America claims an empire

America Claims an America Claims an EmpireEmpire

Does the U.S. have a duty to Does the U.S. have a duty to fight for freedom in fight for freedom in

neighboring countries?neighboring countries?

Imperialism and AmericaImperialism and America

Main IdeaMain Idea

Beginning in 1867 and continuing through Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition caused the century, global competition caused

the United States to expand.the United States to expand.

Why it Matters TodayWhy it Matters Today

During this time period, the United States During this time period, the United States acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of

which became states in 1959.which became states in 1959.

One American’s StoryOne American’s Story

►Queen Liliuokalani- Queen Liliuokalani- HawaiiHawaii

►Haoles-white Haoles-white foreigners foreigners

American ExpansionismAmerican Expansionism

►America had always sought to expand America had always sought to expand the size of their nation.the size of their nation.

►America to join imperialist power in America to join imperialist power in Europe and establish colonies overseas.Europe and establish colonies overseas.

►ImperialismImperialism- policy in which stronger - policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker or military control over weaker territories.territories.

Global CompetitionGlobal Competition

► Africa was a prime target of European Africa was a prime target of European expansionism.expansionism. Ethiopia and Liberia- remained independentEthiopia and Liberia- remained independent

► Imperialist competed for AsiaImperialist competed for Asia Japan joined European nations in competitionJapan joined European nations in competition

World Colonial Empires, 1900World Colonial Empires, 1900

Three Factors Fueled the New Three Factors Fueled the New American Imperialism American Imperialism

Three Factors

Military Strength

NewMarkets

CulturalSuperiority

Alfred Thayer MahanNeed for raw materialsNew markets for goods

Social DarwinismSpread Christianity

“Civilize” people

The U.S. Acquires AlaskaThe U.S. Acquires Alaska

►William Seward-William Seward- Secretary of Secretary of State under presidents Abraham State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.

►U.S. to buy Alaska for $7.2 U.S. to buy Alaska for $7.2 million from Russiamillion from Russia ““Seward’s Icebox”, “Seward’s Folly”Seward’s Icebox”, “Seward’s Folly” 1959 became a state. About 2 1959 became a state. About 2

cents an acre.cents an acre. Land rich with minerals, timber, and Land rich with minerals, timber, and

oil.oil.

The U.S. Takes HawaiiThe U.S. Takes Hawaii

► 1867- U.S. took over 1867- U.S. took over the Midway Islands the Midway Islands just north of Hawaiijust north of Hawaii

►Hawaii was Hawaii was economically and economically and militarily important.militarily important.

U.S. & Hawaii

Cry for Annexation End of a Monarchy

Duty Free Sugar1887-Pearl Harbor

John L. StevensSanford D. Dole

1898-Hawaii annexed1959-50th State

Hawaiian IslandsHawaiian Islands

Roots of ImperialismRoots of Imperialism

Roots of U.S. Imperialism

Political

Economic

Cultural

Rivalry w/others imperialist

Const. of modern Naval Fleet

Foreign trade, unemployment, depression

Competition from other nations

Combining Social Darwinism w/Anglo Superiority

Spread Christianity

Imperialism and AmericaImperialism and AmericaReviewReview

►What three factors spurred American What three factors spurred American imperialism?imperialism? Economic CompetitionEconomic Competition Political and Military CompetitionPolitical and Military Competition Racial SuperiorityRacial Superiority

►How did Queen Lilioukalani’s main goal How did Queen Lilioukalani’s main goal conflict with American imperialist conflict with American imperialist goals?goals? She wanted to preserve Hawaii for She wanted to preserve Hawaii for

Hawaiians, while Americans wanted to Hawaiians, while Americans wanted to annex the islands.annex the islands.

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War

Main IdeaMain Idea

In 1898, the United States went to war In 1898, the United States went to war to help Cuba win its independence to help Cuba win its independence

from Spain.from Spain.

Why it Matters TodayWhy it Matters Today

U.S. involvement in Latin America and U.S. involvement in Latin America and Asia increased greatly as a result of Asia increased greatly as a result of

the war and continuous today.the war and continuous today.

Cubans Rebel Against SpainCubans Rebel Against Spain

► By the end of the 19By the end of the 19thth century-Spain had lost century-Spain had lost most of its colonies. It retained only the most of its colonies. It retained only the Philippines and the island of Guam, some Philippines and the island of Guam, some outposts in Africa, and the Caribbean islands outposts in Africa, and the Caribbean islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico.of Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Preludes to WarAmerica interested in SugarCubans revolt 1868 & 1878

Revolt not successfulAbolished slavery-1886

Jose Marti- Cuba Libre!Americans were split on the issue

War Fever EscalatesWar Fever Escalates

► Spain responded by Spain responded by sending General sending General Valeriano WeylerValeriano Weyler to suppress the to suppress the Cuban revolt.Cuban revolt.

