Page 1
Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ANALOG INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS DESIGN
University of Massachusetts
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
Omid Oliaei
ECE697BB/Oliaei 2
• Real-world signals are Analog.
• Signals generated by sensors are analog
• Digital signal processing of signals requires Analog-to-Digital Conversion.
• Analog signal needs to be amplified and filtered before A/D.
• Amplifiers and Filters are Analog Circuits.
• A/D is a Mixed-Signal Circuit.
Why Analog?
Chapter 1
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Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 3
• Digital signals in a digital communication system behave as analog signals
at certain stages of transmission, receive and processing.
Ex 1. Lossy Cable Ex 2. Disc Drive
• Signal Attenuation, Noise and Distortion incurred in the propagation
channel require that the received signal be Amplified, Filtered and
Equalized using Analog circuits.
Ex 3. Wireless Receiver Ex 3. Optical Receiver
Chapter 1
ECE697BB/Oliaei 4
•Why Integrated?
• Larger integration � larger complexity
• Lower parasitics � Higher speed
• Lower cost
• Moore’s Law: Number of transistors doubles every 18 months:
• 1960: 25 µm Gate length• Today: 90 nm and 65 nm in production
• 45 nm and 32 nm are in lab. 22nm and 16nm on roadmap.
•Why CMOS?
• Digital (Main Driver)
• Low Power, Simplicity, Scaling, Low cost
• Analog
• Integration with digital
• Improved speed over years
Chapter 1
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Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 5Chapter 1
Analog
Design
Performance
Constra
ints
Schem
atic
Test
Layout
System Level
Circuit Level
Component Level
Levels of Abstraction
What is Analog Design?Don’t Forget
Variations
ECE697BB/Oliaei 6
CAD TOOLS FOR CIRCUIT DESIGN
• Two Dominant Suppliers:
• Cadence 80% market share
• Mentor Graphics 20% market share
• Simulation:
• System Level: Matlab, SPW
• High-Level (Behavioral): Verilog, Verilog_A, Verilog AMS
• Low-Level (Electrical): SPICE, SPECTRE, ADS, Proprietary Tools
• Cadence and Mentor Graphics Include tools for
• Schematic Capture
• Simulation
• Layout
Chapter 1
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 7
Schematic Capture
Netlist
Electrical/Behavioral Simulations
Layout: Automatic/Manual
Technology
Device Model
Parasitic Extraction
Design Rules Check (DRC)
Layout Versus Schematic (LVS)
Masks
Fabrication
Design House FoundryCustomer
Specifications
TestProduction
Chapter 1
ECE697BB/Oliaei 8
Analog Design Space
Tradeoffs
• Analog Design is a Multi-Dimensional Optimization Problem.
• Improving one parameter always results in degradation of some others.
Cost ?
Chapter 1
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Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 9Chapter 2
Basic MOS Device Physics
• Understanding Device Physics is Essential to Analog Design.
• MOS device is symmetric.
NMOS
Bulk
Side Diffusion
(Sio2) Contact
(Metal)
Ddrawneff LLL 2−=5 nm0.25 µµµµm
2.2 nm0.13 µµµµm
3.5 nm0.18 µµµµm
ToxLdrawn
ECE697BB/Oliaei 10
• MOS is a four-terminal device.
• Substrate (bulk) of an NMOS is connected to the lowest potential.
• Substrate (bulk) of a PMOS is connected to the highest potential.
• All p-n junctions are reverse biased.
• Conduction takes place beneath gate, between source and drain.
NMOS
PMOS
Chapter 2
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Analog Integrated Circuits
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 11
Complementary MOS Process (CMOS):
PMOSNMOS
Chapter 2
PMOS
ECE697BB/Oliaei 12
MOS CHANNEL FORMATION
Cut Off
Depletion
Inversion
VG
GND
VG
GND
VG
GNDGND
VTH
Chapter 2
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 13
• Device turn-on is a gradual phenomenon.
• There exists several definitions for VTH.
• One definition: when VG=VTH :
density of electrons on the interfaced equals density of holes in the substrate
• VTH increases with increasing the substrate doping.
Adjusting VTH by ion implantation:
• P+ layer increases VTH
Chapter 2
ECE697BB/Oliaei 14
PMOS IN INVERSION STATE
• PMOS: Holes flow from Source to Drain.
• NMOS: Electrons flow from Source to Drain.
