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INDEX
2556
AAbbreviations
accuracy 1221geometric 609–614mathematical and signs 2scientific and engineering terms 2554–
abbreviations 1795ANSI Standard 1792–1816centralizing 1802–1811checking 1870–1874drill sizes for 901
Acme threads (continued)general purpose 1792–1802multiple start 1795, 1800stub type 1811–1816taps for 898–901thread profile form 1793–1794types of 1792, 1802, 1811wire sizes for checking 1872–1874
Acres to hectares 2541Acrylic plastics 380, 588, 597, 601Active face width 1998Active spline length 2127Actual space width 2127Actual tooth thickness 2127Adaptive control, NC 1233Addendum 1998
compression 395–396compression and flow 393, 396–401density 394flow in pipes 401isothermal expansion and
compression 396power or work to compress 396, 398–400pressure, temperature, and volume
relationships 395properties of 393–394velocity of escaping 401volume and weight at different
temperatures 393volume transmitted through pipes 401
Airdry wood, weight per cubic foot 377AISI–SAE 406–408Alcohol, specific gravity 371Algebra and equations 20Algebraic
expressions and formulas 32rearrangement and transposition of
terms 20–21Alignment variation 2127Allowances and tolerances for
cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard for 627–657
fits 621–667fits, preferred series 628–630metric ISO fits, British Standard for 657–
666Allowances for bending sheet metal 1304–
1310Alloy cast iron 1330Alloy steels 406
AISI-SAE designations 409–410basic numbering system 403, 405carburizing grades 422–423castings 1335compositions 411–412directly hardenable grades 424–425effects of alloying elements 2114–2117hardness of heat-treated 432–436heat treatments 505mechanical properties 432–436numbering system 403, 405quality variations 418selection for making tools 452–456speeds for drilling and reaming 1030–
1033, 1035speeds for milling 1014–1019speeds for turning 996–999strength of heat-treated 432–436
Alloysaluminum 542–557bearing 1344, 2238–2242brazing 1354–1361cast iron 1328–1329cast steels 1332–1335copper 525–542
Alloys (continued)copper-beryllium 565–566copper-silicon 565die casting 1342–1344magnesium 557–560nickel 561–563nonferrous 525–566nonferrous, strength 477numbering systems for 403soldering 1352–1355titanium 561, 564
Alternating current motors 2449–2452Alternating stress 197Aluminum
bent to circular shape, lengths of 2488between lines tangent to two circles 685compound 688–690cutting tool 723–730cutting tool inserts 1281–1284degrees into radians 90, 92functions of 83–101helix 1933indexing 1950–1993involute functions of 97–101lead 1933length of arc of given radius 80–81length of chord 80–81measuring by disc method 682–683minutes into decimals of a degree 90, 92moment of inertia 2495–2497radius of gyration 2495–2497section modulus 2495–2497sine bar for measuring 673–682structural 2495–2497taper per foot corresponding to 684
rules for figuring 682–683thread, tolerances on gages 1882to find, for given taper per foot 682–685useful relationships among 93weight per foot 2495–2497
Angularacceleration 153
torque, relation to 156backlash in gears 2042clearance for dies 1302indexing 1956–1977velocity 151–153, 187
jig bushings 941–951key drive 911–912keys and keyseats 2342–2354keys and keyways for milling cutters and
arbors 794knurls and knurling 1211–1215letter symbols for mechanics 115limits and fits 627–657lock washers 1515–1519machine screws 1568–1577
binding head 1576fillister head 1574flat, countersunk head 1569–1571hexagon washer head 1571metric 1578–1585oval head 1574–1576pan head 1573round head 1577slotted hexagon 1572truss head 1572
manufacturers' standard gage for sheet steel 2501–2502
metriccap screws 1520–1523retaining rings 1666–1673screw threads, M profile 1755–1776screw threads, MJ profile 1777–1780screws, bolts, nuts, and washers 1520–
metric 1635–1644serrations, involute 2126set-screw heads and points 1606–1610set-screws, socket type 1607, 1612shoulder screws 1605single-point tools and tool posts 740–746slotted head cap screws 1599–1600slotted headless set screws 1606socket head cap screws 1601–1605spindles and drives for portable
tools 1207–1210spline socket set screws 1607, 1612splines, involute
inch dimensions 2126–2147metric module 2148–2155
spur gear tooth forms 2004–2010stub threads, 29- and 60-degree 1811–