USSMaine

Explodes

De LomeLetter

YellowJournalism

War Fever

War with SpainWar with Spain

►America attacks in the America attacks in the PhilippinesPhilippines April 30, Commodore April 30, Commodore George George

DeweyDewey opened fire on the opened fire on the Spanish fleet at ManilaSpanish fleet at Manila

7 hours to capture the fleet.7 hours to capture the fleet. Americans join Filipino rebels Americans join Filipino rebels

led by led by Emilio Aguinaldo.Emilio Aguinaldo.

War with Spain: Pacific War with Spain: Pacific TheaterTheater

War in the CaribbeanWar in the Caribbean

Treaty Of

Paris

San Juan Hill

Rough Riders

War in theCaribbean

War with Spain: CaribbeanWar with Spain: Caribbean

Treaty of Paris Debate Treaty of Paris Debate

►Debate over annexation of the Debate over annexation of the PhilippinesPhilippines

►Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist LeagueLeague

►February, 1899--ratification of peace February, 1899--ratification of peace treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nationtreaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation

American Empire, 1900American Empire, 1900

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American WarReviewReview

►Why was American opinion about Cuban Why was American opinion about Cuban independence divided?independence divided? U.S. businessmen sided with Spain because they U.S. businessmen sided with Spain because they

wanted to protect their investments. The wanted to protect their investments. The Americans, however, sympathized with the Americans, however, sympathized with the Cuban demand for independence.Cuban demand for independence.

► Briefly describe the terms of the Treaty of Briefly describe the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898.Paris of 1898. Cuba’s independence; Spain’s relinquishing of Cuba’s independence; Spain’s relinquishing of

Puerto Rico and Guam demand for Puerto Rico and Guam demand for independence.independence.

Acquiring New LandsAcquiring New Lands

Main IdeaMain Idea

In the early 1900’s, the United States In the early 1900’s, the United States engaged in conflicts in Puerto Rico, engaged in conflicts in Puerto Rico,

Cuba, and the Philippines.Cuba, and the Philippines.

Why it Matter TodayWhy it Matter Today

Today, the United States maintains a Today, the United States maintains a strong military and political presence strong military and political presence

in strategic worldwide location.in strategic worldwide location.

Ruling Puerto RicoRuling Puerto Rico

► After the Spanish-American war, the United After the Spanish-American war, the United States didn’t promise Puerto Ricans States didn’t promise Puerto Ricans independence.independence.

RulingPuerto Rico

Military Rule Return to Civil Government

Gen. Nelson A. MilesForaker Act

1901- Insular Cases

Cuba and the United StatesCuba and the United States

► 1898- U.S. recognized Cuba’s independence 1898- U.S. recognized Cuba’s independence and passed the and passed the Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment.. Stated the U.S. had no intention of taking over Stated the U.S. had no intention of taking over

any part of Cuba.any part of Cuba.

Cuba& U.S

American Soldiers Platt AmendmentProtecting American

Business Interest

Couldn’t make treatiesU.S. could intervene

Cuba no debtU.S. could lease land

Filipinos RebelFilipinos Rebel►Emilio Aguilnaldo- rebel leaderEmilio Aguilnaldo- rebel leader►Philippine-American WarPhilippine-American War

Feb. 1899-rose to revoltFeb. 1899-rose to revolt 70,000 U.S. troops sent- majority African-70,000 U.S. troops sent- majority African-

AmericansAmericans Took nearly 3 years to put down the Took nearly 3 years to put down the

rebellion.rebellion.

►Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War Government set up much like Puerto RicoGovernment set up much like Puerto Rico Finally became independent on July 4, 1946.Finally became independent on July 4, 1946.

Foreign Influence in ChinaForeign Influence in China

►Weakened by war and foreign intervention, Weakened by war and foreign intervention, China became vulnerable to foreign China became vulnerable to foreign countries.countries.

Jon HayOpen Door Notes

BoxerRebellion

ProtectingAm. Rights

Protecting American RightsProtecting American Rights

►Open Door Policy reflected three Open Door Policy reflected three deeply held American beliefs about the deeply held American beliefs about the U.S. industrial capitalist economy:U.S. industrial capitalist economy: U.S. growth depended upon exportsU.S. growth depended upon exports U.S. had right to intervene to keep foreign U.S. had right to intervene to keep foreign

markets openmarkets open Closing areas to American products, Closing areas to American products,

citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival.citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival.

The Impact of U.S. Territorial The Impact of U.S. Territorial GainsGains

►Anti-imperialist vs. ImperialistAnti-imperialist vs. Imperialist McKinley is re-elected-strong imperialistMcKinley is re-elected-strong imperialist Anti-Imperialist LeagueAnti-Imperialist League

►Included prominent officialsIncluded prominent officials

Acquiring New LandsAcquiring New LandsReviewReview

► Why was the U.S. interested in events in Puerto Rico?Why was the U.S. interested in events in Puerto Rico? Puerto Rico was strategically important to the U.S. as a way Puerto Rico was strategically important to the U.S. as a way

to assert its presence in the Caribbean and as a base for to assert its presence in the Caribbean and as a base for protecting a possible canal through Panama.protecting a possible canal through Panama.

