An Analysis of Translation Procedures Of The Terms Used in English Version of “Facebook” Social Networking Website And Its Bahasa Indonesia Version

An Analysis of Translation Procedures Of The Terms Used

in English Version of “Facebook” Social Networking Website

And Its Bahasa Indonesia Version

By :

NI MADE ARI LISTIANI, S.S. 1090161018

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM OF LINGUISTICS

(TRANSLATION) UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR 2010

ABSTRAK

Paper ini berjudul An Analysis of Translation Procedures of The Terms Used in English Version of “Facebook” Social Networking Website And Its Bahasa Indonesia Version. Paper ini menganalisa terjemahan dari istilah-istilah yang digunakan dalam Website “Facebook” Versi Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Website Versi Bahasa Indonesia. Teori yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data adalah teori “Translation Procedures” yang dikemukakan oleh Vinay dan Dalbernet. Teori ini membagi metode penerjemahan menjadi 2 (dua) bagian : (1). Terjemahan harfiah (literal translation) yang mencakup (a) borrowing, (b) calque, dan (c) literal translation, dan (2) terjemahan wajib (oblique translation) yang mencakup (d) transposisi, (e) modulasi, (f) Equivalence dan (g) adaptation. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa dari 7 (tujuh) prosedur penterjemahan yang ada, hanya ditemukan 3 (tiga) jenis prosedur pada data, yaitu (1) Borrowing, (2) Literal Translation dan (3) Transposition. Dan dari ketiga kategori tersebut, Borrowing yang paling banyak ditemukan. Kata Kunci : borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposisi, modulasi, equivalence dan

adaptation.

ABSTRACT

This paper is entitled An Analysis of Translation Procedures of The Terms Used in English Version of “Facebook” Social Networking Website Into Its Bahasa Indonesia Version. It analysed the translation of the terms used in English Version “Facebook” Website and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia Version. The theory applied to analyse the data is Vinay and Dalbernet’s Translation Procedures Theory. This theory divided the translation method into 2 (two), i.e : (1) Literal Translation that covers (a) borrowing, (b) calque, dan (c) literal translation and (2) Oblique Translation covering (d) transposition, (e) modulation, (f) Equivalence and (g) Adaptation. From the result of analysis, it is found that from 7 (seven) types of Translation Procedures, there are only 3 (three) types procedures that occur in the analysed data. They are : (d) transposition, (e) modulation, (f) Equivalence dan (g) adaptation. And from the three types, Borrowing is the most dominant type of translation procedures that occur in the analysed data. Key words : borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposisi, modulasi, equivalence dan

adaptation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... ……. i

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. ii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Problems of Analysis ............................................................................................... 3

1.3 Aims of Analysis ..................................................................................................... 4

1.4 Research Method ..................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................... 6

2.1 Definition of Translation.......................................................................................... 6

2.2 Process, Product and Theory of Translation ............................................................. 7

2.3 Translation Procedures ............................................................................................ 8

CHAPTER III : DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 11

3.1 Analysis of Types of Translation Procedures ........................................................... 11

3.2 Analysis of The Dominant Type of Translation Procedures...................................... 16

CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Nowadays, it seems to be impossible to separate our daily life from computer and

Internet. In fact, internet becomes very important for us that it is really affecting society’s

life. There is no distance when we are using internet service. People can get in touch with

their family, colleages or friends even if they are separated thousand miles just in one click

and a second waiting. Most traditional communications media, such as telephone and

television services, are reformed or redefined using the technologies of the Internet,

Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into Websites, Blogging and Web feeds. The

Internet has also enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions

through Instant messaging, Internet forums and Social Networking sites.

A social networking service usually focuses on building and reflecting of social

relations among people. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events,

and interests within their individual networks. Web based social network services make it

possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and

geographic borders.

One of the most popular Social Networking services in the world is Facebook.

Launched in February 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, one of Harvard University students,

Facebook has more than 500 million active users around the world. It has really become a

phenomena all around the world. Anyone can sign up for Facebook and interact with the

people they know in a trusted environment. Users can add people as friends and send them

messages, and update their personal profiles to notify friends about themselves.

