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ansi.sys Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement,and reassign keys.
File
append Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or
running a command.External
arp Displays, adds, and removesarpinformation from network devices. External
assign Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter. External
assoc View the file associations. Internal
at Schedule a time to execute commands or programs. External
atmadm Lists connections and addresses seen by WindowsATMcall manager. Internal
attrib Display and change file attributes. External
batch Recovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file. Recovery
bootcfgRecovery console command that allows a user to view, modify, andrebuild the boot.ini
Recovery
break Enable / disable CTRL + C feature. Internal
cacls View and modify fileACL's. External
call Calls a batch file from another batch file. Internal
cd Changes directories. Internal
chcp Supplement the International keyboard and character set information. External
chdir Changes directories. Internal
chdsk Check the hard disk drive runningFATfor errors. External
chkntfs Check the hard disk drive runningNTFSfor errors. External
choice Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file. External
cls Clears the screen. Internal
cmd Opens the command interpreter.
colorEasily change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS
window.Internal
command Opens the command interpreter.
comp Compares files. External
compact Compresses and uncompress files. External
control Open Control Panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt. External
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convert ConvertFATtoNTFS. External
copy Copy one or more files to an alternate location. Internal
ctty Change the computers input/output devices. Internal
date
View or change the systems date. Internal
debug Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings. External
defrag Re-arrange the hard disk drive to help with loading programs. External
del Deletes one or more files. Internal
delete Recovery console command that deletes a file. Internal
deltree Deletes one or more files or directories. External
dir List the contents of one or more directory. Internal
disable Recovery console command that disables Windows system services ordrivers.
Recovery
diskcomp Compare a disk with another disk. External
diskcopy Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk. External
doskey Command to view and execute commands that have been run in the past. External
dosshell A GUI to help with early MS-DOS users. External
drivparm Enables overwrite of original device drivers. Internal
echo Displays messages and enables and disables echo. Internal
edit View and edit files. External
edlin View and edit files. External
emm386 Load extended Memory Manager. External
ename Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver. Recovery
endlocal Stops the localization of the environment changes enabled by thesetlocalcommand.
Internal
erase Erase files from computer. Internal
exit Exit from the command interpreter. Internal
expand Expand a Microsoft Windows file back to it's original format. External
extract Extract files from the Microsoft Windows cabinets. External
fasthelp Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them. External
fc Compare files. External
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m.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/fchlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/fasthelp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/extract.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/expandhl.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/exithlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/erasehlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/setlocal.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/setlocal.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/endlocal.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/recocons.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/enable.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/emm386hl.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/edlin.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/edithlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/echohlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/drivparm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/dosshell.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/doskeyhl.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/diskcopy.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/diskcomp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/recocons.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/disable.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/dirhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/deltree.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/delhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/delhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/software/defrag.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/debughlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/datehlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/cttyhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/copyhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/ntfs.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/fat.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/convert.htm7/31/2019 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fdisk Utility used to create partitions on the hard disk drive. External
find Search for text within a file. External
findstr Searches for a string of text within a file. External
fixboot Writes a new boot sector. Recoveryfixmbr Writes a new boot record to a disk drive. Recovery
for Boolean used in batch files. Internal
format Command to erase and prepare a disk drive. External
ftp Command to connect and operate on aFTPserver. External
ftype Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations. Recovery
goto Moves a batch file to a specific label or location. Internal
graftabl
Show extended characters in graphics mode. External
help Display a listing of commands and brief explanation. External
if Allows forbatch filesto perform conditional processing. Internal
ifshlp.sys 32-bit file manager. External
ipconfig Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values. External
keyb Change layout of keyboard. External
label Change the label of a disk drive. External
lh
Load a device driver in to high memory. Internal
listsvc Recovery console command that displays the services and drivers. Recovery
loadfix Load a program above the first 64k. External
loadhigh Load a device driver in to high memory. Internal
lock Lock the hard disk drive. Internal
logoff Logoff the currently profile using the computer. External
logon Recovery console command to list installations and enable administratorlogin.