ANSI Standard (continued)tang drives 909–910tapers 906–918taps and threading dies 872–898threads for electric sockets 1846T-nuts, T-bolts, T-slots 1645–1647tolerances 630
gagemakers 656symbols 578–579, 609–614, 622
tolerances and allowances for cylindrical fits 621–657
tooth proportions, fine-pitch involute spur and helical gears 2008
total runout symbols 1224twist drills 827–849Unified threads 1706–1710, 1712–1754,
1781–1786washers, inch 1512–1519
metric 1547, 1549welded and seamless wrought steel
Arborscircular saw 1203diameters for spring-winding 332dimensions of centers 813driving slots and lugs for shell
reamer 823keys and keyways for 794lathe 858shell reamer 823standard milling machine 920–924steels for 456
Arbor-type milling cutters 790Arc
checking radius of 690–692electric, cutting of metals 1391, 1428–
1429length of given angle and radius 80–81of action 1998of approach 1998of recession 1998plasma welding 1387–1391thickness of internal gear tooth 2047thickness of pinion tooth 2047welding 1362–1387
Arc of recession 1998Area
circle 63circular
ring 64ring sector 64sector 63segments 63, 78, 80–81
Area (continued)parallelogram 60plane figures 60–65plane surface of irregular outline 57–58polygon 62rectangle 60spandrel 64square 60surface of revolution 56–57trapezium 62trapezoid 61triangle 61
Areas and volumes 56–59Argon, welding gas 1364–1366, 1374, 1387–
1388Arithmetical
operations, sequence of 21progressions 43–44
ASA B1.10 1902ASA B1.12 1559ASA B17c 281ASA B18.2 1492, 1510ASA B5.38 1207–1210ASA B6.1 2005, 2009–2010ASA Code for transmission shafting 280Asbestos, specific gravity and weight 370ASCII, American Standard Code for
knurling on 1094Avoirdupois or commercial weight 2518Axial
pitch 1998plane 1998thickness 1999
Azimuth reading displacements 1219
BB & S automatic screw machines 1094Babbitt metals 2238–2242
properties of 2240–2242SAE general information 2238
Backlash 1999allowance in checking gears by the pin
method 2103control of allowances in production 2039control of in assemblies 2041determining proper amount of 2036fine-pitch gears 2040gearing 2036–2042recommended 2038
Bainite 481Balance wheels 173Balancing
calculations 167–172counterbalancing masses located in two or
more planes 170–171counterbalancing several masses located
in single plane 168–170dynamic 167lathe fixtures 171–172machines 167rotating parts 167–172running or dynamic 167static 167
Ball bearings 2246–2252, 2254–2261, 2264–2266, 2271–2301alignment and squareness 2273–2274allowance for axial displacement in 2264angular contact 2246–2248cage materials 2254–2255clamping and retaining methods 2274–
2280clearances, running 2282–2284closures 2275, 2280design and installation 2264designation of 2267failures 2285
INDEX 2563
Ball bearings (continued)fits 2275, 2280flanged housing 2254friction losses 2280handling precautions 2284–2285housing bore tolerances 2267–2268housings, soft metal and other 2274–
2275life 2285life adjustment factors 2296locknuts and shafts for 2277–2278lockwashers for 2276lubricants 2318–2320lubrication 2282materials for 2254mounting 2271–2284pillow block 2254plastics 2254quiet or vibration-free mountings 2275radial and axial clearance 2283–2284rating life 2287–2291seating fits for 2275selection 2281–2283shaft
and bore limits 2267–2268and housing fits for metric radial 2264–
grade markings 1559–1560hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1555–
1561limits and fits 657–666tapping drill sizes for 1903taps 902–903threads 1825–1834
British Standard (continued)keys and keyways 2354–2367limits and fits for holes and shafts 657–
666machine screws 1586–1598metric
and inch pipe threads 1856–1858basic sizes, preferred 667bolts, clearance holes 1903–1904comparison of British, French, German
and Swiss 1780dowel pins 1648–1650drills 850–856hexagon socket screws 1613–1618keys and keyways 2354–2367limits and fits 657–666machine screws and nuts 1586–1595series plain washers 1565–1566series spring washers 1563–1565taps, ISO 902–903threads 1780
machine screws 1595–1598set-screws 1595–1598, 1619thread form 1836–1837tolerance formulas 1836
Broacheschip breakers 930–931clearance angles for teeth 930depth of cut per tooth 929depth of teeth 930face angle or rake 930
INDEX 2567
Broaches (continued)land width 930pitch of teeth 927–930radius of tooth fillet 930shear angle 930–931surface 928total length of 930types 926–927
