An Oncologists Perspective on Cancer and Thrombosis Gary H. Lyman, MD, MPH, FRCP(Edin) Professor of Medicine and Director Health Services, Effectiveness and Outcomes Research Duke University School of Medicine and the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center Oncology Grand Rounds University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center April 21, 2009
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An Oncologists Perspective on Cancer and Thrombosis Gary H. Lyman, MD, MPH, FRCP(Edin) Professor of Medicine and Director Health Services, Effectiveness.
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An Oncologists Perspective on Cancer and Thrombosis
Gary H. Lyman, MD, MPH, FRCP(Edin)Professor of Medicine and Director
Health Services, Effectiveness and Outcomes ResearchDuke University School of Medicine and the
Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center
Oncology Grand Rounds University of North Carolina
Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterApril 21, 2009
Cancer and Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
• Association recognized since Trousseau’s observation more than 130 years ago1
• Of all cases of VTE, approximately 20% occur in cancer patients.2
• VTE affects 4-20% of cancer patients antemortem but has been reported in up to 50% on postmortem examination.3-4
• Cancer-associated VTE has important clinical and economic consequences5-7
Armand Trousseau
1. Trousseau, Armand. In Clinique Medicale de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, 2nd ed. Paris: J.B. Bailliere et Fils; 1865 2. Lee AY. Br J. Haematol. 2005;128:291-302. 3. Gao S et al: Expert Rev Anticncer Ther 2004; 4: 303-320.
4. Lyman GH et al: J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 5490-5505. 5. Sorensen HT, et al. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1846-1850. 6. Prandoni P, et al. Blood. 2002;100:3484-3488. 7. Khorana AA, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:484-490.
Patients with
cancer: 20%
All deep venous thrombosis and
pulmonary embolism
Pathogenesis: Virchow’s Triad
StasisBed rest and immobility, extrinsic compression of vessel by mass
Blood Components[Hypercoagulability]
Tumors and macrophages produce procoagulants, inflammatory cytokines
Vessel Damage
Direct tumor invasion, indwelling catheters, chemotherapy, erythropoietin, antiangiogenic agents
TumorCells
HemostaticSystem
Procoagulant Activity
CytokinesGrowth Factors
Fibrinolytic Activity
GrowthInvasion
MetastasesAngiogenesis
Kuderer NM et al J Clin Oncol 2009 (in press)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Chemotherapy
Risk of VTE in the cancer population
Remission
Risk of VTE in the general population
Time
Diagnosis
Metastasis
End of lifeHospitalization
Ris
k (
Od
ds R
ati
o)
Risk of VTE Varies Over Natural History of Cancer
Rao MV, et al. In: Khorana and Francis, eds. Cancer-Associated Thrombosis; 2007.
Chew, H. K. et al. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:458-464.
• The California Cancer Registry linked to the California Discharge Data, 1993 - 1995.• Among 235,149 cancer cases, 3775 (1.6%) were diagnosed with VTE within 2 years including 463 (12%) at the time cancer and 3312 (88%) subsequently.
Metastatic Disease Local-Regional Disease
VTE within Two years of Cancer Diagnosis
Incidence of VTE in US Patients With and Without Cancer, 1979-1999
Cancer-related factorsCancer-related factors• Site of cancer Site of cancer • Advanced stageAdvanced stage• Initial period after diagnosisInitial period after diagnosis
Rao MV, et al. In: Khorana and Francis, eds. Cancer-Associated Thrombosis; 2007.
Risk Factors for VTE in Patients with Cancer
Patient-related factors• Older age • Gender• Race (higher in African
Americans, lower in Asians)• Patient comorbidities• History of VTE
Treatment-related factors• Major surgery • Hospitalization • Chemotherapy • Hormonal therapy • Antiangiogenic agents• ESAs, ?Transfusions
Biomarkers• Platelet and leukocyte
counts• Tissue factor• P-selectin• D-dimer
Cancer-related factors• Site of cancer • Advanced stage• Initial period after diagnosis
Khorana AA et al. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 632-634
Breast Cancer40%
Small Cell Lung5%
Colon Cancer14%
Non-small Cell Lung18%
Ovarian8%
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
2%
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
13%
Distribution of Cancer Type
Recommendations for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients with Cancer
ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline
Lyman GH et al: J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5490-5505
Clinical Questions
1. Should patients with cancer receive anticoagulation for VTE prophylaxis while hospitalized? √
2. Should ambulatory patients with cancer receive anticoagulation for VTE prophylaxis during systemic chemotherapy? √
3. Should patients with cancer undergoing surgery receive perioperative VTE prophylaxis?
4. What is the best method for treatment of patients with cancer with established VTE to prevent recurrence? √
5. Should patients with cancer receive anticoagulants in the absence of established VTE to improve survival? √
Lyman GH et al: J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5490-5505
• Hospitalized patients with cancer should be considered candidates for VTE prophylaxis in the absence of bleeding or other contraindications to anticoagulation.