• Electrons have a higher Mobility. � NMOS is faster than PMOS (~ 3 times).
Chapter 2
S D
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Analog Integrated Circuits
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 15
MOS Symbols
Chapter 2
Arrow indicates current flow from positive voltage to negative voltage polarity.
ECE697BB/Oliaei 16
NMOS
I-V CHARACTERISTICS
Uniform Charge
Distribution
• Larger VDS � Larger Longitudinal Field
• Larger VGS � More Charge Carriers
Chapter 2
More Current
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Analog Integrated Circuits
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 17
I/V Characteristics (cont.)
vxVVVWCI THGSoxD )]([ −−−=
∫∫==
−−=VDS
V
THGSnox
L
x
D dVxVVVWCdxI00
)]([µ
Given v = µE and E(x) = −dV (x)
dx
dx
xdVxVVVWCI nTHGSoxD
)()]([ µ−−=
ID = µnCoxW
L[(VGS − VTH)VDS −
1
2VDS
2]
ECE697BB/Oliaei 18
I-V CHARACTERISTICS: Triode Region
Triode Region:
THGSDS VVV −<
ID = µnCoxW
L[(VGS − VTH)VDS −
1
2VDS
2]
Almost Linear
nµ Electrons Mobility
ox
siox
tC
ε= Oxide Capacitance
W Device Width
L Device Length
35.0=siε
DSTHGSL
WoxnD VVVCI )( −≈ µ
Oxide Permittivity
oxt Oxide Thickness
sV
cm
.
2
[ ]mµ
[ ]mµChapter 2
[ ]cmpF /
[ ]2/ cmpF
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 19
THGSDS VVV −>
I-V CHARACTERISTICS: Saturation Region
2)(2
THGSoxn
D VVL
WCI −
′=
µ
V'DS = VGS − VTH (Pinch − off )
LL ≈′Chapter 2
ECE697BB/Oliaei 20
MOS OPERATION REGIMES
Both PMOS and NMOS:
THGSDS VVV −< Triode Region
THGSDS VVV −= Pinch-Off
THGSDS VVV −> Saturation Region
• In saturation, MOS behaves as a current source.
Chapter 2
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 21
constant VDSGS
Dm
V
Ig
∂∂
=
= µnCoxW
L(VGS − VTH)
gm = 2µnCoxW
LID
=2ID
VGS − VTH
Transconductance in Saturation Region
2)(2
THGSoxn
D VVL
WCI −=
µ
Chapter 2
ECE697BB/Oliaei 22
ID = µnCoxW
L[(VGS − VTH)VDS −
1
2VDS
2]
ID = µnCoxW
L(VGS − VTH)VDS, VDS << 2(VGS − VTH)
)(
1
THGSL
WoxnDS
DSON
VVCI
VR
−=
∂∂
=µ
DRAIN-SOURCE RESISTANCE IN TRIODE REGION
Chapter 2
Voltage-Controlled Resistance
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 23
THRESHOLD VOLTAGE AND BODY EFFECT
( ) 220 FSBFTHTH VVV Φ−+Φ+= γ
VB < 0 attracts holes and widens depletion region
� Larger VG > 0 to put opposite charge on gate
� Larger VG > 0 to create inversion
� Higher VTH
4.03.0 << γ Body effect coefficient
FΦ Fermi level
Source-Bulk voltage
Chapter 2
ECE697BB/Oliaei 24
CHANNEL LENGTH MODULATION: SATURATION REGION
L' = L − ∆L
)1(1
)/1(1
'/1 DSVL
LLL
L λ+=∆+=
)1()(2
2DSTHGS
oxnD VVV
L
WCI λ
µ+−=
L L’
DSTHGSoxn
DS
DS IVVL
WC
V
Ig
DSλ
µλ ≈−=
∂∂
= 2)(
2
Chapter 2
L
1∝λ,
L
Ig DS
DS∝
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Analog Integrated Circuits
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 25
ECE697BB/Oliaei 26
=
T
GSD
V
VII
ζexp0
SUBTHRESHOLD CONDUCTION
• For VGS<VTH, there exists a weak inversion layer causing a small diffusion current.
• This “leakage” current causes increased power dissipation in digital circuits.
• To operate in weak inversion, transistor must be wide � low speed.
• Application: Ultra Low-Power design.
