An Analysis of laguage functions used By narcus Burnett in ... · Muhammad Hasits “An Analysis of Language Function used by Marcus Burnett ... the writer has strength to finish

AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS USED

BY MARCUS BURNETT IN BAD BOYS II FILM

MUHAMMAD HASITS NIM:102026024530

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA 2007

AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS USED BY

MARCUS BURNETT IN BAD BOYS II FILM

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

The Degree of Strata One (S1)

MUHAMMAD HASITS NIM:102026024530

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA 2007

ABSTRACT Muhammad Hasits “An Analysis of Language Function used by Marcus Burnett in Bad Boys II film”, English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University 2006. The main objective of this research is to find out language function interference in English language which is used by Marcus Burnett in Bad Boys II film. This study applies descriptive method and the objective of this method is making systematic, factual and accurate data and types of population. The unit of analysis of this research is seven conversation of that language that used by Marcus Burnett and other participants in Bad Boys II film which presents language function. From the analysis, the writer concludes that the main character, Marcus Burnett uses some language and their functions. From the language he often uses informal language, and he tend to use an emotive function to show his feelings, whether it is happiness or his sadness and even his like or dislike to other people. The language that used by Marcus Burnett in the conversation are influenced by participants, the place, the topic and the function.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Praise in only for Allah SWT, Lord of the Universe. With His love and

mercy, the writer has strength to finish this paper. Without it, he is nothing.

On this occasion, the writer would like to thank his beloved parents and

his sisters who have given him their finance, facility, and support during the study

and making this paper.

Then, the writer would like to thank his supervisor Drs. H. Abdul Hamid,

M.Ed. who has advised him patiently and punctually in reading the contents of

this paper, and for his helpful comments on it.

The writer would also like thanks:

1. Dr. Abdul Chair, MA, the Dean of Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Dr.

Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department, Drs

Asep Saefudin, MPd, the Secretary of English Letters Departement, and all

the staff of Faculty of Adab and Humanities.

2. The staff of UIN Jakarta Library, the staff of Atma Jaya University

Library, and the staff of University of Indonesia Library.

3. Sururi Al Faruq and Susilo Himawan. You all are so special for me.

4. Zamratul Khairah, thanks for best support and still survive for me.

5. All of the writer’s classmates; Ozayduth (pengembara), Gus Afive

(playboy kabel), Yunus (filosof), Ade (tambun), Engkin (pujangga cinta),

Jambul (sesepuh), Daus (tokoh masyarakat), Imam (harapan desa), Furqon

(Pengusaha) etc. Keep struggle, don’t ever to give up, I believe all of you

can make it.

Finally, the writer realizes that this paper is far from being perfect,

therefore he needs suggestions and critics from everyone that will encourage him

to continue his study.

Jakarta, November 2006

The Writer

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Communication represents media interaction of human being in submitting

information, opinion and heart feeling1. Communications consisted of two kinds;

they are verbal communication and non verbal communication. Verbal

communication is communication by using words said or oral language. While

non verbal communication is a communication which uses article as its media. To

keep interaction, all speakers try to develop their communication whether it is a

verbal or non verbal with purpose that the communications are always opened, the

verbal communication is likely to become more special priority to keep

interaction, because with verbal communication, each other can be more

successful to make interesting the opponent of the speaker. These matters happen

because they have intonation, style of speaking and body language.

When we talk about a language asa communication instrument, we can not

disregard human being as speakers. The speakers of a language will be very

influenced by their social environment, a place where the speaker come from. In

this case, language language can show what social classes the speaker have, what

types of educational level they have, what types of environment they come from

and others. 1 Alwasilah, A.Chaedar. 1983. Pengantar Sosiologi Bahasa. Bandung; Angkasa.p.4

Language can be classified into oral and written language. The oral

language is a language which uses instrument of our oral, but the written language

is generally used instrument of immanent stationery although there is correlation

with element of other body to produce written language. Some examples of the

written language are newspaper, magazine, poem, prose, short stories and others.

Some examples of oral language in electronic media are TV, film, radio and so on.