ASCO Recommendations for VTE Prophylaxis in Patients with CancerHospitalized Cancer Patients
Lyman GH et al: J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5490-5505
Risk of Inpatient VTE By Site of Cancer – Solid Tumor
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
All
Brain
Lung
Stom
ach
Colon
Panc
reas
Other
GI
Ovary
Uterin
e
Rate
(%
)
Khorana et al, J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 484-490
Discharge database of the University HealthSystem Consortium • 115 U.S. academic medical centers• 66,106 adult neutropenic cancer patients hospitalized 1995 - 2002
Risk of Inpatient VTE by Type of Cancer – Hematologic Malignancies
Perc
en
t (%
)
Account for one-third of all VTE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
All Leukemia NHL Hodgkin Myeloma
NHL=Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Khorana AA, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:484-490.
VTE Inpatient Risk and Mortality
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1618
20
199519961997199819992000200120022003
Inp
ati
ent
Mort
alit
y (
%)
VTE No VTE
P<0.0001P<0.0001
Khorana AA et al. Cancer 2007; 110: 2339-2346
VTE- patients on chemo VTE-all patients DVT-all patients
PE-all patients
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.06.57.0
199519961997199819992000200120022003
Rate
of
VTE (
%)
P<0.0001
Discharge database of the University HealthSystem Consortium • 133 U.S. academic medical centers• 1,015,598 adult cancer patients hospitalized 1995 - 2003
VTE: 34,357 (3.4%)PE: 11,515 (1.1%)
Anticoagulant Prophylaxis to Prevent Screen-Detected VTE High Risk Hospitalized Medical Patients
• 3 large, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials in medical patients at high risk including cancer– MEDENOX (enoxaparin)1 ~ 15%– PREVENT (dalteparin)2 ~5%– ARTEMIS (fondaparinux)3 ~15%
• Screening for asymptomatic DVT with venography or ultrasound
1. Samama MM, et al. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:793-800.
2. Leizorovicz A, et al. Circulation. 2004;110:874-879.
3. Cohen AT, et al. BMJ. 2006;332:325-329.
MEDENOX1
Study RRR Thromboprophylaxis Patients with VTE (%)
14.9
5.5
5.0
2.8
10.5
5.6
1Samama MM, et al. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:793-800.2 Leizorovicz A, et al. Circulation. 2004;110:874-9.3Cohen AT, et al. BMJ 2006; 332: 325-329.
P < 0.001
P = 0.0015
RRR
63%
45%
47%
Placebo
Placebo
Placebo
Enoxaparin 40 mg
Dalteparin 5,000 units
Fondaparinux 2.5 mg
ARTEMIS3
PREVENT2
Anticoagulant Prophylaxis to Prevent Screen-Detected VTEHigh Risk Hospitalized Medical Patients: VTE
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Medenox Prevent Artemis
LMWH
Placebo0.49%
0.16% 0.2%
1.7%
1.1%
Samama MM, et al. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:793-800.Leizorovicz A, et al. Circulation. 2004;110:874-9.Cohen AT, et al. BMJ 2006; 332: 325-329..
Inci
dence
of
Majo
r B
leedin
g (
%)
Study
Anticoagulant Prophylaxis to Prevent Screen-Detected VTE High Risk Hospitalized Medical Patients: Major Bleeding
1. Routine prophylaxis with an antithrombotic agent is not recommended.
2. Patients receiving thalidomide or lenalidomide with chemotherapy or dexamethasone are at high risk for thrombosis and warrant prophylaxis. LMWH or adjusted dose warfarin (INR~1.5) is recommended. • This recommendation is based on extrapolation from
studies of post-operative prophylaxis in orthopedic surgery and a trial of adjusted dose warfarin in patients with breast cancer.
3. Randomized clinical trials evaluating antithrombotic agents in pts with myeloma on thalidomide or lenalidomide are needed.
4. Research is also urgently needed to identify better markers in ambulatory patients with cancer likely to develop VTE.
ASCO Recommendations for VTE Prophylaxis in Patients with CancerAmbulatory Cancer Patients
Lyman GH et al: J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5490-5505
Prospective Study of Adult Cancer Patients Receiving Systemic Chemotherapy
Kuderer NM et al; J Clin Oncol 2008 (ASCO 2008).
• Prospective observational study conducted at 117 randomly selected US practice sites.
• Data obtained on 4,458 consecutive adult patients initiating a new chemotherapy regimen between March 2003 and February 2006.
• There were no exclusions for age, prior history or comorbid- ities with nearly 40% of patients age 65 and older.
Time (Days)
1501401301201101009080706050403020100
Pro
po
rtio
n w
ith
VT
E
.04
.03
.02
.01
0.00
Reported Cause of Early Mortality Cancer Patients Starting New Chemotherapy
Kuderer NM et al; J Clin Oncol 2008 (ASCO 2008)
Cause of Death
No VTE
N=4,365
VTE N=9
3
All N=4,4
58
PD 2.1 2.2 2.1
Infection 0.3 0 0.3
PE 0 5.4 0.1
Pulmonary
0.2 0 0.2
Bleeding 0.1 0 0.1
Other vascular
0.2 0 0.2
Unknown 0.3 0 0.3
All 3.2 7.6 3.3
Time (Days)
1501401301201101009080706050403020100
Cu
mla
tive
Su
rviv
al
1.00
.99
.98
.97
.96
.95
.94
.93
.92
.91
.90
[HR=5.48, 95%CI: 2.21-13.61; P<.0001]
VTE
No VTE
RCTs of Thromboprophylaxis in Ambulatory Cancer PatientsWarfarin
• Double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT demonstrated the efficacy of low-intensity warfarin (INR 1.3-1.9) in patients receiving chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer
• 311 women with metastatic breast cancer on 1st- or 2nd-line chemotherapy
• Randomized to 1 mg warfarin for 6 weeks, then warfarin titrated to INR 1.3-1.9 or placebo
• 1 VTE in warfarin group vs 7 in placebo arm
– 85% risk reduction, P = .03, with no increased bleeding
Levine M, et al. Lancet. 1994;343:886-889.
INR=international normalized ratio
Trial N Treatment Chemo
Duration VTE MajorBleedin
g
FAMOUSSolid tumors(Stage III/IV)
385 DalteparinPlacebo
64% 12 months 2.4%3.3%
0.5%0
TOPIC-IBreast(Stage IV)
353 CertoparinPlacebo
100% 6 months 4%4%
1.7%0
TOPIC-2NSCLC(Stage IV)
547 CertoparinPlacebo
100% 6 months 4.5%†
8.3%3.7%2.2%
PRODIGEGlioma
186 DalteparinPlacebo
- 6-12 months
11%17%
5.1%1.2%
SIDERASSolid Tumors(Stage IV)
141 DalteparinPlacebo/Control
54% Indefinitely 5.9%7.1%
2.9%7.1%
PROTECHTSolid Tumors(Stage III/IV)
1166
Nadroparin 2:1 Placebo
100% < 4 monthswith chemo
1.4%2.9%
0.7%0
1. Kakkar AK, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1944-1948. 2. Haas SK, et al. J Thromb Haemost. 2005(suppl 1):abstract OR059. 3. Perry JR et al. Proc ASCO 2007. 2011 4. Sideras K et al. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81:758-767. 5. Agnelli G et al. Am Soc Hemat Sunday December 7, 2008
RCTs of Thromboprophylaxis in Ambulatory Cancer PatientsLow Molecular Weight Heparin
The PROTECHT StudyRCT of Thromboprophylaxis in Cancer Patients Receiving ChemotherapyDESIGN
Placebo-controlled, double blind, multicenter RCT Nadroparin 3,800 anti Xa IU daily vs placebo: 2:1 1150 patients receiving chemotherapy for locally
advanced or metastatic cancer. Start with new CTX; continue for maximum of 4 m Mean treatment duration: 90 days Primary outcome: clinically detected thrombotic events,
i.e., composite of venous and arterial TE* Main safety outcome: Major bleeding
* deep vein thrombosis of the lower and upper limbs, visceral and cerebral venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, acute peripheral arterial thromboembolism, unexplained death of possible thromboembolic origin
Agnelli G et al: ASH 2009
The PROTECHT StudyRCT of Thromboprophylaxis in Cancer Patients Receiving ChemotherapyRESULTS