Broaching 926–932cutting oils for 1108–1109cutting speeds for 1043difficulties 932pressure 928types of machines 930–931
Broken tap, removal of 1905–1908Bronze 525
castings, strength 477strength 477
Brown & Sharpeautomatic screw machines 1094–1099milling machines 1979taper 906, 915–916taper reamers for sockets 825wire gage 2499–2500
Brush finishing, power 1435–1438Buckingham formula for pin method of
checking screw threads 1867–1870Buckling, columns 261–262Buffing and polishing 1439–1440
wheels for 1440Built-up Sections, Moments of Inertia 217Bulk modulus of various material 384Bulk temperature thermal flash factor 2045Burs and files, rotary 1433Bushings
gear 2117jig, materials for 941standard, for jigs 941–951steels for 456
allowances and tolerances 1821–1823ANSI Standard inch type 1818–1824basic dimensions 1817–1818British Standard 1825designations 1824diameter-pitch combinations 1817–1818miscellaneous types 1817–1824symbols and formulas 1820thread form 1818–1819wire method of measuring 1875–1877
application of cutting fluids to 1111boring 859–865coated 980–981cutting 738–740grinding 937–940insert holders 726, 732–738, 1281–1284insert type 726, 730–738materials for 747–757, 979–981sharpening 937standard blanks for 738–740tips for boring tools 859–864tips for turning tools 741–746
Carbides and carbonitrides 747–752Carbon
monoxide, specific gravity 371steel castings 1333–1334steels 403, 406
AISI-SAE designations 409–410cold drawn 430–431composition of, SAE 420heat treatments 504mechanical properties 432–436numbering system 403, 405quality variations 418speeds for milling 1014–1019, 1022speeds for turning 996–999structure of 483tool steel as a cutting tool material 978unified numbering system 403, 405,
413Carbon dioxide
solidification temperature 623specific gravity 371
Cast iron (continued)alloy 1328–1329bearings 2241chilled 1328–1329density 370ductile 1332gray 1328–1329malleable 1330–1331Meehanite 1328–1329nodular 1332speeds and feeds for
drilling, reaming, and threading 1037–1038
milling 1021–1022turning 1002–1003
strength 476white 1328–1329
Cast roller chains 2421Cast steel 1332–1336
strength 476, 1332–1335Casting processes
aluminum alloys 1342–1343die casting 1337–1344ductile iron 1332gravity die casting 1337–1338gray iron 1336–1337green-sand molding 1336–1337investment casting 1345–1347low pressure casting 1337–1338permanent mold 1337–1338shell-molding 1336–1337squeeze casting 1337–1338V-process 1336–1337
Castingsalloy steel 1332–1335blast cleaning 1338brass and bronze 525–532bronze and brass for gears 2117–2119carbon steel 1333–1334cleaning methods 1338ductile (nodular) iron 1332finishing operations 1338heat treatment 1338heat-resisting 1328–1329investment 1345malleable iron 1330–1331malleable iron, strength 476manganese steel 1335Meehanite 1328–1329nodular cast iron 1332nonferrous strength 477removal of gates and risers 1338shrinkage of 1339–1343steel 1332–1336steel, for gears 2063, 2113–2117surface texture of 708weight, obtained from pattern
weight 1340Castle and slotted nuts 1493, 1500–1502,
1552, 1554Cathode 1319
INDEX 2569
Cell, flexible manufacturing, NC 1235Celsius (Centigrade) and Fahrenheit
temperatures 2514–2516Cement, strength of 478Cementation 479Cemented carbide tools 747–752
coated 750–752grinding 937–940materials for 979–981speeds for drilling with 1030–1033,
1035–1041speeds for milling with 1013–1022speeds for turning with 996–1009
Cementite 483Cements, pipe joints 2464–2466Center
distance, gear set 2010, 2012, 2080drills reamers and machine
Center distance 1999Center distance, gearing 1999Center of gravity 136–142, 151
any four-sided figure 137circle sector 138circular arc 137cone 140cone, frustum 140cylinder 139cylinder, portion of 139ellipse segment 138ellipsoid, segment of 141fillet 138of two bodies 141parabola, area of 139paraboloid 141part of circle ring 138perimeter or area of parallelogram 136pyramid 140pyramid, frustum 140spandrel 138sphere, hollow 141spherical sector 141spherical segment 141spherical surface 138spheroid, segment of 141trapezoid 137triangle 136wedge 140
Centering toolsfeeds for 1094–1095length of point 925
alternative series 1816designation 1811formulas for determining diameters 1804limiting dimensions 1804–1807, 1811major and minor diameter allowances and
tolerances 1810pitch diameter allowances 1808thread data 1807thread form 1794, 1803
