Anatomy of Computers 09082011

7/31/2019 Anatomy of Computers 09082011

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Rajasthan Central University09/08/2011


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5 Generation of Computers First Generation(1940-1956)

Vacuum tube based

Second Generation(1956-1963) Transistor based Transistor is an electronic component made of semiconductor

Third Generation(1964-1974) Integrated Circuit(IC) based

Many transistors fabricated on single chip

Fourth Generation(1974-Till Date) Microprocessor based

Large Scale Integration(LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI)technology with thousands of transistors on small chip

Fifth Generation(Still in Development) Thinking and learning capacity like human brain


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Central Processing Unit (CPU) Processes instructions and data

Input Unit

Accepts inputs/commands from the user Output Unit

Communicates the results

Storage Unit Stores the results


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CPU has 3 parts This is the brain of a computer Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Processes the data using arithmetic and logic operations

Performs arithmetical operations such as Addition,Subtraction, Multiplication and Division

Performs logical operations such as AND, OR, NOT andXOR

Control Unit Controls the sequence of calculations

Controls the input and output devices

Memory Unit

Stores the data temporarily


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Input Devices Accept the data from the users

Example: Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick

Output Devices

Display/Output the results

Examples: Monitor, Printer


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Used to store data/results permanently Examples: CD, DVD, Hard disk, Floppy,

USB Drive


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Microprocessor is an Integrated Circuit

(IC)/chip which incorporates the functionsof a CPU.

An IC has many transistors (an electroniccomponent) etched on it. Number of

transistor on a chip directly contributes tothe speed of a microprocessor. Intel 4004 released in 1971 is regarded

as the first microprocessor. Intel 8080 released in 1974 was the firs

microprocessor to make into a homecomputer.

IBM PCs (released in 1982) weredesigned with Intel 8088 released in

1979.


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Every microprocessor can execute alimited set of basic operations The set of these operations is called as

Instruction Set. The instruction set is hardwired into the

microprocessor.

Any program that runs on a computereventually gets translated to theinstruction set.


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Chip making technologies areapproaching their physical limits, soimproving the speed of microprocessors is

becoming challenging. In response, microprocessor

manufacturers are designing a single chip

with multiple microprocessor cores. This increases the processing power by

multiple times.

Examples: Intel Dual Core, Intel i5, Intel i7


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Intel: Processors: 4004, 8008, 8086, 8088, 80186,

80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Core i3, i5, i7

AMD (Advanced Micro Devices):

Processors: Am2900, Athlon, Duron,

Semphron, Turion, Fusion


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3 Main Types: Processor Internal Memory:

Also known as cache.

Placed inside the CPU

Fastest among all Used as cache between primary memory and the processor

Primary Memory: Also known as main memory

Has mainly 2 types

Random Access Memory (RAM): Programs and data are temporarilystored for efficiency. This is volatile i.e. once the power is switched off,this is erased. Data is very frequently erased and written.

Read Only Memory (ROM): This is non-volatile. Is used to storedpersistent information about the system such as hardware configurationand to load the operating system. Data is persistent and almost nevererased.

Secondary Memory: Also known as Auxiliary/Virtual Memory

Most common example is hard disk


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Bit: The smallest unit of information. It can hold

only one of the two values 0 or 1. Byte: 8 bits together represent a Byte. E.g.

00001101, 11010011 Kilobyte:1 Kilobyte = 1024 bytes. But generally

represents 1000 bytes. Abbreviated as KB. Megabyte: 1 Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes =

1,048,576 bytes. Generally represents 1,000,000bytes. Abbreviated as MB.

Gigabyte: 1 Gigabyte = 1024 Megabytes.Abbreviated as GB. Terabyte: 1 Terabyte = 1024 Gigabytes.

Abbreviated as TB.


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Provide mechanism to connect various input and output

devices to the computer.

PS/2 Port: This is used to plug

mouse and keyboard into thecomputer.

Serial Port: Used for transmittingdata serially, one bit at a time.


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USB (Universal Service Bus) Port:Have replaced parallel and serial port.Plug- and- play interface. Supports datatransfer rate of up to 12 MB/second.