• Primary Efficacy Outcome: Any TE Event*– Nadroparin: 16 of 769 (2.1%) – Placebo: 15 of 381 (3.9%) – Relative risk reduction: 47.2%, (interim-adjusted p=0.033)– Absolute risk decrease: 1.8%; NNT = 53.8
• Venous thromboembolism (VTE): – Nadroparin: 11 of 769 (1.4%)– Placebo: 11 of 381 (2.9%) NS
• Active, uncontrollable bleeding• Active cerebrovascular hemorrhage• Dissecting or cerebral aneurysm• Bacterial endocarditis• Pericarditis, active peptic or other GI ulceration• Severe, uncontrolled or malignant hypertension• Severe head trauma• Pregnancy (warfarin)• Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (heparin,
LMWH) • Epidural catheter placement
ASCO Recommendations for VTE Prophylaxis in Patients with CancerRelative contraindications for anticoagulation
Lyman GH et al: J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5490-5505
Risk of VTE in Cancer Patients Receiving ThalidomideMeta-analysis of RCTs [Estimates ± 95% CI]
• Search identified 17 RCTs including 3,977 patients• Incidence of VTE
Thromboembolism With BevacizumabVenous Thromboembolism: Meta-Analysis of RCTs
Bohlius, J. et al. JNCI 2006 98:708-714
Thromboembolic Complications in Cancer Patients Receiving ESAs
RR TE = 1.67 [1.35 – 2.06]
Hb Stopping Value
ESA Cont RR 95% CI
< 12 g/dL 50 50 (0)
>12 - <13 g/dL 148 141 0.70 0.29, 1.67
>13 - <14 g/dL 1,596 1,290 1.71 1.23, 2.40
>14 - <15 g/dL 1,151 914 1.92 1.22, 3.02
>15 - <16 g/dL 368 303 1.66 1.08, 2.54
(Unclear) 42 39 5.590.71, 43.94
Comparative Effectiveness Review # 3Comparative Effectiveness of Epoetin and Darbepoetin for Managing Anemia in Patients Undergoing Cancer Treatment
Khorana, A. A. et al. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:2377-2381.
Retrospective cohort study of cancer pts at 60 US hospitals: 1995 – 2003.
Patients: N = 504,208
RBC trans: 70,542 (14%)
Platelet trans: 15,237 (3%)
RBC transfusions
VTE: 7.2%
ATE: 5.2%
Mortality
1.34 [95% CI:1.29-1.38]
Predictors of Venous ThromboembolismMultivariate Logistic Regression Analysis
1. LMWH is the preferred approach for the initial 5 to 10 days of anticoagulant treatment of the patient with cancer with established VTE.
2. LMWH given for at least 6 months is also the preferred approach for long-term anticoagulant therapy. Vitamin K antagonists with a targeted INR of 2-3 are acceptable for long-term therapy when LMWH is not available.
3. After 6 months, indefinite anticoagulant therapy should be considered for patients with active cancer.
4. The insertion of a vena cava filter is only indicated for patients with contraindications to anticoagulant therapy and in those with recurrent VTE despite adequate long-term therapy with LMWH.
ASCO Recommendations for VTE Prophylaxis in Patients with CancerPreventing Recurrence in Cancer Patients with Established VTE
Lyman GH et al: J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5490-5505
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112Time (months)
0
10
20
30
Recu
rren
t V
TE,
%
Hazard ratio 3.2 [1.9-5.4]Cancer 21%
No Cancer 7%
Prandoni P et al. Blood 2002; 100: 3484-3488.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112
Time (months)
0
10
20
30
Majo
r B
leed
ing
, %
Cancer 12%
No Cancer 5%
Hazard ratio 2.2 [1.2-4.1]
Recurrent VTE and bleeding during anticoagulant treatmentPatients with cancer and venous thrombosis
RCTs of Long-term Treatment in Cancer Patients with VTE: RCTs of LMWH vs. Vitamin K Antagonists in Cancer
1. Meyer G, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1729-1735. 2. Lee AY, et al. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:146-153.3. Deitcher SR, et al. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2006;12:389-396. 4. Hull RD, et al. Am J Med. 2006;119:1062-1072.