Chapter 2
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 27
MOS LAYOUT
Gate
(Poly)Contacts
(Metal)
Gate
Shared
Chapter 2
Gate Contact
ECE697BB/Oliaei 28
PARASITIC CAPACITANCES
Overlap
Bottom-plate
cap
Side-wall
cap
• Junction capacitance increases non-linearly with reverse bias.
Chapter 2
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University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 29
GAT-SOURCE AND GATE DRAIN CAPCITANCES
• Cgs is maximum in the saturation region
•
• Device is symmetric in the triode region
Chapter 2
)]([ xVVVWCQ THGSoxch −−∝
oxGS WLCC3
2≈
oxGDGS WLCCC2
1≈=
ECE697BB/Oliaei 30
LOW-FREQUENCY MOS SMALL-SIGNAL MODEL
D
o
Ir
λ1
=
SBF
mBS
D
mbV
gV
Ig
+Φ==
22
γ∂∂
0=SBV 0≠SBV
: Drain-source resistance
: Bulk transconductance
saturation
Chapter 2
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 31
HIGH-FREQUENCY SMALL-SIGNAL MODEL
Chapter 2
Saturation
Triode Cut Off
ECE697BB/Oliaei 32
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 33
ECE697BB/Oliaei 34
GATE ACCESS RESISTANCE
Two fingers
Reduce resistance
Chapter 2
• Gate resistance effect is significant at RF.
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 35
COMMON-SOURCE with RESISTIVE LOAD
Av = −gmRD
Deep triode
Saturation
Sat.
Triode
Off
Chapter 3
ECE697BB/Oliaei 36
omv rgA −=
Av = −gm ro || RD
∞→DR
Chapter 3
COMMON-SOURCE with RESISTIVE LOAD: Model
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Analog Integrated Circuits
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 37
DIODE-CONNECTED MOS
(gm + gmb)Vx +Vx
ro
= Ix
Vx
Ix
=1
gm + gmb
|| ro ≈1
gm + gmb
Chapter 3
ECE697BB/Oliaei 38
COMMON-SOURCE STAGE with DIODE-CONNECTED LOAD
Av = −gm1 1
gm2 + gmb2
= −gm1
gm2
1
1 +η
Av = −(W / L)1
(W / L)2
1
1 + η
Av = −un (W / L)1
up (W / L)2
• Gain independent of bias current
• Good gain accuracy: good matching
• Gain independent of bias current
• Gain set by two different types of transistor
PMOS Diode-Connected Load
Chapter 3
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 39
COMMON-SOURCE with CURRENT SOURCE LOAD
Av = −gm ro1 || ro2
• Large Output Voltage Compared with Resistive Load
• All Transistors Need to be in Saturation for High Gain
• M1 sets the Minimum Output Voltage
• M2 Sets the Maximum Output Voltage
Saturation
Triode
Av = −gmRON2
RON 2 =1
µnCoxW
L
2
(VDD − Vb − | VTHP |)
Chapter 3
High-Resistance Node
ECE697BB/Oliaei 40
COMMON-SOURCE WITH SOURCE DEGENERATIONS
Av = −GmRD
Av =−gm RD
1+ gm RS
Gm =gm
1 + gmRS
Gm =gmro
RS + [1+ (gm + gmb )RS ]ro
Av = −GmRD || ROUT
Including Second-Order Effects
Chapter 3
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 41
COMMON-SOURCE OUTPUT RESISTANCE
ROUT = [1 + (gm + gmb )ro ]RS + ro
ROUT = ro' ≈ ro [1+ (gm + gmb )RS ]
Av = −GmRD || ro'
Av =−gm RD
1+ gm RS
= −RD
1/ gm + RS
Simplified Model
Chapter 3
ECE697BB/Oliaei 42
SOURCE FOLLOWER
mbmmbm
outgggg
R+
==11
||1
Av =gmRS
1+ (gm + gmb )RS
=RS
1/ gm + (gm + gmb
gm
)RS
≈RS
1/ gm + RS
Small-Signal Model
Output Resistance
• Source Follower Exhibits a high input resistance
and a low output resistance.
Chapter 3
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 43
SOURCE FOLLOWER WITH FIXED BIAS CURRENT
• Id1, thus, Vgs1- Vth1, are independent of Vin.