Recovery
map Displays the device name of a drive. Recovery
md Command to create a new directory. Internal
mem Display memory on system. External
mkdir Command to create a new directory. Internal
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erhope.com/lockhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/lhhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/loadfix.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/recocons.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/listsvc.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/lhhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/labelhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/keybhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/ipconfig.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/ifshlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/batch.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/if.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/helphlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/graftabl.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/goto.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/recocons.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/ftype.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/ftp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/software/ftp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/formathl.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/forhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/recocons.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/fixmbr.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/recocons.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/fixboot.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/findstr.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/findhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/fdiskhlp.htm7/31/2019 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mode Modify the port or display settings. External
more Display one page at a time. External
move Move one or more files from one directory to another directory. Internal
msav
Early Microsoft Virus scanner. External
msd Diagnostics utility. External
msdex Utility used to load and provide access to the CD-ROM. External
nbtstat Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections usingNBT External
net Update, fix, or view the network or network settings External
netsh Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS. External
netstat Display theTCP/IPnetwork protocol statistics and information. External
nlsfunc Load country specific information. External
nslookup Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network. External
path View and modify the computers path location. Internal
pathping View and locate locations of network latency. External
pause Command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command. Internal
ping Test / send information to another network computer or network device. External
popd Changes to the directory or network path stored by thepushd command. Internal
power
Conserve power with computer portables. External
print Prints data to a printer port. External
prompt View and change the MS-DOSprompt. Internal
pushd Stores a directory or network path in memory so it can be returned to at
any time.Internal
qbasic Open the QBasic. External
rd Removes an empty directory. Internal
ren Renames a file or directory. Internal
rename Renames a file or directory. Internal
rmdir Removes an empty directory. Internal
robocopy A robust file copy command for the Windows command line.
route View and configure windows network route tables. External
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runas Enables a user to run a program as a different user. External
scandisk Run the scandisk utility. External
scanreg Scan registry and recover registry from errors. External
set
Change one variable or string to another. Internal
setlocal Enables local environments to be changed without affecting anything else. Internal
setver Change MS-DOS version to trick older MS-DOS programs. External
share Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities. External
shift Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program. Internal
shutdown Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt. External
smartdrv Create a disk cache in conventional memory or extended memory. External
sort Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen. External
start Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt. Internal
subst Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter. External
switches Remove add functions from MS-DOS. Internal
sys Transfer system files to disk drive. External
telnet Telnetto another computer / device from the prompt. External
time View or modify the system time. Internal
title Change the title of their MS-DOS window. Internal
tracert Visually view a network packets route across a network. External
tree View a visual tree of the hard disk drive. External
type Display the contents of a file. Internal
undelete Undelete a file that has been deleted. External
unformat Unformat a hard disk drive. External
unlock Unlock a disk drive. Internal
ver Display the version information. Internal
verifyEnables or disables the feature to determine if files have been written
properly.Internal
vol Displays the volume information about the designated drive. Internal
xcopy Copy multiple files, directories, or drives from one location to another. External
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i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/verhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/lockhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/unformat.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/undelete.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/typehlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/treehlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/tracert.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/titlehlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/timehlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/t/telnet.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/telnethl.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/syshlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/switches.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/substhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/starthlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/sorthlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/smartdrv.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/shutdown.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/shift.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/sharehlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/setverhl.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/setlocal.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/intecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/sethlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/scanregh.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/software/scandisk.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extecomm.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/runas.htm7/31/2019 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Details By Number
This section lists each of the 16 interrupt lines and provides a full description of what they
are, how they are normally used, and any special information that is relevant to them. The
general format for each section is as follows:
IRQ Number: The number of the IRQ from 0 to 15.
16-Bit Priority: Thepriority level of the interrupt. 1 is the highest and 15 is the
lowest.
Bus Line: Indicates whether or not this IRQ isavailable to expansion devices on the
system bus. This will say "8/16 bit" for an interrupt line available to all expansion
devices, "16 bit only" for a line available only to 16-bit cards, or "No" for an
interrupt used only by system devices.
Typical Default Use: Description of the device or function that normally uses this
IRQ in a regular modern PC.
Other Common Uses: This is a list of other devices that commonly either use this
IRQ or offer the use of this IRQ as one of their options. This list isn't exhaustivebecause there are a lot of oddball cards out there that may use unusual IRQs.
Description: A description of the interrupt and how it is used, along with any
relevant or interesting points about it or its history.
Conflicts: A discussion of the likelihood of conflicts with this IRQ and what are the
likely causes.
http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/res/irq/num.htm
What is an IRQ?
IRQ stands for Interrupt ReQuest, and
refers to special numbered channels that
are used by devices to get the processors
attention.
For example, when you press a key on
your keyboard it sends a signal to the
processor via an IRQ channel (usually
IRQ 1) to let it know that it needs to
process some data.