Study No.Long-Term Treatment
Recurrent VTE,
%
Major Bleed,
%
Death, %
Meyer1
200271 Warfarin 21.1* 22.7
67 Enoxaparin 1.5 mg/kg 10.5* 11.3
Lee2
2003336 Warfarin 17* 4 41
336 Dalteparin 200/150 IU/kg 9* 6 39
Deitcher3
2006
30 Warfarin 10 2.9 8.8
29 Enoxaparin 1.0 mg/kg 6.9 6.5 6.5
32 Enoxaparin 1.5 mg/kg 6.3 11.1 19.4
Hull4
2006100 Warfarin 10* 7 19
100 Tinzaparin 175 IU/kg 6* 7 20* P < .05
5 to 7 days
Dalteparin 200 IU/kg OD
Vitamin K antagonist (INR 2.0 to 3.0) x 6 mo
Control Group
Dalteparin 200 IU/kg OD x 1 mo then ~150 IU/kg OD x 5 mo
Experimental Group
Ran
dom
izati
on
1 month 6 months
The CLOT TrialStudy Schema
Lee AY, et al. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:146-153.
0
5
10
15
20
25
Days Post Randomization
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Pro
babili
ty o
f R
ecu
rren
t V
TE,
%
dalteparin, 9%
VKA, 17%
risk reduction = 52%HR 0.48 (95% CI 0.30, 0.77)log-rank p = 0.002
1. Anticoagulants are not recommended to improve survival in patients with cancer without VTE.
2. People with cancer should be encouraged to participate in clinical trials designed to evaluate anticoagulant therapy as an adjunct to standard anticancer therapies.
ASCO Recommendations for VTE Prophylaxis in Patients with CancerImproving survival in absence of established VTE
Lyman GH et al: J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5490-5505
Treatment Cancer Citation Rate 1 Rate 2 RR P ValueSCLC Altinbas .487 .700 .696 .476 1.018 .054
overall survival in cancer patients without VTE while increasing the risk for bleeding complications
• Improved survival with anticoagulation may be dependent on tumor type
• However: given the limitations of available data, the use of anticoagulants as antineoplastic therapy cannot be recommended until additional RCTs confirm these results
Kuderer NM, et al. Cancer. 2007;110:1149-1161.
Systematic Review of Anticoagulants as Cancer Treatment:Impact on Survival
Ongoing Randomized Clinical Trials Testing the Effect of LMWH on Survival in Cancer Patients
TILT Tinzaparin Non-small cell lung (I, II, III-A) G. Meyer & P. Girard
GASTRANOX Enoxaparin Gastric (III/IV) A. K. Kakkar
INPACT=Improving with Nadroparin the Prognosis in Advanced Cancer Treatment; FOCUS=Fragmin® in Ovarian Cancer: Utility on Survival; FRAGMATIC=Fragmin® Added to Standard Therapy in Patients with Lung Cancer; ABEL=Adjuvant Bemiparin in Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; TILT=Tinzaparin in Lung Tumors.
Courtesy Dr Anna Falanga
Characteristic Development CohortN (%)
Validation CohortN (%)
P value
All 2,701 (100) 1,365 (100) ─
All VTE 60 (2.2) 28 (2.1) .72
Age >65 yr
PS 0-1
BMI >35
1,083 (40.1)
2,473 (91.6)
332 (12.3)
515 (37.7)
1,242 (91)
166 (12.2)
.14
.54
.9
Stage IV
Platelet count≥350,000/mm3
997 (36.9)
604 (22.4)
477 (34.9)
295 (21.6)
.06
.59
ESA
Recent surgery
764 (28.3)
829 (30.7)
358 (26.2)
473 (34.7)
.17
.01
PS=performance status; BMI=body mass index; ESA=erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.