of 955–958dividing, on jig boring machine 959–970enclosed within a circle 72–75enclosed within a rectangle 77geometry of 48–50lengths of chords for dividing 955–958packing
in circles 72–75in circles and rectangles 72–77in rectangles 77
programming in APT (NC) 1267–1270segments 80–81squares of equivalent areas 79
given center distance and ratio 2014pitch gears, diameters of 2022ring sector, area 64ring, area 64ring, thin flat 148saws, arbors for 1203sector segment 955–958sector, area 63segment, area 63thickness 1999
milled bevel gear teeth 2064outside diameter
has been enlarged 2015has been reduced 2015is standard 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction 264–265, 267
American Railway Engineering Association formulas 261
eccentrically loaded 262Euler formula 261–263, 266–267J. B. Johnson formula 262, 266–267Rankine or Gordon formulas 261, 263steel pipe, allowable concentric
loads 264–265Combination
drill and tap 1909shanks for end mills 781
Combinations of involute spline types 2138Combined stress 206
normal stresses at right angles 206Combined stresses 207–210Compensation, insert radius, NC 1281–1284Complex conjugate 39Complex or imaginary numbers 38Composite, checking of gears 2042Compound
Contact diameter 1999Contact ratio 1999Contact ratio factor 2044–2045Contact stress 1999Contents of tanks 58–59Continued fractions 13–14
use of as conjugates 15–16Contour Milling 1994Contourmilling 1994Control, adaptive, NC 1233Convergents 13–16Conversational part programming,
NC 1240–1241Conversion
coating of metals 1440–1443cutting speed formulas 985tables
angular measure 90, 92cutting speed and diameter to rpm 986,
1174cutting speed formulas 1908–1909decimal equivalents of inch
fractions 2519decimal multiples of SI units 2522foot-pounds into Btu 2553hardness 520–524horsepower into kilowatts 2553metric into English measure 2525–
2550miscellaneous English units 2532oil viscosity unit 2201–2202, 2312–
2313pounds-force into newtons 2550radians into degrees 90, 92
Copper and copper-base alloyscast 525–532classification 525Copper-beryllium 565–566die casting 1343passivation 1441–1442speeds, for drilling and reaming 1041
for turning and milling 1006wrought 533–542
Copper- and iron-base sintered bearings 2243–2245
Copper Development Association 525–542Cordage Institute 353, 360Core drills 846–849Corner-rounding milling cutters 775, 790Corrosion-resisting alloys 425, 428, 525–
566castings 1335
Cosecant 83Cosine 83Cosine law of 84Cotangent 83Cotter pins, standard sizes 1648, 1659, 1662Cotters 2354Coulomb shear theory (plastics) 584–585Counterbores 857–858Countersinks 813, 862
combined with drills 845machine 813
Countersunk headrivets 1466, 1470–1472
British Standard 1464, 1472–1474screws 1569–1571, 1574–1575, 1591–
1599, 1603British Standard 1591–1598
Couples and Forces 120Couples of forces 121Couplings
double-cone 2326
Couplings (continued)fire-hose 1842–1845flexible 2327hose 1841–1843interference fits 2326knuckle joint 2328–2329safety flange 2325single keys used as fixed 2140, 2143slipping 2332universal 2327–2328
CPVC plastics 380, 601, 2511Crane chain
hoisting 351–360safe loads 352strength 351–354
Crane motors 2456–2457Crane, hooks 351–360
capacity of 357dimensions 357
Crater-resistant carbide toolsmaterials for 980
Craters 1319Creep 524, 576–577
rupture 524, 576–577Critical
slenderness ratio 261–262speeds 185–186
formulas for 185–186of rotating bodies and shafts 185
speeds of rotating shafts 283temperatures, heat treatment 479, 485
determining 486Crobalt alloy 981Croning shell mold process 1336–1337Crosby Group 356–359Cross recesses
for machine screws 1577for self-tapping screws 1623
Cross section lining, ANSI Standard for drawings 606, 608
Crossed helical gears 1998Crowned
involute splines 2145splines for large misalignments 2145
Cuttersangular, milling 777, 783, 796–799bevel gear, formed types 2058–2061boring-bar 859–864box-tool 1095fluting, for reamers 808–810helical gear, formed type 2077–2079internal gear 2047milling 771–806
speeds and feeds for sharpening 800milling, steels for 452–456roller chain sprocket 2439–2441spur gear, formed type 2017–2021T-slot 775Woodruff keyseat 795
combined with other elements 749–750whisker-reinforced 754
Cyanidebath for heating steel 487hardening 498
Cyaniding 417–418, 480Cycloid 1999
area 63curves, area enclosed by 58
