign of Hattusili III or

Tudhaliya IV(?) -- AhT 19 (CTH 243.6) Inventory -- AhT 20 (CTH 570.1) Oracle report -- AhT 21

(CTH 570.2) Oracle report -- AhT 22 (CTH 571.2) Oracle report -- AhT 23 (CTH 572.1) Oracle report

-- AhT 24 (CTH 572.2) Oracle report -- AhT 25 (CTH 581*) Letter -- AhT 26 (CTH 590) Votive prayer

of Puduhepa(?) (wife of Hattusili III) -- AhT 27A-27B Letters from the Hittite court to Ammurapi of

Ugarit -- AhT 27A Letter from Suppiluliuma II to Ammurapi, king of Ugarit -- AhT 27B Letter from

Penti-Sharruma, a Hittite official, to Ammurapi, king of Ugarit -- AhT 28 Inscription of Warika, king of

(Ah)hiyawa.

https://uab-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=01UALB_ALMA2173608460003176&context=L&vid=UAB_Libraries&lang=en_US&search_scope=UAB_Libraries&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=default_tab&query=any,contains,hittite%20prayers&sortby=rank&mode=Basic

Various Studies on the Hittites:Multiple articles by different authors …

Beckman, G., Beal, R., and

McMahon, G. (eds.)

2003 Hittite Studies in Honor

of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on

the Occasion of His 65th

Birthday. Winona Lake:

Eisenbrauns.

STERNE: DS66 .H548 2003

1999 STERNE: KL4712.2 .A4 1999

Earlier findings at Hattusas:

Bittel, Kurt1970Hattusha: The Capital of theHittites. New York: OxfordUniversity Press.

Overview of the Hittites at Hattusas,from its earliest occupation throughthe Hittite and Persian periods.

STERNE: Pending …

REFERENCE WORK (Sterne Library):

Bryce, Trevor et. al. (contributors)

2009. The Routledge Handbook of

the Peoples and Places of Ancient

Western Asia: The Near East from

the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of

the Persian Empire. London:

Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group.

STERNE Call no.: DS57 .B89 2009.

SEE INDEXES for Anatolia, Hittites, +


Bryce, Trevor2007Hittite Warrior. Osprey WarriorSeries 120.Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

Note: Very well-illustrated anddone by a Hittite specialist.

STERNE: DS66 .B73 2007

General study on Hittites:

Bryce, Trevor1998 (and 2006 2nd edition)

The Kingdom of the Hittites.Oxford: Clarendon Press.

- Excellent author & a specialiston this time period and region.Mainly a history of the Hittites …

STERNE: DS66 .B75 1998 DS66 .B75 2005

SEE 2nd edition

(2006)

Hittite & Near Eastern Letters,

Including Egypt in LB Age …

Bryce, Trevor

2003 Letters of the great kings

of the ancient Near East:

The royal correspondence

of the late Bronze Age.

New York: Routledge.

STERNE: DS62.23 .B79 2003

Broad background study onthe Hittites:

Bryce, Trevor2002Life and Society in the HittiteWorld.Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.

Note: Excellent author & book,with book arranged by diversetopics: history, court, people,scribe, farmer, merchant, warrior, marriage, deities,doctors, mortuary beliefs,festivals and rituals, myth,capital, & long-distance links.

STERNE: DS66 .B755 2004

Broad background study onthe Hittites:

Burney, Charles

2004 Historical Dictionary of

the Hittites. Historical

Dictionaries of Ancient

Civilizations and

Historical Eras 14.

Oxford: The Scarecrow

Press, Inc.

STERNE: DS66 .B87 2004 (reference collection)

Overview study on Hittites:

Collins, Billie Jean

2007

The Hittites and their World.

Society of Biblical Literature,

Archaeology & Biblical Studies

no. 7. Atlanta: Society of

Biblical Literature.

An overview of the Hittites and

their history, politics, society,

religion, and links to the Bible.