IRQ conflicts can occur when new
hardware is installed or reconfigured. For
example, it can cause problems if you
have your mouse on COM 1 (IRQ4) and a
modem on COM 3 (IRQ4), below is a list
of the default assignments for IRQ
channels in Windows XP.
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Default ISA IRQ Assignments
IRQ 0 System Timer
IRQ 1 Keyboard
IRQ 2 Cascaded with IRQ 9
IRQ 3 Default COM2 and COM4
IRQ 4 Default COM1 and COM3
IRQ 5 LPT2
IRQ 6 Floppy Drive Controller
IRQ 7 LPT1
IRQ 8 Real Time Clock
IRQ 9 SEE 2
IRQ 10 Open
IRQ 11 Open
IRQ 12 PS/2 mouse or Open
IRQ 13 Math Coprocessor
IRQ 14 Primary Hard Drive controller
IRQ 15 Secondary Hard Drive controller
back to top| Copyright2001-2011 helpwithpcs.com
Viewing your current IRQ assignments
To view your current IRQ assignments you can open Device Manager.
1. Click on START, click on CONTROL PANEL.
2. Click on Performance and Maintenance.
3. Click on System.
4. Click on the Hardware tab.
5. Click the DEVICE MANAGER button.
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Once you have Device Manager open, select VIEW from the toolbar menu, and
then click Resources by Type.
Double click on Interrupt Request (IRQ) as seen in fig 1.1 below:
The list that appears on your machine will vary depending on the hardware you
have.
If you are experiencing problems with a newly installed/configured piece of
hardware and the drivers are installed correctly, then check to see if it has its own
IRQ channel.
A female DE-15 output in a laptop computer.
Type Computer analog video connector
Production history
Designer IBMbased onD-subminiature
Designed 1987
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Produced 1987 to present
Superseded by DVI(1999)
General specifications
Video signal RGB video signal plus option H and V sync
Pins 15
Connector DE-15
Data
Data signal ICdata channel forDDCinformation
Pin out
A female DE15 socket (videocard side).
Pin 1 RED Red video
Pin 2 GREEN Green video
Pin 3 BLUE Blue video
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Pin 4 ID2/RES formerly Monitor ID bit 2,
reserved since E-DDC
Pin 5 GND Ground (HSync)
Pin 6 RED_RTN Red return
Pin 7 GREEN_RTN Green return
Pin 8 BLUE_RTN Blue return
Pin 9 KEY/PWR formerly key, now +5V DC
Pin 10 GND Ground (VSync, DDC)
Pin 11 ID0/RES formerly Monitor ID bit 0,
reserved since E-DDC
Pin 12 ID1/SDA formerly Monitor ID bit 1,IC
data since DDC2
Pin 13 HSync Horizontal sync
Pin 14 VSync Vertical sync
Pin 15 ID3/SCL formerly Monitor ID bit 3,IC
clock since DDC2
The image and table detail the 15-pin VESA DDC2/E-DDC connector; the diagrams pin numbering is that
of a female connector functioning as thegraphics adapteroutput. In the male connector, this pin numbering
corresponds with themirror imageof the cables wire-and-solder side.
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VGA connector (DE-15/HD-15)
A female DE-15 output in a laptop computer.
Type Computer analog video connector
Production history
Designer IBMbased onD-subminiature
Designed 1987
Produced 1987 to present
Superseded by DVI(1999)
General specifications
Video signal RGB video signal plus option H and V sync
Pins 15
Connector DE-15
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Data
Data signal ICdata channel forDDCinformation
Pin out
A female DE15 socket (videocard side).
Pin 1 RED Red video
Pin 2 GREEN Green video
Pin 3 BLUE Blue video
Pin 4 ID2/RES formerly Monitor ID bit 2,
reserved since E-DDC
Pin 5 GND Ground (HSync)
Pin 6 RED_RTN Red return
Pin 7 GREEN_RTN Green return
Pin 8 BLUE_RTN Blue return
Pin 9 KEY/PWR formerly key, now +5V DC
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Pin 10 GND Ground (VSync, DDC)
Pin 11 ID0/RES formerly Monitor ID bit 0,
reserved since E-DDC
Pin 12 ID1/SDA formerly Monitor ID bit 1,ICdata
since DDC2
Pin 13 HSync Horizontal sync
Pin 14 VSync Vertical sync
Pin 15 ID3/SCL formerly Monitor ID bit 3,IC
clock since DDC2
The image and table detail the 15-pin VESA DDC2/E-DDC connector; the diagrams pin numbering is that
of a female connector functioning as thegraphics adapteroutput. In the male connector, this pin
numbering corresponds with themirror imageof the cables wire-and-solder side.