Cylindercenter of gravity 139collapsing pressure 273–274hollow
polar moment of inertia 144radius of gyration 149volume 68
plates and shells 268–274polar moment of inertia 144portion of volume 67–68portion of, center of gravity 139radius of gyration 148strength to resist internal pressure 270–
air 394ceramics 379metals 368–370plastics materials 380powdered metals 383wood 376
Department of Commerce 272–273Deposition rates (welding) 1367, 1375–
1378, 1390–1391Depth of cut 982–983Depth of engagement 2127Derivatives of functions 34–35Detachable chains 2421Deviation, mean positional 1217Diameter of circle enclosing smaller
circles 72–75
INDEX 2575
Diameters for finished shafting 280Diametral
equivalent circular pitch and tooth proportions 2007–2008, 2091–2093
equivalent modules 2091–2093pitch 1999pitch knurls, (ANSI) Standard 1212–
1215pitch, gear teeth
sizes 2002–2004Diamond
concentration 937–938dust for lapping 1201grinding wheels 1152–1169laps and lapping 1201tool materials 754–757, 981–982truing 1158–1162wheels 937–939, 1163–1169
composition 1166designation symbols 1163–1166diamond concentration 937–939feeds and speeds 1169grades, grit sizes 937–938modifications 1166operating guidelines for 1169selection of 1168shapes of standard 1163–1166speeds and feeds 1169terminology 1163thread grinding 1923
Die blocks, steels for 452–456Die casting 1337–1344
Dies, sheet metalangular clearance for 1302bending allowances 1304–1310blank diameters for drawing 1304–1307blocks, steels for 452–454, 456clearance between punch and die 1301diameter reductions in drawing 1305
Dies, sheet metal (continued)heat-treatment, steels for 452–454lubricants 1302press speeds and pressures 1302–1304punching pressures 1302–1304rectangular drawing 1302–1304shut height of press 1302–1304steels for various classes of die parts 452–
454, 456Dies, steel rule 1315–1317Dies, threading, maximum pitches 1929–
1930Differential
indexing 1976–1985pulley 135
Dimensioning and tolerancing, geometric 606, 610–611
DIN 867 2090Direct (or distributed) NC 1296Discounted cash flow 30–31Disk
circular, radius of gyration 147clutches 2329method of measuring tapers 682–683springs 326
Displacement in ball and roller bearings, allowance for axial 2264
Distance across bolt circle 687Distributed numerical control (DNC) 1296Distribution curve, normal 1216Dividing
bisect angle 52checking 618circle around square 54circle around triangle 53circular arc 53data for gear blanks 2033
INDEX2576
Drawing (continued)data for gears 2033–2036data for involute splines 2139divide line into equal parts 51ellipse 54equilateral triangle 52helix 55hexagon around circle 54hyperbola 55involute 55metric dimensions on 708parabola 55parallel lines 52perpendicular lines 51sizes of sheets 606square around circle 54symbols
ANSI Standard 606–611section lining 606
geometric 609ISO 609
tangent to circle 53triangle around circle 5345-degree angle 5260-degree angle 52
Drawing data, splines 2140Drawing dies
annealing drawn shells 1302blank diameters 1304–1307brass 1302depth drawn in one operation 1305–1307diameter reduction in one
operation 1305–1307rectangular 1302–1304
Drawing, or tempering, steel 493–495Drawings
checkinginspecting a new design 618materials specified 618method of making drawing 619
data for spur and helical gear 2036metric dimensions on 710scales of metric drawings 711specifying spur and helical gear data
on 2034Dressing grinding wheels 1158–1162Drill
sizes for tapping Acme threads 901sizes for wood screws 1456
Drillingaccuracy of drilled holes 856–858automatic screw machine feeds and
Drilling (continued)estimating thrust, torque, and
power 1051–1055feed rates for 1012holes in glass 1034holes, accuracy of 856–858horsepower and thrust for 1051–1055machine, shaftless motor type 2454spade 865–871
Drillsaccuracy of drilled holes 856–858angle of cutting point 934–936chucks, tapers 919cobalt high-speed steel 857combined drills and countersinks 845–
847core, taper shank 847cutting speeds and equivalent rpm 986definitions of terms 827diameters of tap 1889–1903drivers 848–850for taper pin reamers 1655–1658grinding 934–937jobbers length 829–835length of point 925metric, British Standard 847–856nomenclature 827screw machine drills 829–840sharpening 935–937sizes for tapping 1889–1903
for Acme threads 901spade 865–871steels for 856–857straight-shank drill sizes