STERNE: DS66 .C65 2007b

Hittite History & other aspects:

Including diverse studies …

Gurney, O. R.

1990 The Hittites.

Harmondsworth: Penguin

Books.

STERNE: DS66 .G8 1990

2009

Hittite history, etc.:

Including primary sources …

Hoffner, Harry A.

2009 Letters from the Hittite

Kingdom. Society of

Biblical Literature, Writings

from the Ancient World

Atlanta: Scholars Press.

STERNE: Pending …

1991

Hittite Religion:

Including primary sources …

Hoffner, Harry A.

1998 Hittite Myths (second

edition). Society of

Biblical Literature,

Writings from the Ancient

World vol. 2. Atlanta:

Scholars Press.

STERNE: BL2370.H5 H57 1998

Broad study on Prehistoric through Lydian Period Anatolia (Early Turkey)

Joukowsky, Martha Sharp,1996 Early Turkey:

Anatolian Archaeologyfrom Prehistory throughthe Lydian Period.

Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.

An excellent and well-illustratedcoverage of the Palaeolithic toLydian period (550 BC) with a clearsection by section treatment of eachperiod, and sub-sections with various sites. Although it is veryuseful, it is still essential to examineSagona and P. Zimansky (2009),Ancient Turkey, for a more recenttreatment of this topic.

STERNE: DS155 .J68 1996

Kultepe-Kanesh: MB Age Assyrian trade with Anatolia:

Larsen, Mogens Trolle

2015 Ancient Kanesh: A

Merchant Colony in

Bronze Age Anatolia.

Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

STERNE: HF5475.T92 L37 2015

Broad study on Ancient Anatolia via the museum collections in Ankara …

MAC Staff (Anadolu Medeniyetleri Muzesi)

1997 The Museum of AnatolianCivilizations. Ankara:Dönmez Offset (c.1999).

A well-illustrated catalogue withan accompanying text on theNeolithic and later periods inAnatolia (Turkey).

It also contains excavation andsite images, alongside museumobjects.

STERNE: N5336.T9 A57 1997

General study on Hittites:

Macqueen, J. G.1986The Hittites and theirContemporaries in Asia Minor(revised edition).London: Thames and Hudson.

- Excellent author & a specialiston this time period and region.

- Covering Hittite history andother aspects of their world.

STERNE: DS66 .M23 1986

Overview study on Hittites:

Meltem Dogan-Alparslan and

Metin Alparslan (eds.),

2013

Hittites: An Anatolian Empire.

Anatolian Civilizations Series vol. 3.

Istanbul: Yapi Kredi Yayiniari.

A truly excellent resource.

Contents: 35 articles on many topics

• Overview history

• Hittite historiography

• International relations …

• Language, hieroglyphs, peoples …

• Cities & settlements

• Hattusa (main capital city)

• Sapinuwa (another capital city)

• Alaca Hoyuk

• Masathoyuk

• Kusakli – Sarissa

• Etc.

STERNE: DS66 .H546 2013

Various studies on Hittites,

Including primary sources

Miller, Jared L.

2013 Royal Hittite Instructions

and Related

Administrative Texts.


World 31. Atlanta: Society

of Biblical Literature.

STERNE: DS66 .M55 2013


Nossov, Konstantin S.2008Hittite Fortifications: c. 1650–700BC. Osprey Fortress Series 73.

Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

Note: Very well-illustrated anddone by a general militaryhistorian.

STERNE: UG429.T9 N676 2008x


Radner, Karen and Robson, Eleanor

(eds.)

2011. The Oxford Handbook of

Cuneiform Culture. New York:

Oxford University Press.

STERNE Call no.: DS69.5 .O84 2011.

See Individual author chapters

(listed).

Law in Ancient Anatolia/Turkeyand Mesopotamia … : Texts, etc.

Roth, Martha T.

1997 Law Collections from

Mesopotamia and Asia

Minor (second edition).


World 6. Atlanta: Society

of Biblical Literature.

STERNE: KL210 .R68x 1995 KL210 .R68 1997


Sagona, Antonio andZimansky, Paul2009Ancient Turkey. Routledge World Archaeology.New York: Routledge.

- A broader study on AncientTurkey, focusing on thearchaeology of this regionfrom Prehistory to the Archaicperiod (mid-1st millennium BC).

STERNE: DR431 .S238 2009


Sasson, Jack M. (ed.)

1995. Civilizations of the Ancient

Near East, Volumes I-IV. Peabody:

Hendrickson Publishers, Inc.

STERNE Call no.: DS57 .C55 1995

(reference collection).

Note: Numerous topics (see index),

including Hittites ... SEE INDEXES

https://scotty.mhsl.uab.edu/vwebv/search?searchArg=%20DS57%20.C55%201995&searchCode=CALL%2B&searchType=1

Overview study: Hattusas

And Yazilikaya shrine:

Seeher, Jurgen

2011

Gods Carved in Stone: The

Hittite Rock Sanctuary of

Yazilikaya. Istanbul: Ege

Yayinlari.

An overview with many

images of the rock shrine of

Yazilikaya, excavated since

1931 by the German

Archaeological Institute, plus

work at Hattusha/Hattusas.

STERNE: Pending …

Broad background study onthe city of Hattusas: recent

Seeher, Jurgen2005Hattusha Guide: A Day in theHittite Capital. AncientAnatolian Cities 2 (revisededition).Istanbul: Yayinlari.

- Official guide to Hattusha byThe German ArchaeologicalInstitute expedition.STERNE: DS156.B67S44 .S44 2005

SEE4th ed.2011

Hittite Religion:

Singer, Itamar

2002 Hittite Prayers. Writings

from the Ancient World 11.

Atlanta: Society of Biblical

Literature.

STERNE: BL2370.H5 S54 2002 SUMMARY:

Introduction -- The Texts. Early Invocations. Invocation of the Sun-goddess of the Netherworld

against Slander (CTH 371). Invocation of the Sun-god and the Storm-god against Slander

(CTH 389.2). Invocation of the Sun-goddess of Arinna for the Protection of the Royal Couple

(CTH 385.10). Early Empire Prayers. Prayers to the Sun-god for Appeasing an Angry God

(CTH 372-374). Prayer of Arnuwanda and Asmunikal to the Sun-goddess of Arinna about the

Ravages of the Kaska (CTH 375). Hurrian Prayer of Taduhepa to Tessub for the Well-being of

Tasmi-sarri (CTH 777.8). Prayer to the Sun-goddess of Arinna Concerning Plague and Enemies

(CTH 376.C). Mursili's Prayers Concerning Plague and Enemies. Mursili's Hymn and Prayer to the

Sun-goddess of Arinna (CTH 376.A). Mursili's Hymn and Prayer to Telipinu (CTH 377). Mursili’s

"Third" Plague Prayer to the Sun-goddess of Arinna (CTH 378.III). Mursili's "Second" Plague

Prayer to the Storm-god of Hatti (CTH 378.II). Mursili's "First" Plague Prayer to the Assembly of

Gods and Goddesses (CTH 378.I). Mursili's "Fourth" Plague Prayer to the Assembly of Gods

(arranged by localities) (CTH 378.IV). Mursili's "Fifth" Plague Prayer to the Assembly of Gods

(arranged typologically) (CTH 379). Mursili's Prayers Concerning His Wife and His Stepmother.

Mursili's Prayer to Lelwani for the Recovery of Gassuliyawiya (CTH 380). Mursili's Prayer to the

Sun-goddess of Arinna for the Recovery of Gassuliyawiya (CTH 376.F). Mursili's Accusations

Against Tawannanna (CTH 70). Mursili's Exculpation for the Deposition of Tawannanna (CTH 71).