Khorana AA et al. Blood. 2008; 111:4902-4907
Clinical Risk Model for Chemotherapy-associated VTEPatient Characteristics
Characteristic β OR* P-value
Site of cancer Very high risk (stomach, pancreas)
High risk (lung, lymphoma, gynecologic, genitourinary excluding prostate)
1.46
.43
4.3
1.5
Platelet count >350,000/mm3 .6 1.8 .03
Hemoglobin <10 g/dL or use of ESA .89 2.4 .001
Leukocyte count >11,000/mm3 .77 2.1 .008
BMI >35 .9 2.5 .01
*Odds ratio adjusted for stage
.05
Khorana AA et al. Blood. 2008; 111:4902-4907
Clinical Risk Model for Chemotherapy-associated VTEPredictors of VTE: Multivariate Analysis
Clinical Risk Model for Chemotherapy-associated VTERisk Score Based on Pretreatment Risk Factors
Risk Factors Risk score
1. Site of cancer
a) Very high risk cancer (stomach, pancreas) 2
b) High risk (lung, lymphoma, gynecologic, bladder, testicular) 1
2. Platelet count >350,000/mm3 1
3. Hemoglobin level < 10 g/dL or use of Red cell growth factors
1
4. Leukocyte count >11,000 /mm3 1
5. BMI > 35 kg/m2 1
Khorana AA et al. Blood. 2008; 111:4902-4907
Clinical Risk Model for Chemotherapy-associated VTERisk Score Based on Pretreatment Risk Factors
Risk Factors Risk score
1. Site of cancer
a) Very high risk cancer (stomach, pancreas) 2
b) High risk (lung, lymphoma, gynecologic, bladder, testicular) 1
2. Platelet count >350,000/mm3 1
3. Hemoglobin level < 10 g/dL or use of Red cell growth factors
1
4. Leukocyte count >11,000 /mm3 1
5. BMI > 35 kg/m2 1
Khorana AA et al. Blood. 2008; 111:4902-4907
Clinical Risk Model for Chemotherapy-associated VTERisk Score Based on Pretreatment Risk Factors
Risk Factors Risk score
1. Site of cancer
a) Very high risk cancer (stomach, pancreas) 2
b) High risk (lung, lymphoma, gynecologic, bladder, testicular) 1
2. Platelet count >350,000/mm3 1
3. Hemoglobin level < 10 g/dL or use of Red cell growth factors
Venous Thromboembolism and Overall Survival by VTE Risk Score Categories
Kuderer NM et al; Blood 2008 (ASH 2008)
Grp
Low IntermedIntermed HighHigh
% 1.2 5.95.9 12.712.7
HR 1.0 3.56[1.91-6.66]
6.89 [3.50-13.57]
Mortality
Trial Design
Phase III, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of primary LMWH thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer chemotherapy patients
Patient Population 400 consenting adult solid tumor
or lymphoma patients starting a new chemotherapy regimen
Considered high risk based on the VTE model, ie, risk score for VTE ≥3
Study Outcomes Primary Outcomes: Symptomatic
and asymptomatic VTE Secondary Outcomes: Overall
mortality, bleeding complications
Correlative Studies Blood for biomarkers and
microarray studies
LMWH prophylaxis NIH trial in cancer outpatientsPhase III Multicenter Trial of Thromboprophylaxis in High Risk Ambulatory Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
Fig. 1. Study Schema. (R=randomization, H&P=history and physical examination, US=ultrasound, CT=computed tomography scan of the chest). All time points are ± 1 week. Baseline CT up to 4 weeks prior to enrollment will be accepted.
Cancer and Venous ThromboembolismConclusionsConclusions
VTE is a common complication of cancer and cancer treatment and is associated with considerable morbidity, mortality and costs.
The US Surgeon General has recently issued a Call to Action to Prevent Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism including new research initiatives to lower the burden of this serious illness.
Hospitalized medical and surgical cancer patients are at increased risk for VTE and should be considered for pharmacologic prophylaxis if no contraindication to anticoagulation is present.
Cancer patients treated for documented VTE should be considered for continued anticoagulation, preferably with LMWH, for up to six months or longer in patients with active malignancy.
Routine thromboprophylaxis of ambulatory cancer patients is not currently recommended.
While results from prospective controlled trials are needed, thromboprophylaxis may be considered in selective high risk settings such as multiple myeloma patients receiving thalidomide or lenalidomide along with chemotherapy and/or dexamethasone.
Consideration of prophylactic anticoagulation in cancer patients must always balance the risk of VTE with the increased risk of bleeding.
Improved methods for the identification of ambulatory cancer patients at increased risk for VTE and targeted thromboprophylaxis are needed and under active investigation.