Av =
1
gmb
|| ro1 || ro2 || RL
1
gmb
|| ro1 || ro2 || RL +1
gm
Load Effect on Gain
Application: Buffering a High-Gain Stage
Chapter 3
ECE697BB/Oliaei 44
COMMON-GATE
Rout ={[1 + (gm + gmb )ro]RS + ro}|| RD
AC couplingDC coupling
DmbmD
DSSombmo
ombmv RggR
RRRrggr
rggA )(
)(
1)(+≈
++++++
=
Small-Signal Model
Gain
Output Resistance
Input Resistance
Rin = ro ||1
gm
||1
gmb
Chapter 3
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University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 45
CASCODE AMPLIFIER
Dmbmoo
Dooombm
Rggrr
RrrrggRout
||)]([
||}])(1{[
2221
21222
+≈
+++=
AV ≈ gm1{[ro1ro2 (gm 2 + gmb2 )] || RD ]}
AV ≈ gm1[(ro1ro2 gm2 ) || (ro3ro4gm3 )]Shielding Effect of Cascode
Chapter 3
ECE697BB/Oliaei 46
DIFFERENTIAL VERSUS SINGLE-ENDED
Single-Ended Source Differential Sources
Advantage: Reduced Sensitivity to Supply Noise
Supply Noise
Clock Noise
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 47
PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
Disadvantage: Sensitive to Input Common-Mode Voltage
Chapter 4
ECE697BB/Oliaei 48
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
Tail current: Rejects input common mode
Dm
inin
outoutdiff Rg
VV
VVA =
−−
=21
21Differential-Mode Gain
0=cACommon-Mode Gain
2
2
/
4
/
4
2in
oxn
SS
in
oxn
SS
oxn
in
Dm
VLWC
I
VLWC
I
L
WC
V
IG
−
−=
∆∆
=
µ
µµ∂∂
Chapter 4
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University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 49
SMALL-SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Dmd RgA −=
Differential-Mode
SSm
Dc
Rg
RA
+−=
)2/(1
2/
Common-Mode
Virtual ground
Chapter 4
ECE697BB/Oliaei 50
COMMON-MODE RESPONSE
SSm
Dm
CMin
YX
Rg
Rg
V
VV
21, +=
−
Load Resistor Mismatch
Transistor Mismatch
( )1)( 21
21
, ++−
−=−
SSmm
Dmm
CMin
YX
Rgg
Rgg
V
VV
Chapter 4
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University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 51
DIFF. AMP WITH ACTIVE LOAD
mP
mNoPoNmPmNd
g
grrggA −≈−= − )||||( 1
)||( oPoNmNd rrgA −=
)](||)[( 7551331 oomoommd rrgrrggA ≈
Chapter 4
ECE697BB/Oliaei 52Chapter 5
CURRENT MIRRORS
2
12
2 )(2
THDDoxn
OUT VVRR
R
L
WCI −
+≈
µ
Reference Current
Sensitive to VDD , Vth , W, L
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 53
CURRENT-BIASED DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
Chapter 5
ECE697BB/Oliaei 54
CASCODE CURRENT MIRROR
Low-Voltage Cascode
Chapter 5
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 55
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER WITH
ACTIVE CURRENT MIRROR
Large-Signal Operation
Chapter 5
ECE697BB/Oliaei 56
ID1 = ID3 = ID 4 = gm1,2Vin / 2 ID2 = −gm1,2Vin / 2
Iout = ID2 − ID4 = −gm1,2Vin ,⇒ Gm = gm1, 2
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER WITH ACTIVE LOAD
Small-Signal Analysis
Av ≈ GmRout
Rout ≈ ro2 || ro4 , (2ro1,2 >> [1/ gm3] || ro3 )
Chapter 5
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Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 57
COMMON-MODE ANALYSIS
4,3
2,1
2,121
1
m
m
SSm
CMg
g
RgA
+−
≈
xF VV =
)21)(||( 2,14,32,14,3 SSmoom
CM
DM RgrrgA
ACMRR +==
Common-Mode Gain
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
Chapter 5
ECE697BB/Oliaei 58
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS
vi vo
pi
o
sRCSsCR
sC
sV
sV
ω/1
1
1
1
/1
/1
)(
)(
+=
+=
+= RCp πω 2/1=
Single-Pole Passive RC
ωωω
jRCV
V
i
o
+=1
1
)(
)(
: pole frequency
( )22
1
1
)(
)(
ωωω
RCV
V
i
o
+=ωjs =
Z1 =Z
(1− Av)Z2 =
Z
(1− A−1
v )
Miller’s Theorem
X
Yv
V
VA =
vA
Chapter 6
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 59
AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS
C1 = CF(1− Av) C2 = CF(1− A−1
v ) ≈ CF
Capacitance Multiplication
Association of Poles and Nodes
ωωω pNinsin
out
CRCR
A
CR
A
sV
sV
21
21
1
1
11)(
)(
+++=
Chapter 6
ECE697BB/Oliaei 60
COMMON-SOURCE FREQUENCY RESPONSE
[ ] 1()1()(
)(
)
2 ++++++++−
=DBGDDGSSGDDmSDBGDSBGSGDGSDS
DmGD
i
o
CCRCRCRgRsCCCCCCRRs
RgsC
V
V
f p,in =1
2πRS CGS + (1+ gmRD )CGD[ ]
f p,out =1
2π CGD + CDB( )RD[ ]Exact Analysis
GD
mz
C
g+=ω
Chapter 6
Approximate Analysis (Miller)
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 61
SOURCE FOLLOWER OR COMMON DRAIN
vo
vi=
gm + sCGS
s2RS (CGSCL + CGSCGD + CGDCL)+ s gmRSCGD + CGD + CGS( )+ gm
f p1 ≈gm
2π gmRSCGD + CL + CGS( ) , assuming f p2 >> f p1
=1
2π RSCGD +CL + CGS
gm
Chapter 6
ECE697BB/Oliaei 62
SOURCE FOLLOWER INPUT IMPEDANCE
At low frequencies, gmb >>| sCL |
Zin ≈1
sCGS
1+ gm / gmb( )+1/ gmb
∴ Cin = CGSgmb /(gm + gmb ) + CGD (same as Miller)
LmbGS
m
GS
insCgsC
g
sCZ
+
++≈
11
1
At high frequencies, gmb << | sCL |
Zin ≈1
sCGS
+1
sCL
+gm
s2CGSCL
Chapter 6
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 63
SOURCE FOLLOWER OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
ZOUT =VX / IX
=sRSCGS +1
gm + sCGS
≈1/gm , at low frequencies
≈ RS , at high frequencies
( )mS
m
GSmSm gR
g
CLgRRgR /1,/1,/1 12 −=−==
Output ringing due to CL and inductive
component of output impedance.
Chapter 6
ECE697BB/Oliaei 64
CASCODE STAGE
f pA =1
2πRS CGS1 + CGD1 1+gm1
gm 2 + gmb 2
f pX =gm 2 + gmb 2
2π CGD1 + CDB1 + CSB 2 + CGS2( )
f pY =1
2πRD CDB 2 + CL + CGD 2( )
Chapter 6
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 65
DIFFERENTIAL PAIR
f p1 ≈1
2π (roN || roP )CL
f p2 =gmP
2πCE
fZ = 2 f p 2 =2gmP
2πCE
Chapter 6
ECE697BB/Oliaei 66
FEEDBACK PRINCIPLES
Y(s) = H (s)[X(s) − G(s)Y (s)]
Y(s)
X(s)=
H (s)
1+ G(s)H (s)
βββ
ββ1
1
1
1≈
+⋅=
+==
A
A
A
A
X
YACL
• Gain Desensitization
2
211
1
1
R
RR
A
AACL
+=
+⋅=
β
ββ
β
• Example
1
21R
RACL +≈
Chapter 8
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University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 67
FEEDBACK EFFECT ON BANDWIDTH
+=
p
cl
ff
j
AA
1
0
( )
+++
=
)1(11
1
00
0
ββ
ββ
Aff
jA
AA
p
CL
Chapter 8
ECE697BB/Oliaei 68
FEEDBACK EFFECT ON OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
IX =VX −VM
Rout
=VX − (−βA0VX )
Rout
VX
IX
= Rout,CL =Rout
1+ βA0
VX
IX
= Rin ,CL = Rin(1+ βA0)
• Input Impedance
• Output Impedance
Chapter 8
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 69
AMPLIFIER TYPES
Chapter 8
ECE697BB/Oliaei 70
OP-AMP
-+
-+ -+
Differential Output
Single-Ended Output
∞→vAIdeal Op-Amp
∞→inR
0=outR
Chapter 9
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 71
SINGLE-STAGE OP-AMP
• OP-AMP as a voltage buffer
Chapter 9
ECE697BB/Oliaei 72
CASCODE OP-AMP: SINGLE-STAGE
+ Higher Gain
- Reduced Output Swing
- Output swing dependent on input swing
Telescopic Cascode
Chapter 9
