Answer--Brief Response •“Whereas, the late King James II . . . did endeavor to subvert [undermine] and extirpate [destroy] the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom. . . . The said lords [Parliament] . . . declare: • 1. That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal. . . . • 6. That . . . raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law. . . . • 8. That election of members of Parliament ought to be free. . . .” • –English Bill of Rights, 1689 • This made Parliament the ruling body of England to this day
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Answer--Brief Response “ Whereas, the late King James II... did endeavor to subvert [undermine] and extirpate [destroy] the Protestant religion and the.
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Answer--Brief Response• “Whereas, the late King James II . . . did endeavor to subvert
[undermine] and extirpate [destroy] the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom. . . . The said lords [Parliament] . . . declare:
• 1. That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal. . . .
• 6. That . . . raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law. . . .
• 8. That election of members of Parliament ought to be free. . . .”
• –English Bill of Rights, 1689
• This made Parliament the ruling body of England to this day
Enlightened Thinking in Europe
p. 54:
Lecture
Why the Enlightenment? C
• This period of European history saw much writing about government and society.– English and French philosophers argued that
government had to be more responsible to the people.
– It would fuel changes in the way enlightened monarchs led their people.
– It would cause revolutions when monarchs did not listen to the heavy problems their people were suffering.
Review
• What historic peoples/beliefs does Western Civilization get most of it’s thinking about law, government, morality, and human rights from? (5)– Ancient Greeks– Ancient Romans– Judaism– Christianity– English
Review: Western Civilization Ideas from…
• Ancient Greeks (8) • Democracy• Legislature• Socratic method
(learning)• Juries• Philosophy• Republic• Common good• Morality/ethics
12 Western Civilization Ideas from…
• Ancient Romans (9) • Civil law• Women’s Right• Innocent Until Guilty• International Law• Lawyers• Appeals Courts• Flexible contract• Trial by jury• Rules of evidence
12 Western Civilization Ideas from…
• Judaism (6) • Freedom• Equality before the
law• Rule of Law• One authority over all• Social contract• Morality/Ethics
• Monarch must get approval for laws and taxes from the people (Parliament
• Trial by jury• Government runs the
court system• No cruel or unusual
punishment• Habeas corpus: no arrest
without a crime.
New Thinking emerged in the 1600s C
• It was called the Age of Reason. – It had three periods:
• Scientific Revolution (new technology)• Commercial Revolution (new ways to make
wealth)• Enlightenment (new ideas about government)
Enlightenment C
• Natural Law: – rules that can be realized by careful thought.
• Science was finding more that explained nature.
• Philosophers believed it could explain humanity and, perhaps rule it.
Thomas Hobbes: C
English political philosopher in the 1600s.
Described the “social contract” between government and the people.
Hobbes view of society….. EC (2)• People, were born cruel, greedy, and selfish, • They obeyed the monarch who protected them
from enemies and their own selfishness. – Hobbes supported absolute monarchy.
John Locke
• English political philosopher in the 1600s.
• Locke’s view of people…..EC
• He believed people were born innocent – experience and others teach one how to
behave.
John Locke: People and Government C
The People
• People give the government the power to rule them for….– protection from danger, – protection of their natural
rights.
The Government
• If government does not do its job to the people’s satisfaction, the people have the right to change it
John Locke
• Natural rights: C
• John Locke believed people had equal rights from birth…..– life, – liberty, – and property
Philosophes:
• In the 18th century, French writers wrote about government and human rights– impressed by
• Hobbes and Locke, • Classic (Greek/Roman) philosophy.
Baron de Montesquieu: C
• French philosophe, • wrote much about the idea of “separation of powers”. • Why have it? How does it work? EC• By dividing government, the people protected
themselves from dictatorship.– Three branches (based on ancient Athens) EC
• Executive—– operates the government services, sets policy
• Legislative—– makes the laws, approves the funding, sets policy
• Judicial—– decides if laws, policies, and operations are constitutional
• His ideas would be used by American leaders in their Constitution of 1789.
Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet): C
• French philosophe• wrote against corruption in society, government,
and the Church. • Also, wrote on religious freedom and tolerance.
– This led to Western ideas of freedom of thought and speech.
– Which US Constitutional Amendment includes his thoughts? EC
– 1st Amendment
Denis Diderot:
• French philosophe,
• compiled many of the philosophical essays of his contemporaries in the first “Encyclopedia”, in the mid and late 1700s.
• Church and government leaders criticized it, almost arresting him for it.
EC
• The English Philosopher, John Locke, argued that life, liberty, and property are… (4)
• Natural rights that should be protected by the government.
• Political rights to be granted as determined by law.
• Economic rights earned in a capitalistic system.• Social rights guaranteed by the ruling class.
Adam Smith: C
• Britain (Scotland)—wrote about laissez faire economics. – Considered the first economist.
• Wrote, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776.
• Main concept:– What is good for business is good for the
nation and its people.
Homework and Notes
– It started with philosophers, • some, in England, were explaining the way their
people were changing government. – Led to greater faith in the power of reason
• Applied to – Understanding human nature– Government– Understanding and using the physical world
New Thinking emerged in the 1600s
Standards Check, p. 55:• Question
• Scientific successes
Standards Check, p. 55:Hobbes:
• Government needed to impose order and compel obedience.
Locke
• government should have limited power (by the people) and be chosen by the people
Voltaire, p. 56
• French authorities
• Enemies of freedom
Montesquieu, p. 56
• Separation of (government) powers.
Jean Jacques Rousseau:
• French Philosophe.• Wrote that government should be ruled by what
the majority of people want, EC• “general will”.
– Majority rule– The individual is protected by a government of the many than of
the few or one.
• His major writing on this is called the EC• Social Contract
p. 57 image, Compare Rousseau and Voltaire
Rousseau
• Believed that a freely elected government should exercise minimal control over the people.
Voltaire
• Believed in free speech, equality, justice, and reason
Standards Check, p. 57
• The philosophes in Diderot’s Encyclopedia wrote about,
• Government
• Freedom of expression
• Freedom of belief
• Slavery
Understanding the Power of Commerce and Money
• A new science emerges, using reason, explaining the money it has…..
• People who study it are called….. EC
• Economists– Today they even advise governments about
monetary issues and policy
Adam Smith’s idea:
• Businesses would operate without control (taxes, regulations) and would make large amounts of money. This is called….. EC
• Laissez faire capitalism
• Capitalism: • using wealth to make more wealth
– finance (borrowing and lending)– Investment– Entrepreneurialism
Adam Smith
• Smith believed that the business community (sellers) and customers (buyers) control the economy:
• He called it the….. EC• Free Market
– Buyers (demand) and sellers (supply) decide:• What good or service to produce or perform• Who will get what and where?• Prices
EC: How does Adam Smith connect to the Age of Reason and the Scientific
Revolution? • laissez faire is based on natural laws. • That means allowing the free market to operate
“naturally”.– “naturally” means that
• there is little/no government interference in the market’s activities • People making, selling, and buying things decide