Muwatalli's Prayers. Muwatalli's Prayer to the Storm-god Concerning the Cult of Kummanni

(CTH 382). Muwatalli's Model Prayer to the Assembly of Gods through the Storm-god of Lightning (

CTH 381). Prayers of Hattusili, Puduhepa, and Tudhaliya. Hattusili's Prayer of Exculpation to the

Sun-goddess of Arinna (CTH 383). Puduhepa's Prayer to the Sun-goddess of Arinna and Her

Circle for the Well-being of Hattusili (CTH 384). Fragments of Prayers to the Storm-god on Nerik

(CTH 386.1-3). Tudhaliya's Prayer to the Sun-goddess of Arinna for Military Success (CTH 385.9).

Hittite Religion and history,Including primary sources (texts)

Singer, Itamar

1996 Muwatalli's Prayer to the

Assembly of Gods

Through the Storm-God

of Lightening (CTH 381).

Atlanta: Scholars Press.

STERNE: Pending …

Hittite History: Reign studies …

Stavi, Boaz

2015 The Reign of Tudhaliya II

and Šuppiluliuma I: The

Contribution of the

Hittite Documentation to

a Reconstruction of the

Amarna Age. Texte der

Hethiter, Philologische

und Historische Studien

zur Altanatolisk, Heft 31.

Heidelberg: Universitats-

verlag Winter GmbH

HeidelbergSTERNE: Pending …


Steadman, Sharon andMcMahon, Gregory (eds.)2011The Oxford Handbook of AncientAnatolia: 10,000 – 323 BCE.New York: Oxford UniversityPress.

- Multiple chapters on AncientAnatolia, including three on the Late Bronze Age:

Bryce, “LB Age in West & Aegean”

Seeher, “The Plateau: The Hittites

Gates, “S & SE Anatolia in LB Age”

STERNE: DR431 .O95 2011

Various studies on Hittites

Yener, K. A. and Hoffner, H. A. (eds.)

2002 Recent Developments in Hittite

Archaeology and History:

Papers in Memory of Hans G.

Guterbock. Winona Lake:

Eisenbrauns

STERNE: DS66 .R34 2001

SUMMARY:

Excavations in Hittite heartlands : recent investigations in late Bronze Age Anatolia / K. Aslihan

Yener -- The storm-god at ʻAin Dara / Robert L. Alexander -- Formation of the West Hurrian

pantheon : the case of Ishara / Alfonso Archi -- Babyloniaca Hethitica : the "babilili-ritual" from

Bogazköy (CTH 718) / Gary Beckman -- Bearded or beardless? : some speculations on the function

of the beard among the Hittites / Hripsime Haroutunian --Hittite seals and sealings from the

Nisantepe Archive, Bogazköy : a prosopographical study / Suzanne Herbordt -- The treatment and

long-term use of persons captured in battle according to the Masat texts / Harry A. Hoffner, jr. –

Tombs and memorials : the (divine) stone-house and Hegur reconsidered / Theo van den Hout –

Palaces and local communities in some Hittite provincial seats / Fiorella Imparati -- Problems in

Hittite history, solved and unsolved / Horst Klengel -- Gavurkalesi : investigations at a Hittite sacred

place / Stephen Lumsden -- Comparative observations on Hittite rituals / Gregory McMahon –

Tarhuntassa in the SUDBURG hieroglyphic inscription / H. Craig Melchert -- Kusakli-Sarissa : a

Hittite town in the "upper land" / Andreas Muller-Karpe -- Ortaköy-Šapinuwa / Aygul Suel –

Homer and Hittite revisited II / Calvert Watkins -- The "Hittites" at ʻAin Dara / Paul Zimansky –

New directions in the study of early Anatolian texts / Harry A. Hoffner, jr..