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 73
IMPROVED SINGLE-ENDED CASCODE OP-AMP
Chapter 9
Low-Voltage Cascode Current Mirror
ECE697BB/Oliaei 74
TRIPLE CASCODE
• Av app. (gmro)3/2
• Severely Limited Output Swing
• Complex biasing
Chapter 9
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ECE697BB/Oliaei 75
FOLDED-CASCODE AMPLIFIER
PMOS Input
NMOS Input
+ High Gain
+ Output Swing Decoupled from Input Swing
- Reduced Speed
Chapter 9
ECE697BB/Oliaei 76
FOLDED-CASCODE OP-AMP
13331 ])[(|| oombmmv rrgggA44 344 21
+≈
Cascode Gain
Chapter 9
Page 39
Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 77
| Av |≈ gm1{[(gm 3 + gmb3)ro3 (ro1 || ro5 )] || [(gm 7 + gmb 7)ro7ro9 ]}
FOLDED-CASCODE OP-AMP
Chapter 9
ECE697BB/Oliaei 78
TELESCOPIC VERSUS FOLDED CASCODE
Non-dominant Pole
Non-dominant Pole
Chapter 9
Page 40
Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 79
FOLDED-CASCODE OP-AMP IMPLEMENTATION
Current-Mirror
Current-MirrorDevices in Signal Path
Current-Mirror
signal
Chapter 9
ECE697BB/Oliaei 80
SINGLE-ENDED TWO-STAGE OP-AMPS
+ Large Voltage Swing
- Reduced Speed
Single-Ended Output Two-Stage Op Amp
Chapter 9
Active Current Mirror
Page 41
Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 81
FULLY-DIFFERENTIAL TWO-STAGE OP-AMPS
+ Larger Voltage Swing
+ Better Noise Performance
Chapter 9
Ex.1 Ex.2
ECE697BB/Oliaei 82
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE ENHANCEMENT USING FEEDBACK
Rout = A1gm 2ro2ro1
Disadvantage: Low swing or Large Supply Voltage
Regulated Cascode
Chapter 9
Page 42
Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 83
DIFFERENTIAL GAIN BOOSTING
Low-SupplyHigh-Supply
Chapter 9
ECE697BB/Oliaei 84
OP-AMP USING DIFFERENTIAL GAIN BOOSTING
Enhanced Telescopic Cascode
Chapter 9
Enhanced Folded Cascode
Page 43
Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 85
COMPARISON
Chapter 9
Performance Comparison of OP-AMP Topologies
ECE697BB/Oliaei 86
COMMON-MODE FEEDBACK
Chapter 9
Low-Gain Amplifier
-+ -+
High-Gain Amplifier
• Output common-mode voltage in a low-gain diff-pair is well-defined.
• Output common-mode voltage in a low-gain diff-pair is ill-defined.
Page 44
Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 87
COMMON-MODE FEEDBACK PRINCIPLE
Auxiliary amplifier sets the output common-mode.
CMref
oo VVVV
==+
2
21refCM VV =
ECE697BB/Oliaei 88
COMMON-MODE SENSING METHODS
Resistive Buffered-Resistive
Page 45
Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 89
FOLDED-CASCODE WITH COMMON-MODE CONTROL
(a)
(b)
ECE697BB/Oliaei 90
SIMPLIFIED CMFB
• M7 and M8 in Triode.
• Advantages:
• Simple, low power
• Disadvantages:
• Low Accuracy
• Reduced Output Swing due to M7 and M8
• Increased Output Parasitic Capacitance
• CMFB with improved output swing:
Page 46
Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 91
IMPROVED CMFB
CMref VV =
Through Symmetry:Complete Implementation
ECE697BB/Oliaei 92
TRANSIENT LARGE-SIGNAL: SLEWING
Slew rate:
( )L
SSout
C
I
dt
tdVSR ==
Page 47
Analog Integrated Circuits
University of Massachusetts Amherst
ECE697BB/Oliaei 93
SLEWING IN TELESCOPIC OP-AMP
( )L
SSout
C
I
dt
tdVSR
2==
Fully-Differential:
ECE697BB/Oliaei 94
FOLDED-CASCODE SLEWING
( )L
SSout
C
I
dt
tdVSR
2==
Fully-Differential: