Animal Nutrition and Feed Management CNMP Core Curriculum Feed Management – Section 6.1.

Animal Nutrition and Feed Management

CNMP Core Curriculum

Feed Management – Section 6.1

CNMP Development Core Training Curriculum

These course materials have been developed as a cooperative effort between five land-grant universities and The Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Ames, Iowa 50011, (515) 294-4111.

Copyright © 1995-2006, Iowa State University of Science and Technology. All rights reserved.

Copyright Information

Objectives• To gain a basic understanding of feed management and its role

and impacts toward sustaining a healthy environment.

• To learn the relationship of balance nutrient inputs and manage outputs of nutrients within the farm livestock operation, and the need to use feed management to help maintain a balanced nutrient level.

• To understand the role of and how to create a feed management plan to control the quantity of available nutrients fed to livestock and poultry as outlined by NRCS Code 592.

• To become familiar with the digestive processes of the animal, differences between species, and the important nutrients and how they are utilized by the animal while becoming familiar with the flow of nutrients and factors affecting their excretion.

• To become familiar with the terminology of forms that feeds are fed and how processing can aid in nutrient availability of the animal, the factors affecting diet composition, and understand dry matter variability and its affect on nutrient content.

Required Materials• NRCS Code 592

• LPES lesson 2 Whole Farm Nutrient Planning

• CAST report No 21

• land grant university recommendations and industry nutrition recommendations

• LPES Lessons 10, 11, 12, and 13 NRCS Nutrient Management Technical Note No. 1-5

Purposes of Feed Management Standard

• Supply available nutrients in feed for maintenance, production and reproduction

• Minimize excess nutrients in manure

• Improve net farm income by better feeding– Feeding animals account for 65-75% of the

operating costs of the operation.

Feed costs are significantly reduced

Dietary phosphorus concentration

Milk yield, lbs./d 0.45% 0.50% 0.55%

60 $876 $1,825 $2,84780 $985 $2,080 $3,175

100 $1,241 $2,409 $3,650

Table 1. Added annual feed costs due to excess phosphorus feeding*

*Based on phosphorus levels compared to 0.4 percent and a 100-cow herd. Assumes $350/ton.

Dietary phosphorus concentration

0.40% 0.45% 0.50% 0.55%Acres required forgiven herd size 100 cows 96 116 135 155 500 cows 480 580 675 775

Maximum cow numbersfor a given land base 100 acres 104 87 74 65 300 acres 313 260 222 194

Phosphorus feeding affects land needed per cow

*Assumes cropping program of 50% corn, 50% alfalfa, and milk yield of 75 lbs./day

When should the FM 592 standard be applied?

• AFO with whole farm nutrient imbalance with more nutrients imported than exported and/or utilized by cropping programs

• AFO with a significant nutrient buildup in soil from manure applications

When should the FM 592 standard be applied?

• AFO with an insufficient land base to apply nutrients generated in the manure at rates based on soil test recommendations or that can be utilized in a crop rotation.

• AFO seeking to enhance nutrient efficiencies in animal production and on the farm.

Nutrients of Environmental Concern

• Nitrogen – water and air quality• Phosphorus – water quality• Copper – water quality• Zinc – water quality• Sulfur – water and air quality• Selenium – water quality• Arsenic – water quality • Carbon compounds – water and air

quality

Diet Formulation References

TSP Question to ProducerTSP Question to Producer

Is The Livestock or Is The Livestock or Poultry Operation Poultry Operation Accumulating Soil Accumulating Soil

Nutrients?Nutrients?

Whole Farm Nutrient Balance

FarmBoundary

Nutrient Imbalance (inputs - outputs)

Inputs ManagedOutputs

Feed

Animals

IrrigationWater

Fertilizer

Legume N

Meat/Milk/Eggs

Crops

ManureCrops

Gas Emissions

Ph

osp

ho

rus

Inp

uts

(%

of

To

tal)

<250 250-2500 >2500

One Time Animal Capacity (animal units)

Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds

Phosphorus Inputs to Livestock Farms

Which P input is Which P input is largest?largest?

Ph

osp

ho

rus

Inp

uts

(%

of

To

tal)

<250 250-2500 >2500


35%

62%

3%Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds


Ph

osp

ho

rus

Inp

uts

(%

of

To

tal)

<250 250-2500 >2500


35%

62%

3%

33%

47%

20%Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds


Ph

osp

ho

rus

Inp

uts

(%

of

To

tal)

<250 250-2500 >2500


35%

62%

3%

33%

47%

20%

1%

74%

25%Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds


Nit

rog

en

Inp

uts

(%

of

To

tal)

<250 250-2500 >2500


Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds

Nitrogen Inputs to Livestock Farms

Which N input is Which N input is largest?largest?