Cancer and Venous ThromboembolismConclusionsConclusions
VTE Risk and Prevention in Multiple MyelomaChemotherapy ± Thalidomide
Zangari et al: Brit J Haematol 2004; 126: 715-721
Ambulatory Cancer Patients: Prophylaxis in Multiple Myeloma Patients
• Prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or adjusted dose warfarin (INR~1.5) is recommended in multiple myeloma patients receiving thalidomide or lenalidomide plus chemotherapy or dexamethasone (high VTE risk)
• However:– No RCTs available – Recommendation is based on extrapolation from
nonrandomized trials or randomized studies in other similar high-risk categories
– Well-designed RCTs are urgently needed
Lyman GH et al: J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5490-5505
VTE Risk and Prevention in Multiple MyelomaMelphalan + Prednisone ± Thalidomide
VTE
• No anticoagulation (first two years):
11/65 (17%)• Enoxaparin 40 mg
QD for four months: 2/65 (3%)(P=.005)
Palumbo A et al: The Lancet 2006; 367: 825-831
Older Age and History of Arterial Thromboembolism
0
4
8
12
16
20
Chemotherapy* plus bevacizumab Chemotherapy* alone (control group)
ATE R
ate
(%
)
Total cohort n=963 bevn=872 ctrl
ATE history + age ≥65 yrn=67 bevn=46 ctrl
ATE history n=89 bevn=59 ctrl
Age ≥65 yr n=339 bevn=279 ctrl
No risk factors
n=602 bevn=490 ctrl
Scappaticci FA, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1232-1239.
*Irinotecan, capecitabine, fluorouracil and leucovorin, or carboplatin/paclitaxel
5. In patients with central nervous system malignancies and in the elderly, anticoagulation is recommended for established VTE as described for other patients with cancer .
6. Careful monitoring of anticoagulation is necessary to limit the risk of hemorrhagic complications.
7. Anticoagulation should be avoided in the presence of active intracranial bleeding or preexisting bleeding diathesis such as thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50,000/mm3) or coagulopathy.
ASCO Recommendations for VTE Prophylaxis in Patients with CancerPreventing Recurrence in Cancer Patients with Established VTE
Lyman GH et al: J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5490-5505
• multinational, open-label, randomized study
• treatment period 6 months (or until death)• primary endpoint: symptomatic VTE recurrence• follow-up for survival up to 12 months
The CLOT Trial
RCancer patients with proximal DVT, PE or both
Control Group:dalteparin + VKA
Experimental Group:dalteparin alone
Lee AY, et al. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:146-153.
Lee, A. Y.Y. et al. J Clin Oncol; 23:2123-2129 2005
CLOT Trial Results:Survival in Solid Tumor Patients ± metastatic disease
For patients without metastatic disease, the hazard ratio was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.27 to 0.95; P = .03) for the overall comparison between the treatment groups. For patients with metastatic disease, the hazard ratio was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.87 to 1.4; P = .46) for the overall comparison between the treatment groups.
P = 0.62
HR=1.1[.87 to 1.4]; P=.46
HR=0.50[.27 to .95]; P=.03
Mortality and PFS in Univariate Analysis by VTE Risk Score Categories
*Adjusted for: Cancer Type, and Relative Dose Intensity
(1) Comparison to low risk group (I) (2) Time-dependent covariate (3) Comparison to stages I-III
Kuderer NM et al; Blood 2008 (ASH 2008)
Progression-Free Survival
Time (Days)
1201101009080706050403020100
Prog
ress
ion-
Free
Sur
viva
l
1.00
.90
.80
.70
Low
Intermediate
High
P < 0.001* P<.001P<.001
P<.001P<.001
*Overall test of significance*Overall test of significance
Inclusion Criteria: Age 18 years or older
A histologic diagnosis of malignancy (not basal cell or squamous cell);
At planned initiation of a new systemic chemotherapy regimen (including patients starting on first chemotherapy or patients previously treated but starting on a new regimen);
A risk score for VTE ≥3. Any counts meeting criteria drawn within 2 weeks prior to enrollment are considered acceptable.