Parallel Port: Transfers multiple bits(8 bits) of data at the same time. Usedto connect printers.


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OS is a program

Controls the hardware and I/O devices of a computer. Provides an easy interface to the end user. OS functions include:

Process Management: Manages creation, scheduling and termination ofprocesses.

Memory Management: Allocation and de-allocation of memory to the

executing programs. File Management: Providing services to search, store and organize files. Device Management: Controls devices through special programs called

device drivers. Security Management: Provides Authorization and authentication

services. The OS has evolved from console/text based Command Line

Interface (CLI) such as DOS, UNIX to Graphical User Interface(GUI) such as Mac-OS and Windows.


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MS DOS Microsoft Disk Operating System First version released in 1982 Gained popularity for IBM PC based computers Console based Command Line Interface (CLI) No longer released as stand alone product

UNIX Developed in 1969 at AT&T Bell Labs Multitasking, Multiuser operating system

IBM AIX, HP UX, Sun Solaris are all UNIX based operating systems Linux

Created in 1992 by Linus Torvalds, a Univ. of Helsinki student

Free and Open Source Software Ubuntu, Fedora are other Linux based operating system

MS Windows First version was released in 1985

A multitasking operating system A GUI (Graphical User Interface) based operating system Most widely used OS, about 90% market share

Mac OS A GUI based operating system developed by Apple released in 1984 It is also the basis of iOS used on iPod, iPhone and iPad

z/OS An IBM operating system for mainframe computers


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A typical specification looks like:

Intel Core i5-750 quad-core processor 2.66GHz, 1MB L2 cache. 6GB DDR3-1333MHz SDRAM 500GB - 7200RPM SATA II hard drive GeForce 7300 GT 512MB DDR2 PCI Express Video Card 20X DVDRW Dual Layer drive for burning your own DVDs and CDs

Microsoft Windows 7

Heres what it means: Intel Core i5-750 quad-core processor 2.66GHz, 1MB L2 cache

Describes the vendor of the microprocessor, Intel in this case Core i5-750 quad core describes the family of the processor and the

number of cores, 4 in this case 2.66Hz is the clock speed of the processor which indicates the

processing speed 1 MB L2 Cache is the high efficiency memory build on the

microprocessor for higher efficiency


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6GB DDR3-1333MHz SDRAM- 6GB is the size of memory

DDR3 is the generation of memory. DDR,DDR2 are also available but offer lowerperformance in terms of speed. DDR standsfor Double Data Rate

1333MHz is the speed at which memory can

be accessed SDRAM Stands for Synchronous Dynamic

Random Access Memory. It is a type of RAM

based on the way data is accessed.


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500GB - 7200RPM SATA II hard drive- 500GB is the size of hard disk

7200 RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) indicates therevolution speed of the disk. The more the RMP the

faster the access. SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is

the interface that connects the motherboard to thehard disk.

SATA is comparatively a recent phenomenon.Previous version was PATA (Parallel AdvancedTechnology Attachment)

Solid state hard disks (Like the one used in USB

drive) are also becoming common now


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XFX GeForce 7300 GT 512MB DDR2 PCIExpress Video Card - This is the details of graphics/video capabilities of

the computer. A graphics card is sort of a smallcomputer with its own processor and memory.

GeForce 7300 GT is a processor (GPU Graphics Processing Unit) designed by acompany called NVIDIA

It is manufactured by various manufacturers, XFXin this case The card has 512MB of dedicated DDR2 memory

for efficient graphics processing.


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20X DVD+RW Dual Layer drive for burning

your own DVDs and CDs - This detail pertains to DVD/CD drive. DVDRW specifies the capabilities of the drive to

read and write DVDs and CDs. Older drives werecapable of only reading DVDs. sign indicatesthe compliance to two difference DVD formats +and -.

20X denotes the speed of the drive. 20X denotesthat this drive can write 20 times faster than thefirst version of DVD drives.

Dual layer recording allows more data(8.54GB) tobe stored on DVDs.


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Anatomy of Computers 09082011

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