A VGA cable
AVideo Graphics Array(VGA) connector is a three-row 15-pinDE-15connector. The 15-pinVGA connector is found on many video cards, computer monitors, and somehigh definition
televisionsets. On laptop computers or other small devices, amini-VGAport is sometimes usedin place of the full-sized VGA connector.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-VGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-VGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-VGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vga-cable.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vga-cable.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vga-cable.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vga-cable.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-VGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C7/31/2019 ansi sarathy
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DE-15 is also conventionally called RGB connector,D-sub15, mini sub D15, mini D15, DB-15,
HDB-15, HD-15 or HD15 (High Density, to distinguish it from the older and less flexibleDE-9connectorused on older VGA cards, which has the same shell size but only two rows of pins).
VGA connectors and cables carryanalogcomponentRGBHV (red, green, blue,horizontal sync,
vertical sync) video signals, andVESADisplay Data Channel(VESA DDC) data. In the originalversion of DE-15 pinout, one pin was keyed and 4 pins carriedMonitor ID bitswhich were
rarely used; VESA DDC redefined some of these pins and replaced the key pin with +5 V DCpower supply.
[edit] Cable quality
See also:RAMDAC
The same VGA cable can be used with a variety of supported VGA resolutions, ranging from
640400px @70 Hz (24 MHz ofsignal bandwidth) to 12801024px @85 Hz (160 MHz) and upto 20481536px @85 Hz (388 MHz). There are no standards defining the quality required for
each resolution, but higher-quality cables typically contain coaxial wiring and insulation whichmake them thicker. A quality cable should not suffer from signal crosstalk which occurs whenthe signals in one wire induce unwanted currents in adjacent wires,ghostingwhich occurs when
impedance mismatches cause signals to be reflected (note that ghosting with long cables may not
be the fault of the cable but may instead be caused by equipment with incorrect termination or by
use of passive splitters), and other signal degradation effects; shorter VGA cables are less likelyto introduce significant degradation. Some higher-end monitors and video cards featured 5
separateBNC connectorsforRGBHVsignal, allowing highest quality connection using five 75
ohmcoaxial cables.
. Attach the tape drive to the secondary IDE port.
Your server has one or two IDE ports. Each port can support up to two devices (on asingle IDE cable). A hard disc is usually attached to the primary IDE port, as shown inExample 1, unless the hard disc is SCSI. The Travan 40 should not be attached to anIDE port that is being used by a hard disc or a sound card. In this case, you mustuse the secondary IDE port for your tape drive.
If no devices or cables are attached to the secondary IDE port (as shown inExample 1), you will need to obtain a second IDE cable for your tape drive.
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EXAMPLE 1: Existing server with two IDE ports (hard disc attached to the primary IDE port)
If a CD-ROM or other compatible device is attached to the secondary IDE port
(as shown in Example 2) you can install the tape drive on the same cable as theCD-ROM.
EXAMPLE 2: Existing server with two IDE ports (ATAPI devices on both primary and secondary
IDE Ports)
2. Set the master/slave jumpers
Make sure that the master/slave jumper on the tape drive is configured for "cableselect." See the figure below for master/slave jumper settings. If there is another device,such as a CD-ROM, attached to the same cable, that device should also be configuredfor "cable select."
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3. Mount the drive.
Slide the drive into an unused 5 1/2-inch drive bay until the bezel is flush with the frontof the server. The Drive-activity light/Eject button should be on the upper left, as shownbelow. Secure the drive using four mounting screws. Do not overtighten the screws.
4. Attach your tape drive to the secondary IDE port.
Are any other devices attached to your secondary IDE port?
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If you already have a CD-ROM or other device attached to your secondary IDE port,attach the tape drive to the middle connector on the IDE cable, as shown below.
NOTE: Do not attach your tape drive to a cable that is already being used by a hard
disc or a sound card.
If no other devices are attached to your secondary IDE port, use a new 40-pin IDE cableto attach the tape drive to the secondary IDE port, as shown below.
In either case, make sure that pin 1 on the tape drive (located next to the powerconnector) is connected to pin 1 on the IDE cable and on the IDE port connector. Pin 1on the IDE cable is indicated by a stripe on the edge of the cable.
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5. Connect the power cable.
Connect a 4-pin power cable to the back of the tape drive (see figure below). If all thepower cables in your server are being used by other devices, you can purchase a Y-shaped power-cable splitter from your computer dealer.
6. Check all cables in your server system.
Make sure that no cables have loosened during the installation. Make sure that allcables are routed so that they will not bind or become crimped when you replace thecover of your server.
7. Reinstall your server cover.
Your new tape drive is ready for use. See your software manual for instructions onbacking up data.
System configuration notes
Installing Windows device drivers
Commercial backup applications provide all necessary device driver support. However,
if you intend to use native Windows operating system backup applications or theincluded diagnostic software, you need to install the device drivers supplied on the DellPowerVault 100T Travan 40 Tape Drive User's Manual and Drivers CD.
NOTE: Native backup applications do not include software compression, so your Travan 40
drive's maximum capacity will be limited to 20GB.
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Microsoft Windows 2000:
1. Make sure that you are logged on to the host server with Administrator privileges.
2. Insert the Dell PowerVault 100T Travan 40 Tape Drive User's Guide and Drivers CD intothe CD-ROM drive on the host server.3. Right-click the My Computer icon on the Windows desktop, click Manage, then double-
click Device Manager.4. The PowerVault 100T Travan 40 drive should be listed under the "? Other Devices" item
as "Seagate STT3401A."5. Right-click the Seagate STT3401A listing and click Properties.6. Click the Reinstall Driver button.7. When the Upgrade Device Driver Wizard appears, click the Next button.8. Select Search for a suitable driver for my device and then click the Next button.9. Click on Specify a Location.10. At the prompt Copy manufacturer's files from:, type d:\Drivers\W2K, replacing d: with
the drive letter for the CD-ROM drive, and click the OK button. The driver will be copiedto the system.
11. Click the Finish button.12. Close the Device Properties dialog box.13. The drive now appears in Device Manager under "Tape Drives" and is ready to use.
Linux users
To use this IDE tape drive with a supported Dell server running Red Hat Linux 7.1 or7.2, you must add the following lines to the /etc/rc.d/rc.local file:
insmod ide-scsi
hdparm -d0 /dev/hdx
mt -f /dev/st0 stoptions no-blklimits
(In the text above, x is the assigned drive letter for the tape drive.)
NOTE: IDE tape drives installed in systems running Red Hat Linux 7.1 or 7.2 must use the
ide-scsi driver module and can be accessed as /dev/st0.
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Serial ATA (SATA)
From top to bottom, SATA Certification Logo, SATA cable,
and two first-generation (1.5 Gbit/s) SATA dataconnectors on amotherboard.
Year created 2003
Supersedes Parallel ATA(PATA)
Capacity 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 Gbit/s
Style Serial
Hotplugging interface Yes[1]
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External interface Yes (eSATA)
Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is acomputer businterface
for connectinghost bus adapterstomass storage devicessuch ashard disk drivesandopticaldrives. Serial ATA was designed to replace the olderATA (AT Attachment)standard (alsoknown asEIDE), offering several advantages over the olderparallel ATA(PATA) interface:
reduced cable-bulk and cost (7 conductors versus 40), nativehot swapping, fasterdata transfer
through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing
protocol.
SATA host-adapters and devices communicate via a high-speedserialcable over two pairs of
conductors. In contrast, parallel ATA (theredesignationfor the legacy ATA specifications) useda 16-bit wide data bus with many additional support and control signals, all operating at much
lower frequency. To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications,
SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command-set as legacy ATA devices.