Additionally, users can join networks organized by workplace, school, or college.

Something that makes it acceptable and popular almost in all country in the world is because

Facebook has already been translated into about 110 languages, including Bahasa Indonesia.

In general, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts—including

religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts—in another language and thus making

them available to wider readers. As means of communication, translation is known as a

technique for learning foreign languages. According to Meetham and Hudson (1969) in Bell

(1991:13), translation is:

“The process or result o f converting information from one language into another. The aim is to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the Source Language original by finding equivalents in the target language. At the same time all factual information in the original text must be retained in the translation”.

Nida in Theory of Translation (http://www.pliegosdeyuste.eu/n4pliegos/eugeneanida.pdf),

states that Translating is not a separate science, but it often does represent specialized skills

and can also require aesthetic sensitivity. Skilled translators must have a special capacity for

sensing the closest natural equivalent of a text, whether oral or written. But translating is

essentially a skill and depends largely on a series of disciplines, for example, linguistics,

cultural anthropology, philology, psychology, and theories of communication.

It is not always possible to translate the segments with equivalent structures. That is

the reason why translators often use several procedures in order to assure the translation of a

determined text. As depicted by Nida (1964), translation procedures are devided into two,

namely Technical Procedure and Organizational Procedure. Newmark in Ordudari (2007)

mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes

that, "While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for

sentences and the smaller units of language".

The first classification of translation techniques that had a clear methodological

purpose was presented by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Nur, 2008: pp 19-21). According to their

classification, translation procedures were classified into two method covering seven

procedures. They are “(i) direct translation, covering borrowing, calque and literal

translation, and (ii) oblique translation which is transposition, modulation, equivalence

and adaptation”

This Paper will use Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation procedure to analyze

the terms used in Facebook Website of English and its Bahasa Indonesia Version as the

theory is simple and easy to understand. A research is done to prove whether the theory

mentioned is exist or not in the data analyzed.

1.2 Problems of Analysis

In this paper, there are two problems of analysis which are discussed, i.e.:

a. What kinds of translation procedures are found in the terms used in Bahasa

Indonesia Version of Facebook Social Networking Website which is translated

from the English Version?

b. What is the most dominant translation procedures found in the terms used in

Bahasa Indonesia Version of Facebook Social Networking Website which is

translated from the English Version?

1.3 Aims of Analysis

The aims of analysis in this Paper are formulated as follow:

a. To find and analyze kinds of kinds of translation procedures found in the terms

used in Bahasa Indonesia Version of Facebook Social Networking Website which

is translated from the English Version.

b. To find out the dominant types of translation procedures found in the terms used

in Bahasa Indonesia Version of Facebook Social Networking Website which is

translated from the English Version.

1.4. Research Method

Research method in this Paper is divided into three points: how the data are collected, how

the data are analyzes and how the analysis is presented.

a. Data Collection

The data was collected from English Version and Bahasa Indonesia Version of Facebook

Social Networking Website to find out translation procedures by using Vinay and

Dalbernet’s theory. The web consists of three main pages, namely Home, Profile and

Account. Each page has its section. The data was collected from only the main menu of each

section.

b. Data Analysis

The collected data was analyzed by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative

method is used to analyze the Translation Procedures in the data. Whereas, quantitative

method is used to find out the percentage of the most dominant types of translation

procedures, this paper will apply the following formula:

X x 100% = N Y

Where: X = number of data in specified type of translation procedure

Y = Total number of data

N = Percentage of each type of translation procedure in the data

c. Presenting the Analysis

The data analysis is presented formally and informally, i.e. with the presentation of

statistical features such as tables, symbols and abbreviation and also by using descriptive

method. The result of the analysis is described words by words in order to make it clear and

specific and to ease the reader to understand the analysis.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Definition on Translation

The term “Translation” can be generally defined as the action of converting the

information or the meaning of a source text, and production of the equivalence target text

that communicates the same information or message in another language. Based on

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation August, 22nd 2010; 11:27 AM, Translation is

defined as the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an

equivalent target-language text.

