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Amino Acid Synthesis Stryer Short Course, Chapter 31
18

Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

May 01, 2018

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Page 1: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Amino Acid Synthesis

Stryer Short Course, Chapter 31

Page 2: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Nitrogen fixation

• Bacteria• Nitrogenase• Costly—16 ATP per N2 molecule

Page 3: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Assimilation into Amino Acids• In microorganisms/plants: assimilation of ammonia is key—synthesis 

of most amino acids– Glutamine synthetase incorporates amino group

• Glutamine serves as nitrogen donor for nucleic acids, etc.

– Glutamine dehydrogenase: reversible reaction already observed• Glutamate can serve as nitrogen source for AA in transamination

Page 4: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Biosynthesis

• Dietary consideration

• Ambiguous– Stage of life (Arg)– Precursor (Tyr, Cys)

• Mechanism of biosynthesis can be grouped 

Page 5: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Amino Acid Biosynthesis

* *

** * *

*

* *

*

*

Page 6: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Non‐essential Amino Acid Biosynthesis• Transamination

– Pyruvatealanine– Oxaloacetateaspartate– ‐ketoglutarateglutamate

• Amidation– Glutamine (glutamine synthetase)– Asparagine (asparagine synthetase)

Page 7: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Glutamate Backbone

Page 8: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Tyrosine

• A “non‐essential” amino acid• Mono‐oxygenase

Page 9: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Serine

• 3‐phosphoglycerate Serine• Serine is the building block for two amino acids that are involved in one‐carbon transfer reactions– Glycine– cysteine

Page 10: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Glycine

• Serineglycine– THF as a major one‐carbon transfer vitamin

Page 11: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF
Page 12: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Using THF: Production of TMP

• dUTP must be converted to TMP quickly

• Methylene donated from THF by thymidylate synthase

• THF oxidized to DHF• Chemotherapy: dUMPanalog

Page 13: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Regenerating THF

• DHF must be reduced to THF by DHF reductase

• NADPH dependent• Chemotherapy dtarget

– DHF analogs such as methotrexate

Page 14: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Cysteine

• Serinecysteine by incorporating sulfur from homocysteine (Made from methionine)

Page 15: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

S‐Adenoxylmethionine• Very active methyl carrier• Uses 3 ATP equivalents• Very reactive methyl group• Homocysteine byproduct can be used to make cysteine or regenerate methionine

Page 16: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Activated Methyl Cycle• After SAM is used, homocysteine is made back into methionine with methyl group from THF (utilizes B12)

• High homocysteine levels cause oxidative damage of blood vessels—corrolates to heart disease

Page 17: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Neurotransmitters

• Which amino acid is starting material for each of the following?

Page 18: Amino Acid Synthesis - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c383/documents/Lecturech31.pdf · THF by DHF reductase •NADPH dependent •Chemotherapy dtarget –DHF

Regulation Strategies

• Committed Step• Multiple isozymes• Cumulative feedback

– Glutamine synthetasepartially inhibited by products containing nitrogen

• Feedback in branched pathways