Website(s) for archaeological work at Bogazkoy: Hattusha / Hattusas:

WEBSITE(S): http://www.hattusa.net/tag/istanbul-history

UNESCO world heritage site: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/377

Discovery and early excavations:

1834: Bogazkoy discovered by Ch. Texier.

1893-1894: Initial German project excavations at Bogazkoy

1906-1912: Major German excavations at Bogazkoy: major cache of tablets found.

30,000+ cuneiform tablets formed basis of Hittitology: study of Hittites.

1931+: Fairly continuous German excavations by the German Archaeological

Institute (DAI): working in palace complex and Upper & Lower Cities.

More recent work:

1977-1993: DAI excavations in central and eastern areas of Upper City.

1993-1998: DAI investigations in settlement area of the Buyukkaya (NE area of city)

1999-2000: DAI excavation of a granary in the Lower City (dating to 16th cent. BC)

2001-2006+: DAI focus on western part of the Upper City.

2005: DAI reconstruction of 65 m portion of Hittite city wall at Hattusha.

2007+: DAI and Institut für Vorderasiatische Altertumskunde der Universität

Münster survey of city of Hattusas, documenting sculpted areas on

rock faces.

2007+: U.-D. Schoop (University of Edinburgh) & DAI exploring a Chalcolithic

settlement at Camlibel-Tarlasi (2 km east of Bogazkoy).

Present: DAI-Turkish investigations continue at Bogazkoy/Hattusha.

http://www.hattusa.net/tag/istanbul-history

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/377

Hattusas and Hittites documentaries:

(1). National Geographic: Lost Warrior Kingdom / The Dark Lords of Hattusha (2007)

Clip: http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/videos/vanished-empire/

Video sometimes on Youtube: “Lost Warrior Kingdom” or “Dark Lords of Hattusha”

E.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huF2mrhTtCw (2 min clip)

E.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTUXOA_BvkE (45 min) INSTRUCTOR dvd

I’ve only seen it on TV, and have tried to purchase a dvd copy for several years,

but with minimal to no luck: Youtube and TV seem the only options so far …

Update: I found a Reg.2 Spanish BBC dvd, which has the English audio as well …

(2). Cinima Epoch: The Hittites –A civilization that changed the world (2003/4).

Clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tK6QWNSK3Qg

Video sometimes on Youtube: search via “The Hittites”

E.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHYn4IDi19A (2 hours) STERNE LIBRARY

Narrated by Jeremy Irons.

It can sometimes be purchased via Amazon for relatively good price

(but it is hard to get right now –March 22, 2017)

(3). BBC: In Search of the Trojan War, episode 5: The Hittites.

Video available on Youtube: search via Hittites, Trojan War, Trojan War Hittites etc.

E.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyKIlRqRb58 (55 minutes) STERNE LIBRARY

http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/videos/vanished-empire/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huF2mrhTtCw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTUXOA_BvkE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tK6QWNSK3Qg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHYn4IDi19A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyKIlRqRb58

Recent dvds/videos on The Hittites Region 2 –with English audio

• Doc.5: *CINEMA EPOCH (2004)

The Hittites: A Civilization that Changed

the World (120 min). Narrated by Jeremy

Irons. Istanbul: Turkey Cinema Epoch /

Epik Film. Note: Summarizing Hittite

society, language, literature, daily life,

religion, art, and architecture, following a

chronological sequence of Hittite history,

from its rise to fall (late MB-LB Age), and

relations with Anatolia, Mitanni, Assyria,

Babylonia, and Egypt, and using excellent

re-enactments, some reconstructions

(drawings; models), good narration, and

frequent interviews with many top

specialists from Turkey, Egypt, Germany,

the U.K., and U.S.A. (Excellent).

Anth.245 Ppt. lecture-16: Late Bronze Age Hittites, Part 2: Settlement patterns and case studies: Hattusas (Bogazkoy), Yazilikaya, Eflatun Pinar, Alaca Hoyuk, Kusakli Sarissa, Ortakoy

Documents