According to Nida (http://www.pliegosdeyuste.eu/n4pliegos/eugeneanida.pdf), there are

8 principles that can help new translators know how they can best initiate themselves into

the principles and procedures of translation:

1. A language is a series of verbal habits that represent aspects of a culture. Thus

persons who wish to use the language of a different language community must learn

how to use the words in a culturally acceptable manner.

2. The meaning of a verbal symbol is defined indirectly by all contrastive symbols. For

example, the meaning of traffic symbols is defined by all the other symbols referring

to the movement of vehicles on streets. Accordingly, it is not possible to have an

absolute set of definitions.

3. Within any symbolic system the context normally contains more information than

any focal term. This means that the different contexts are maximized and the

functions of specific terms are minimized.

4. There are no complete synonyms within a language or between different languages,

but such a statement seems evidently incorrect because almost all dictionaries have

extensive lists of synonyms, for example, sets such as rich/wealthy and run/race. But

such sets of synonyms are normally limited to a restricted set of contexts.

5. All languages and cultures are continually in the process of change, and such

changes occur on all levels of structure.

6. On all levels of American English, from sounds to discourse, important changes are

occurring, but most speakers are largely unaware of what is happening.

7. One important aspect of languages and cultures is the fact that stylistic models have

a very important role in communication, and proper adherence to such models is

imperative, but highly creative writing is not always controlled by fixed rules.

8. Some universal models of discourse are very important for translators and

interpreters. The four most important classes of discourse are narration description,

argumentation, and conversation.

2.2 Process, Product and Theory of Translation

According to Bell (1991), the aim of translation is to reproduce as accurately as

possible all grammatical and lexical features of the source language original by finding

equivalents in the target language. At the same time all the factual information contained

in the original text must be retained in the translation. He then suggests that there are

three distinguishable meaning for the word. It can refer to:

(1). Translating : The process (to translate, the activity rather than the tangible

object)

(2) A Translation : The Product of the process of the translation

(3) Translation : the abstract concept that encompasses both the process of translating

and the product of the process

2.3 Translation Procedures

a. Borrowing

Borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods. It refers to a case where a word

or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form,

that is, it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. It is

usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts.

Haugen in Sari (2009: 27) argued that there are some possibilities that may occur in

this procedure: (1) borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords).

For examples: email email, internet internet, (2) borrowing with changes in

form but without changes the meaning (mixed loanword). For examples: account

akun, compensation kompensasi. and (3) borrowing when part of the terms is

native and another is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends). For

examples: internet provider penyedia layanan internet.

b. Calque

Calque, refers to the case where the translator imitates in his translation the structure

or manner of expression of the ST. Calque may introduce a structure that is stranger

from the TL. For instance, “photo studio” in English is still translated as photo studio

in Bahasa Indonesia, although there is normally no such Modifier + Head

construction in Bahasa Indonesia Noun Phrase.

c. Literal Translation

Literal translation is a direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and

idiomatically appropriate to TL text. Principally, literal translation is a unique

solution in which is reversible and complete in itself. For examples, “black market”

in English is translated to be pasar gelap in Bahasa Indonesia. Honey moon is

translated to be bulan madu.

d. Transposition

Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the

meaning of the message. The method also involves a change in the grammatical

change that occurs in translation from SL to TL (singular to plural, position of

adjective, changing the word class or part of speech). For instance, a compound

“keyword” in English is translated as Kata kunci (Phrase) in Bahasa Indonesia.

e. Modulation

Modulation is a change in point of view that allows us to express the same

phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a procedure of translation occurs

when there is a change of perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the TL.

There are two types of modulation, i.e. Free or Optional Modulation and Fixed or

Obligatory Modulation. For instance, “He was killed in the war” in English is

translated as Dia gugur dalam perang in Bahasa Indonesia. ‘Negated contrary’,

which is a procedure that relies on changing the value of the ST in translation from

negative to positive or vice versa, is also considered as fixed modulation. For

example, “It isn’t expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.

f. Equivalent

This term is used to refer to cases where languages describe the same situation by

different stylistic or structural means. For example, an interjection “Ouch!” in

English can be translated to be Aduh or Aw in Bahasa Indonesia. An English idiom

“Don’t cry over spoiled milk” may can be translated as Nasi sudah menjadi bubur in

Bahasa Indonesia.

g. Adaptation

Adaptation is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the

SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such case, the translators have to create

a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. For instance, “Take a

bath” in English is translated into Mandi in Bahasa Indonesia.