As of 2009, SATA has replaced parallel ATA in most shipping consumer desktop and laptop
computers, and is expected to eventually replace PATA in embedded applications where spaceand cost are important factors. SATA's market share in the desktop PC market was 99% in
2008.[2]
PATA remains widely used in industrial and embedded applications that use
CompactFlashstorage, though even here, the nextCFaststorage standard will be based onSATA.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Specification bodies
2 Features
o 2.1 Hotplug
o 2.2 Advanced Host Controller Interface
3 Revisions
o 3.1 SATA revision 1.0 (SATA 1.5 Gbit/s)
o 3.2 SATA revision 2.0 (SATA 3 Gbit/s)
o 3.3 SATA revision 3.0 (SATA 6 Gbit/s)
o 3.4 SATA revision 3.1
o 3.5 Terminology
4 Cables, connectors, and portso 4.1 Data connector
o 4.2 Power connectors
4.2.1 Standard connector
4.2.2 Slimline connector
4.2.3 Micro connector
o 4.3 eSATA
4.3.1 eSATAp
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4.3.2 Pre-standard implementations
o 4.4 mSATA
5 Protocol
o 5.1 Physical layer
o 5.2 Link layer
o 5.3 Transport layer 6 Topology
7 Backward and forward compatibility
o 7.1 SATA and PATA
o 7.2 SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 3 Gbit/s
8 Comparison to other interfaces
o 8.1 SATA and SCSI
o 8.2 Comparison with other buses
9 Development tools
10 See also
11 Notes and references
12 External links
[edit] Specification bodies
Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from The Serial ATA International
Organization (aka. SATA-IO, serialata.org). The SATA-IO group collaboratively creates,
reviews, ratifies, and publishes the interoperability specifications, the test cases, and plug-fests.
As with many other industry compatibility standards, the SATA content ownership is transferredto other industry bodies: primarily theINCITST13subcommitteeATA, the INCITST10
subcommittee (SCSI); a subgroup of T10 responsible forSerial Attached SCSI(SAS). The
complete specification from SATA-IO.[5]
The remainder of this article will try to use theterminology and specifications of SATA-IO.
[edit] Features
[edit] Hotplug
The Serial ATA Spec includes logic for SATA devicehotplugging. Devices and motherboards
that meet the interoperability specification are capable of hot plugging.
[edit] Advanced Host Controller Interface
Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI)is an open host controller interface published and
used by Intel, which has become a de facto standard. It allows the use of advanced features ofSATA such ashotplugandnative command queuing(NCQ). If AHCI is not enabled by themotherboard and chipset, SATA controllers typically operate in "IDE emulation" mode, which
does not allow features of devices to be accessed if the ATA/IDE standard does not support
them.
Windows device drivers that are labeled as SATA are often running in IDE emulation mode
unless they explicitly state that they are AHCI mode, inRAIDmode, or a mode provided by a
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proprietary driver and command set that was designed to allow access to SATA's advanced
features before AHCI became popular. Modern versions ofMicrosoft Windows,FreeBSD,Linuxwith version 2.6.19 onward,[6]as well asSolarisandOpenSolarisinclude support for AHCI, but
older OSs such asWindows XPdo not. Even in those instances a proprietary driver may have
been created for a specific chipset, such asIntel's.[7]
[edit] Revisions
[edit] SATA revision 1.0 (SATA 1.5 Gbit/s)
First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, communicate at a rate of
1.5 Gbit/s. Taking8b/10b encodingoverhead into account, they have an actual uncoded transfer
rate of 1.2 Gbit/s (150 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit/s is similar to
that ofPATA/133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improveperformance in a multitasking environment.
During the initial period after SATA 1.5 Gbit/s finalization, adapter and drive manufacturersused a "bridge chip" to convert existing PATA designs for use with the SATA interface.[citationneeded] Bridged drives have a SATA connector, may include either or both kinds of power
connectors, and, in general, perform identically to their PATA equivalents. Most lack support forsome SATA-specific features such as NCQ. Native SATA products quickly eclipsed bridged
products with the introduction of the second generation of SATA drives.[citation needed]
As of April 2010 mechanicalhard disk drivescan transfer data at up to 157 MB/s,[8]which is
beyond the capabilities of the older PATA/133 specification and also exceeds a SATA 1.5 Gbit/s
link.
[edit] SATA revision 2.0 (SATA 3 Gbit/s)
Second generation SATA interfaces running at 3.0 Gbit/s are shipping in high volume as of
2010, and prevalent in all[citation needed] SATA disk drives and the majority of PC and server
chipsets. With a native transfer rate of 3.0 Gbit/s, and taking8b/10b encodinginto account, themaximum uncoded transfer rate is 2.4 Gbit/s (300 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of
SATA 3.0 Gbit/s is roughly double that of SATA revision 1. In addition, SATA devices offer
enhancements such asnative command queuingthat improve performance in a multitaskingenvironment.
All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit/s and will handle current
mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance. However,high-performance flash drives are approaching SATA 3 Gbit/s transfer rate, and this is being
add