On the context of language, we will know about language function,

language function can be seen from oral and written language. Language function

represents about a language from its function. It can be presents what the true

meaning from a language.

Film represent work of art by using oral language. It is very popular or

famous for the children, adolescent and adults. The writer uses the film as an

object of his research because through this film, the writer want to know what

kind the true meaning from the conversation in which present the social identity of

Marcus Burnett in film “ Bad Boys II”.

In this case, the writer is interested to study language function in a film of

“Bad Boys II”. Moreover the writer also wants to study in depth about:

- Marcus Burnett is a special figure in this film. In this film he uses

some types of language to communicate with his opponent who have

different background. And the writer wants to know what kind of

language function that used by Marcus Burnett.

- Feeling of curiosity the writer wants to know the background of

language function used by Marcus Burnett in Bad Boys II.

B. Focus of the Study

This research is focused on the language functions that used by Marcus

Burnett and some figures of other speakers that support in the conversation.

C. Research Question

In this paper the writer will analyze two main questions as the research

question:

1. What types of language functions are mostly used by Marcus Burnett in

Bad Boys II film?

2. What the background of language function that used by Marcus Burnett in

Bad Boys II film?

D. Significance of the research

The writer hopes the result of this research will assist the readers in

studying language function and have some beneficiaries for those who want to

study in depth about English. By knowing language function, the writer also

hopes that the result of this study will be useful for the students who want to

improve their study of literature.

E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of Research

The objective of this research is to describe language function aspects such

as; language function concepts, language as its functions, and the type of language

function in Bad Boys II film.

2. Method of Research

This research uses descriptive method. Descriptive analytic method is

accumulation of base data without testing the hypothesis. The objective of this

method is making systematic, factual and accurate data and types of population2.

3. Data Analysis

To analyze the data, the writer uses theories which have relation with

language function given by Janet Holmes, Dell Hymes, Thomas Pyles and Algeo

John.

Thomas Pyles and Algeo John explains the criteria to classify language

function. Janet Holmes explains the background, social factors and social

dimensions in which be reason someone choose one certain language. One other

supporting theories Dell Hymes also explains about an ethnographic framework as

various factors that make someone uses certain language.

4. The Instrument of Research

As a qualitative research, the study does not need a test as an instrument to

get the data. This research makes the writer himself as the main instrument. Being

informed with the theories, the writer tries to identify and group the language used

by the character that is considered in Bad Boys II film.

5. Unit Analysis

2 Sumardi Suryabrata, Methodologi Penelitian, (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2002), vol.13,p18

The unit analysis of this paper is Bad Boys II film by Michael Bay.

6. Time and Place of Research

This research was analyzed in eight semesters 2005/2006 in English

Department Faculty of Humanities Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University

Jakarta.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Language and Society

Hymes has proposed and ethnographic framework which takes

into account the various factors that are involved in speaking3.

Ethnography of a communicative event is a description of all the

factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular

communicative achieves its objectives.

The setting and scene of speech are important. Setting refers

to the time and place. Scene refers to the abstract psychological

setting, or the cultural definition of the occasion.

The participants include various combinations of speaker –

listener, addressor – addresser, or sender – receiver.

Ends refers to the conventionally recognized an expected out

comes of an exchange as well as to the personal goals that

participants seek to accomplish on particular occasions.

Act sequence refers to the actual form and content of what is

said: the precise word used how they are used and the relationship

of what is said to the actual topic at hand. 3 Ronald Wardaugh, 1999. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Black Well Publisher, Malden Massachuset USA. P.238

Key refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a particular

message is conveyed: light-hearted, serious, precise, pedantic,

mocking, sarcastic, pompous, and so on.

Instrumentalities refers to the choice of channel, l ike as oral

written or telegraphic and to the actual forms of speech employed,

such as the language, dialect, code or register that is chosen.

Norms of interaction and interpretation refers to the specific

behaviors and proprieties that attach to speaking and also to how

these may be viewed by someone who does not share them, like as

loudness, silence, and gaze return and so on.

Genre refers to clearly demarcated types of utterance: such

things as poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, prayers, lectures, and

editorials.

In the other hand there are two aspects of language behavior a very

important from social point of view:

1. The function of language in establishing social relationship.

2. The role played by language in conveying information about

the speaker.

We shall concentrate for the moment on the second role, but

it is clear that both these aspect of linguistics behavior are

reflections of the fact that there is a close interrelationship between

language and society4.

B. Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is the examination of language use by

members of speech community. It involves looking at both language

form and language function and includes the study of both spoken

interaction and written texts. It identifies linguistic features that

characterize different genres as well as social and cultural factors

that aid in our interpretation and understanding of different text and

types of talk. A discourse analysis of written texts might include a

study of topic development and cohesion across the sentences, while

an analysis of spoken language might focus on these aspects plus

turn-taking practices, opening and closing sequences of social

encounters, or narrative structure.

The study of discourse has developed in a variety of

disciplines-sociolinguistics, anthropology, sociology, and social

psychology. Thus discourse analysis takes different theoretical

perspectives and analytic approaches: speech act theory,

interactional sociolinguistic, and ethnography of communication,

pragmatics, conversation analysis, and variation analysis5. Although

4 Peter Trudgil, 1974. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction. Great Britania. P. 14 5 McCarthy, M., & Carter, R. (1994). Language as discourse: Perspectives for language teachers. New York: Longman

each approach emphasizes different aspects of language use, they

all view language as social interaction.

This digest focuses on the application of discourse analysis to

second language teaching and learning6. It provides examples of

how teachers can improve their teaching practices by investigating

actual language use both in and out of the classroom, and how

students can learn language through exposure to different types of

discourse.

Discourse is often defined in two ways: a particular unit

language (above the sentence), and a particular focus (on language

use). These two definitions of discourse reflect the difference

between formalist and functionalist paradigms7.

“Structural”

“Functional”

Structure of language (code) as grammar

Structure of speech (act, even) as ways of speaking

Use merely implements, perhaps limits may correlate with, what is analyzed as code; analysis of code prior to analysis of use.

Analysis of use prior to analysis of code organization of use discloses additional features and relations; shows code and use in integral (dialectical) relation.

Referential function, fully semantic zed uses as norm.

Gamut of stylistic or social functions.

Elements and structures analytically arbitrary or universal.

Elements and structure as ethnographically appropriate (“psychiatrically” in Sapir’s

6 Celce-Murcia, M,. & Olshtain,E. (2000). Discourse and context in language teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press. 7 Schiffrin, Deborah. 1994. Approaches to Discourse. Black Well Publisher. Oxford UK & Cambridge USA. P.21

sense) Functional equivalence of languages, all language essentially equal.

Functional (adaptive) differentiation of languages, varieties, styles, these being existentially (actually) not necessarily equivalent.

Single homogeneous code and community.

Speech community as matrix of code repertoires, or speech styles (“organization of diversity”).

Fundamental concepts, such as speech community, speech act, fluent speaker, function of speech and of languages, taken for granted or arbitrarily postulated.

Fundamental concepts taken as problematic and to be investigated

C. The Basic Function Language

Any effort to simplify our complex use of language by

reducing its infinite variety to a few basic functions must be

somewhat arbitrary8. Neat lit t le lists are always to be distrusted. Yet

they are convenient and do not great harm as long as everyone

remembers that the limits they impose are artificial. For

convenience, we will say that language has seven basic functions:

a. Informative function of language is the one we often think of as its main purpose. It is language used to tell what the speaker believes, to give information about things and to reason about facts.

b. Interrogative function of language includes all questions that need answer.

c. Expressive function of language is the use of words to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

8 Pyles,Thomas & Algeo John (1968) English an Introduction to Language, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, INC. p.233

d. Evocative function of language is tries to create feelings in the hearer. Its aims are to amuse, startle, anger, soothe, worry or please.

e. Perfomatory function of language is to be the action that it states.

f. Directive, whereas the typical sentence pattern for directive utterances is the imperative, with an actual or implied subject you, the typical pattern for perfomatory statement has I as its subject.

g. Phatic language includes everyday small talk that we use to establish rapport, make contact with our fellows, and assure mutual good will9.