CHAPTER III

DATA ANALYSIS

The data collected from English Version and Bahasa Indonesia Version of Facebook

website then analysed and listed based on the Translation Procedures, and finnaly each

group of data that its translation procedures has been analysed will be analysed

quantitatively in order to get the most dominant type of translation procedure occurs in the

analysed data.

3.1 Analysis of Types of Translation Procedure

a. Borowing

From 65 collected data, there are 19 borrowing cases found as follows :

Table. 1 List of Borrowing Translation

NO. SOURCE TARGET TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

1 email Email borrowing (PL) 2 video Video borrowing (PL) 3 info Info borrowing (PL) 4 block Blokir borrowing (ML) 5 profile Profil borrowing (ML) 6 account Akun borrowing (ML) 7 photo Foto borrowing (ML) 8 careers Karier borrowing (ML) 9 privacy Privasi borrowing (ML)

10 accessibility Aksesibilitas borrowing (ML) 11 edit my profile sunting profil saya borrowing (LB) 12 linked account akun-akun tertaut borrowing (LB) 13 deactivate account nonaktifkan akun borrowing (LB) 14 account security keamanan akun borrowing (LB) 15 your email email anda borrowing (LB) 16 re-enter email masukkan kembali email borrowing (LB) 17 account setting pengaturan akun borrowing (LB)

18 privacy setting pengaturan privasi borrowing (LB) 19 application setting pengaturan aplikasi borrowing (LB)

a. Pure Borrowing :

“Email”, “video”, and “info” are purely borrowed from the SL without any change in the

TL writing system.

b. Mixed Loanwords :

1. “Block” Blokir

Blokir is borrowed from SL “Block” with some change in writing system. The letter

“c” in SL is ommited and there is an addition of suffix “ir” at the end of TL word.

2. “Profile” Profil

“Profil” is borrowed from SL “Profile” with some change in writing system. The

letter “e” in SL is ommited in TL.

3. “Account” Akun

“Akun” is borrowed from SL “Account” with some change in writing system. “cco”

in SL is changed with letter “k” in TL and the ending letter “t” in SL is lost in TL.

4. “Photo” Foto

“Foto” is borrowed from SL “Photo” with some change in writing system. The

letters “ph” in SL is changed with letter “f” in TL.

5. “Career” Karier

“Karier” is borrowed from SL “Career” with some change in writing system.The

letter “c” inSlis replaced with letter “k” in TL, and the first letter “e” in SL is

changed with “i” in TL

6. “Privacy” Privasi

“Privasi” is borrowed from SL “Privacy” with some change in writing system. The

morpheme ”cy” in SL is replaced with morpheme “si” in TL.

7. “Accesibility” Aksesibilitas

“Aksesibilitas” is borrowed from SL “Accesibility” with some change in writing

system. The letter ”cc” in SL is replaced with letters “ks” in TL, and the suffix “ty”

is replaced with suffix “tas” in TL.

c. Loan Blends

1. Sunting and saya is native while “profil” is borrowed from SL “profile”.

2. Both Tertaut and Nonaktifkan are native while “akun” is borrowed from SL

“account”.

3. Keamanan is native while “akun” is borrowed from SL “account”.

4. Anda and masukkan kembali are native while “email” is purely borrowed from SL

“email”.

5. Pengaturan is native while “akun”, “privasi” and “application” are borrowed from

SL “account”, “privacy” and “application”.

2. Chalque

There is no Calque found in the data

3. Literal Translation

These following table shows the data that are categorized as Literal Translation where the

text in SL is translated word by word into TL by adopting TL structures.