Nit

rog

en I

np

uts

(%

of

To

tal)


<250 250-2500 >2500

15%

50%

3%

10%

50%

30%

3%

75%

20%

Animals

Fertilizer

Feeds

Legumes

32%

10%

2%

Nitrogen Inputs to Livestock Farms

Digestive Processes

• Feed intake to provide nutrients

– Maintenance

– Production (meat, milk and eggs)

– Reproduction

Nutrient

Consumed

(NPK, etc)

Nutrient Digested

Nutrient Absorbed

Nutrient Retained in meat, milk and eggs

Nutrient Excreted

(NPK)

Difference between Ruminants and non-

Ruminants

• Ruminants (beef and dairy) can digest forages as well as concentrates; microorganisms are present in the stomach

• Non-ruminants (poultry and swine) do not utilize forages effectively and need highly digestible feed ingredients


Ruminants


Ruminants

Crude Protein

• Term referring to the nitrogen and amino acid portion of the diet

• Equivalent to analyzed nitrogen (N) content X 6.25 = crude protein content of a diet or feed ingredient.

• Based upon the value of 16% nitrogen in a protein molecule

TSP Question to Producers

• Is there a laboratory analysis program for manure? From different manure pit? When significant changes in feed ingredients, such as by-product feeds?

• Is manure analysis data used to determine manure application rates onto cropland?


• What does the producer feed his animals?

• What types of animals are being fed?

• Are these feeds produced on the farm or are they purchased?

• Are by-product feeds used or will they be considered in the rations?

• How is the feed ration prepared (processed)?

Factors affecting diet composition

• Species being fed

• Stage of growth, milk and egg production

• Gestation phase

• Sex of animal

• Genetic potential of animal

• Environmental conditions (climate)

• Intended purpose of the animal

What a nutritionist does

• Balancing the needs of the animal with the available nutrients in diverse feed ingredients is challenging.

Feed Ingredients (grains)(% dry matter basis)

Ingredient DM Protein P K

Corn 89 8.3 0.28 0.33

Soybean Meal

90 47.5 0.69 2.14

Cottonseed Meal

90 41.4 1.06 1.40

Canola 90 35.6 1.01 1.22

Distillers 93 27.7 0.77 0.84

Gluten 90 21.5 0.83 0.98

% N = CP/6.25

10.4/6.25

Note: %PNot P2O5

Feed Ingredients (forages)(% dry matter basis)

Ingredient DM Protein Ca P K

Corn silage 35 8 0.31 0.27 1.22

Alfalfa haylage

39 20 1.74 0.27 2.35

Pearl millet 35 12 0.18 0.28

Orchard grass hay

89 11 0.27 0.34 2.91

Grass pasture 20 27 0.55 0.45 3.16

By-Product Feeds

• Resource which is a by-product of some other industry

• Costly waste product to dispose of• Feeding in the correct proportions in the diet

will give a value-added status• Long-term storage can be difficult• Can be a considerable variation in

composition• Can increase the excretion of specific

nutrients

N and P in by-product feeds(% dry matter basis)

Feedstuff %N % CP % P N:P ratio

SBM, 48% CP 8.4 52.7 0.77 11.3:1

Corn 1.5 9.3 0.31 4.8:1

Corn gluten feed 3.8 23.9 0.92 4.2:1

Corn gluten meal 10.7 67.0 0.49 21.8:1

Distillers grains 4.8 29.8 0.83 5.8:1

Meat/bone meal 8.9 55.4 5.4 1.6:1

Bloodmeal 15.3 95.5 0.32 47.8:1


• What is the feed sampling and analysis program on the farm?

• How often do they analyze individual ingredients and the total ration?

Calculating nutrient contents on DM basis

Nutritionally, DM is key

At feeding, account for water

10 lb DM2 lb CPWhat is % CP?DM basis or as-is basis?

How much DM? = 10 lb DM10 lb H2O

50% DM

20 lb total material 10 lb total material

Calculating nutrient contents on DM basis

Corn silage with 35% dry matter (65% moisture)

Protein content is 2.8% on an as fed (wet) basis

What is the crude protein on a 100% dry matter basis?

Answer: protein content (%)DM content (%) of corn silage

0.028/.35 = 0.08 x 100 = 8%

X 100 =

Additional References

• NRCS Nutrient Management Technical Notes (001 - 005) (January 2003)

• LPES National Curriculum

• Land Grant University recommendations

• Industry professional nutritionist recommendations

Other References

Class Exercise (Feed Management)• If corn silage is 35% DM, 65% water

– CP content on an "as-is" basis is 2.8%– What is the CP on a DM basis?

• 2.8 / 0.35 = 8

• If corn silage was really 30% DM, 70% water, what is the CP on DM basis if it is 2.8% on an "as-is" basis?

Class Exercise (Feed Management)• If corn silage is 35% DM, 65% water

CP content on an "as-is" basis is 2.8%What is the CP on a DM basis?2.8 / 0.35 = 8

• If corn silage was really 30% DM, 70% water, what is the CP on DM basis if it is 2.8% on an "as-is" basis?2.8 / 0.30 = 9.33

Class Exercise (Feed Management)• A dairy producer says their cows are eating

80 lb of feed per day. How much DM are they consuming or is this DM intake?



• It cannot be DMI, as not logical, so must be intake on an "as-is" basis. What you need is the DM content of the diet. DM % of diet is 68.75% when you ask the producer.



• It cannot be DMI, as not logical, so must be intake on an "as-is" basis. What you need is the DM content of the diet. DM % of diet is 68.75% when you ask the producer.

• DMI = 80 x 0.6875 = 55 lb DM