Janet Holmes introduce social factors and social dimension in

which be reasons someone tend to choose one certain language and

all type descriptive analysis social factors component interaction

from Janet Holmes are include:

1. The participants: who is speaking and who are they speaking to.

2. The setting or social context of the interaction: where are they speaking.

3. The topic: what is being talked about?

4. The function: why are they speaking10?

Janet Holmes also introduce social dimension in which have

related with social factors. Social dimension are include:

1. Social distance scale that is explain relation between intimate participants or depend on how far a participant know other participant.

2. Status scale, explain relation between each participants in which have higher or lower social class compared with other participants.

9 Ibid p.234 10 Holmes, Janet. 1972. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Longman.p.12

3. Formality scale, explain interaction type (formal-informal).

4. Function scale, explain interaction purpose11.

There are a number of ways of categorizing the functions of

language.

D. The Biography of Marcus Burnett

Marcus Burnett (Martin Lawrence) is a detective that is

working in Miami Police Department (Miami PD) with his partner

Mike Lowrey. They worked under supervision of Captain Howard to

handle and eradicate narcotics and drugs that dominate Miami.

Marcus Burnett is happily married man. He has three

children, they are James Burnett, Megan Burnett and Quincy

Burnett from his lovely wife Theresa Burnett. Marcus has one sister

that is Syd, also a police and work as agent from DEA.

As a father, husband, and brother, Marcus sometimes show

his dominance in the family. It is because Marcus love his family so

much and sometimes Marcus is over possessive for what he has,

especially his family. Marcus always wants to spend more time with

his family, but i t is just an imagination. For Marcus, whatever Mike

does make him in a danger situation. In addition, Marcus is high

temperament person, easy gets angry and cannot control his

emotion. After Marcus knows that Mike loves his sister, he doesn’t 11 Ibid. p. 12

accept the relation between Mike and Syd, because he knows well

what type of person Mike is.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best

of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or

written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been

accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other

institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in

the text.

Jakarta, November 23 2006

MUHAMMAD HASITS

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The Synopsis Bad Boys II Film

Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett, who are part of the Miami PD’s

Tactical Narcotics Team (TNT), still do not always get along, and now they are

keeping secrets from each other. Mike’s secret is that he’s bee seeing Marcus’

sister, Sydney “Syd” Burnett, a reported paper pusher for the DEA’s New York

office. Marcus’s secret is that he asked for a transfer, because he wants to spend

more time with his family, and less time with Mike. That’s all set aside when their

Boss, Captain Howard, assigns them to stop the flow of record amounts of ecstasy

into the city. This puts Mike and Marcus on the trail of the most dangerous enemy

that they have ever faced…Cuban drug kingpin Hector Juan Carlos “Johnny”.

Tapia, who wants to take control of the entire ecstasy trade in the USA,

and is working with local dealers and club owners such as Russian mafia boss

Alexei. Every time Miami PD has ever arrested Tapia, Tapia has sued the Miami

PD for the false arrest, and won millions of dollars. This has caused the

department to back off and not go after Tapia. Well, everyone has backed off

except for Mike and Marcus, who have never faced Tapia before. Now, it seems

that Tapia is using a mortuary as a cover for his operations, smuggling ecstasy

hidden inside dead bodies, while sending his money to Cuba in hidden

compartments in the coffins. While Mike and Marcus try to bring Tapia down,

they also deal with the discovery that Syd actually working undercover for the

DEA to bring down a money laundering operation run by Alexei, and as a part of

her undercover job, Syd is in deep with Tapia.

When Haitian gangsters try to steal Tapia’s money and kill Syd, the two

investigations cross paths. Syd’s cover is later blown, and she is kidnapped by

Tapia, who takes her to his compound in Cuba. With the unofficial help of people

from the CIA, the Miami PD, and anti-Castro forces in Cuba, Mike and Marcus

head out to rescue Syd, and bring Tapia down. How far will Tapia go to keep his

drug empire? And how far will Marcus and Mike go to rescue Syd?