Table. 2

Literal Translation

NO. SOURCE TARGET TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

1 sign up Mendaftar literal translation 2 first name nama depan literal translation 3 last name nama belakang literal translation 4 Birthday Ulang tahun literal translation 5 Stay connected Tetaplah berhubungan literal translation 6 home Beranda literal translation 7 top news berita populer literal translation 8 most recent paling baru literal translation 9 news feed kabar berita literal translation

10 message pesan literal translation 11 event acara literal translation 12 friend teman literal translation 13 edit friends sunting teman literal translation 14 help center pusat bantuan literal translation 15 log out keluar literal translation

16 who's on facebook? siapa saja yang ada di Facebook? literal translation

17 find your friends cari teman-teman anda literal translation

18 who's not on Facebook?

siapa yang belum ada di facebook? literal translation

19 invite them now undang mereka sekarang literal translation

20 who's here because of you

siapa saja yang ada disini berkat anda? literal translation

21 find your invites lacak undangan anda literal translation 22 connect on the go terhubung saat bepergian? literal translation 23 try facebook mobile cobalah facebook seluler literal translation 24 about tentang literal translation 25 advertising iklan literal translation 26 developers pengembang' literal translation 27 terms ketentuan literal translation 28 help bantuan literal translation 29 wall dinding literal translation 30 boxes kotak literal translation 31 notes catatan literal translation 32 search pencarian literal translation 33 setting pengaturan literal translation

34 network jaringan literal translation 35 notification pemberitahuan literal translation 36 mobile seluler literal translation 37 languange bahasa literal translation 38 payment pembayaran literal translation 39 facebook ads iklan facebook literal translation 40 getting started memulai literal translation 41 message and inbox pesan dan pesan masuk literal translation 42 troubleshooting penyelesaian masalah literal translation

4. Transposition

According to Vinay and Dalbernet in Sari (2009 : 62), “transposition involves replacing one

word class with another without changing the meaning of the message in SL.

Table. 3

Transposition

NO. SOURCE TARGET TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

1 password kata sandi transposition 2 it's free Gratis transposition 3 username nama pengguna transposition

4 security question untuk mengenali anda sebagai pemilik akun transposition

1. “Password” Kata sandi

(Compound) (A Phrase)

“Password” which is a compound (word level) in SL turning into a phrase (NP)

“kata sandi in TL.

2. “It’s free” Gratis

(Clause) (A word)

“It’s free” which is a clause in SL is translated as a word Gratis in TL.

3. “Username” Nama pengguna

(Compound) (A Phrase)

“Username” which is a compound (word level) in SL turning into a phrase (NP)

“nama pengguna” in TL.

4. “Security Question” Untuk mengenali anda sebagai pemilik akun

(A Phrase) (A dependent clause)

“Security Question” which is a phrase in SL turning into a dependent clause

“untuk mengenali anda sebagai pemilik akun” in TL.

5. Modulation

There is no modulation founded in the data.

6. Equivalent

There is no equivalence founded in the data.

7. Adaptation

There is no adaptation founded in the data.

3.2 Analysis of The Most Dominant Types of Translation Procedures

From the analysed data, there are only 3 types of translation procedures that are

found. They are (1) Borrowing, (2) Literal Translation and (3) Transposition. From 65

analysed data, there are 19 cases of Borrowing, 42 cases of Literal Translation and 4

cases of Transposition.

So, the percentage of each type of translation procedures can be calculated as

follows :

a. Borrowing : 19 x 100% = 29,2 % 65 b. Literal Translation :

42 x 100% = 64, 6 %

65 c.Transposition :

4 x 100% = 6, 2 % 65

Chart. 1

Percentage of Existing Types of Translation Procedures

From the chart above, it can be concluded that the most dominant type of

Translation Procedure occurs in the analysed data is Literal Translation (64,60%),

followed by Borrowing (29,2%) and Transposition (6,2%).

A = Borrowing B = Literal Translation C = Transposition

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

Having analysed the data on this paper, two conclusion can be drawn, they are :

1. From 7 (seven) types of Vinay and Dalbernet’s Translation Procedures Theory, the are

only 3 (three) procedures that are exist on the analysed data. They are :

(1) Borrowing (2) Literal Translation and (3) Transposition.

2. The most dominant type of Translation Procedure that occurs in the analysed data is

Literal Translation (42 cases in 65 collected data, or 64.60% ), followed by Borrowing

(19 cases in 65 collected data or 29.2%/) and Tansposition at the third place (with only 4

cases in 65 collected data or 6.2%)

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