Exclusion Criteria: Patients will be excluded from the trial if they have any of the following:
– Active bleeding or at high risk of serious bleeding complication in the opinion of the investigator
– Diagnosis of primary brain tumor, multiple myeloma, acute leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome
– Planned stem cell transplant– Life expectancy < 6 months– Known allergy to heparin or LMWH– Incapable of daily self-injection– Acute or chronic renal insufficiency with creatinine clearance < 30
mL/min– History of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia– Allergy to contrast agents– Need for anticoagulant therapy– Platelet count < 50,000/mm3– Pregnancy
LMWH prophylaxis NIH trial in cancer outpatients
Falanga A: Cancer Invest 2009; 27: 105-115
Procoagulant activities Fibrinolytic activities
Cytokines and growth factors
Activation of coagulation
Angiogenesis
Extracellular matrix remodeling
Tumor cells
Activation of vascular blood cells
Data from the Danish National Registry of Patients, the Danish Cancer Registry, and the Danish Mortality Files
Control patients, who did not have VTE, were matched by
– cancer type– Sex– Age– year of diagnosis
Survival of Cancer Patients Developing VTECompared to Matched Controls
Cancer with VTE
12%
Cancer w/o VTE
36%
One-Year Mortality
HR = 2.20 [2.05-2.40]P<.0001
Sorensen, H. T. et al. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1846-1850
*Adjusted for: Cancer Type, and Relative Dose Intensity
(1) Comparison to low risk group (I) (2) Time-dependent covariate (3) Comparison to stages I-III
Kuderer et al. Oral Presentation ASH 2008
Cancer and Venous ThromboembolismThe Need for Risk Stratification
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1 2 3 4 5 6
Diagnosis
Chemotherapy
Hospitalization
Remission
End of Life
Metastasis
Average Risk
Time
Rel
ativ
e R
isk
Importance of Guidelines to Clinical Outcomes
“Clinicians armed with appropriate assessments and the best evidence-based practice guidelines can reduce some of the unpleasant and frequent side-effects that often accompany cancer and chemotherapy treatment, obtain the best possible clinical outcomes, and avoid unnecessary costs.”
Statement from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, August 2005
Rheological effects of increased or increasingred cell mass
Young red cells in circulation augment platelet reactivity (red cell–platelet interaction)
ESAs synergize with TPO to activate platelets (ESA–TPO interactions)
Direct, receptor-mediated effects on endotheliumthat enhance interaction with platelets(ESA–endothelial interactions)
Lancet 2003;362:1265TPO, thrombopoietin
Mechanisms for ESAs to Increase Thrombosis
Venous Thromboembolism and
Thromboprophylaxis
Highlights from ASCO 2009 Advances in Supportive Care
Managing Disease and Treatment-Related Complications
Low-molecular-weight heparin for venous thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients: A meta-analysisNicole M. Kuderer, Alok A. Khorana, Charles W. Francis et al
Duke University, Durham, NC; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
• Literature Search:– Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane
Library, Conference Proceedings, Hand Searching of References
• Major Inclusion Criteria:– RCT of LMWH VTE prophylaxis in
adult ambulatory cancer patients– Treatment Group: LMWH– Control Group: placebo or no Rx
• Major Exclusion Criteria:– Non-cancer patients – Non-randomized trials– Surgery, Catheter trials, or
intraportal heparin infusion– Combination of anticoagulants
Overall
Study name Statistics for each study Relative Risk [95% CI]
• While ambulatory cancer patients experienced a 36% relative risk reduction in VTE with LMWH, the average absolute risk reduction for VTE was only 1.8%.
• Concern remains about the potential increase in major bleeding with an absolute risk increase in major bleeding of 0.9%.
• Major bleeding was not a primary outcome in any of the studies and were not powered to adequately assess major bleeding.
• Weighing risks and benefits, routine VTE prophylaxis in the general outpatient cancer population cannot be recommended at this time.
• Studies are ongoing to better identify cancer outpatients at increased risk for VTE, in whom prophylaxis may have a more favorable risk-benefit ratio.
ConclusionsVTE – Prophylaxis with LMWH
ASCO Guidelines for Thromboprophylaxis
Hospitalized cancer patients Should be considered candidates for VTE prophylaxis in the
absence of contraindications
Surgical cancer patients All patients undergoing major surgical intervention for
malignant disease should be considered for prophylaxis Prophylaxis should be continued for at least 7-10 days
postoperatively and may be extended into the post discharge period for selected high-risk patients
Ambulatory cancer patients Routine prophylaxis not recommended Exception: Patients receiving thalidomide or lenalidomide with
chemotherapy or dexamethasone
Lyman et al. JCO 2007
ASCO Guidelines for Thromboprophylaxis
Hospitalized cancer patientsShould be considered candidates for VTE prophylaxis in
the absence of contraindications
Surgical cancer patientsAll patients undergoing major surgical intervention for
malignant disease should be considered for prophylaxisProphylaxis should be continued for at least 7-10 days
postoperatively and may be extended into the post discharge period for selected high-risk patients
Ambulatory cancer patients Routine prophylaxis not recommendedException: Patients receiving thalidomide or lenalidomide
with chemotherapy or dexamethasone
Risk Model
Patient Characteristic Score
Site of CancerVery high risk (stomach, pancreas)High risk (lung, lymphoma, gynecologic, GU excluding prostate)