► What sparked the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, and how What sparked the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, and how was it crushed? was it crushed? The Boxers staged a revolt to expel foreigners from China. The Boxers staged a revolt to expel foreigners from China.

In August 1900, troops from Britain, France, Germany, Japan, In August 1900, troops from Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the U.S. marched on the Chinese capital. The and the U.S. marched on the Chinese capital. The International force put an end to the rebellion.International force put an end to the rebellion.

► What three key beliefs about America's industrial What three key beliefs about America's industrial capitalist economy were reflected in the Open Door capitalist economy were reflected in the Open Door Policy? Policy? U.S. dependence on exports for growth, U.S. right to U.S. dependence on exports for growth, U.S. right to

intervene to keep markets open, closing an area to American intervene to keep markets open, closing an area to American products threaten U.S. survival.products threaten U.S. survival.

America as a World PowerAmerica as a World Power

Main IdeaMain Idea

The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution added to and the Mexican Revolution added to

America’s military and economic power.America’s military and economic power.

Why it Matter TodayWhy it Matter Today

American involvement in conflicts around American involvement in conflicts around 1900 led to involvement in World War I and 1900 led to involvement in World War I and

later to a peacekeeper role in today’s later to a peacekeeper role in today’s world.world.

Roosevelt/Wilson Foreign Roosevelt/Wilson Foreign PoliciesPolicies

Teddy Roosevelt and the Teddy Roosevelt and the WorldWorld

► The assassination of William McKinley in The assassination of William McKinley in 1901 thrust Vice-President Teddy Roosevelt 1901 thrust Vice-President Teddy Roosevelt into the role of a world leader.into the role of a world leader.

Roosevelt &The World

Roosevelt Peacemaker Panama Canal

1904-Russia declaresWar on Japan

Treaty of PortsmouthHay-Pauncefote Treaty-1901

$10 million + $250,000 annually

Roosevelt and the WorldRoosevelt and the World► Constructing the CanalConstructing the Canal

Builders battled diseaseBuilders battled disease Workers were from Workers were from

Spain, Italy; ¾ were Spain, Italy; ¾ were blacks from the West blacks from the West Indies; Indies;

5,600 died from 5,600 died from accidents or diseaseaccidents or disease

August 15, 1914- Canal August 15, 1914- Canal openedopened

► Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary ““Speak softly and carry Speak softly and carry

a big stick”a big stick” 1904- Roosevelt 1904- Roosevelt

Corollary-U.S. would Corollary-U.S. would use force to protect its use force to protect its economic interests in economic interests in Latin AmericaLatin America

Roosevelt and the WorldRoosevelt and the World

►Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy American banker loaned money to Nicaragua American banker loaned money to Nicaragua

to pay debts.to pay debts. Bankers gained control of Nicaragua’s state-Bankers gained control of Nicaragua’s state-

owned railroad system and its national bank.owned railroad system and its national bank. People revolted against Pres. Adolfo Diaz.People revolted against Pres. Adolfo Diaz. Taft administration used the policy of using Taft administration used the policy of using

U.S. government loans made to foreign U.S. government loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople. countries by American businesspeople. Dollar Diplomacy.Dollar Diplomacy.

Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary DiplomacyDiplomacy

► Monroe Doctrine in 1823 warned against any nations Monroe Doctrine in 1823 warned against any nations expanding their influence in Latin America.expanding their influence in Latin America.

► Wilson’s “Missionary Diplomacy”, had a moral Wilson’s “Missionary Diplomacy”, had a moral responsibility to deny any Latin American government responsibility to deny any Latin American government it viewed oppressive, or hostile to U.S. interest.it viewed oppressive, or hostile to U.S. interest.

Missionary Diplomacy

Mexican Revolution Intervention in Mexico Rebellion in Mexico

Porfirio Diaz overthrownGen. Victoriano Huerta

Wilson invades VeracruzVenustiano Carranza

“Pancho” VillaEmiliano Zapata

Activities of the United States in Activities of the United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1930the Caribbean, 1898-1930

Chasing VillaChasing Villa

► President Wilson ordered Gen. John Pershing President Wilson ordered Gen. John Pershing an about 15,000 soldiers to capture Villa an about 15,000 soldiers to capture Villa dead or alive.dead or alive.

► Troops clash with Mexican army in 1916.Troops clash with Mexican army in 1916.► Pershing is ordered home in 1917.Pershing is ordered home in 1917.► U.S. pursued and achieved several foreign U.S. pursued and achieved several foreign

policy goals in the early 20policy goals in the early 20thth century. century. Expanded access to foreign marketsExpanded access to foreign markets U.S. built a modern day navyU.S. built a modern day navy U.S. exercised its police power to ensure U.S. exercised its police power to ensure

dominance in Latin Americadominance in Latin America

America as a World PowerAmerica as a World PowerReviewReview

► What conflict triggered the war with Russia and What conflict triggered the war with Russia and Japan?Japan? A dispute over KoreaA dispute over Korea

► Why is the construction of the Panama Canal Why is the construction of the Panama Canal considered one of the world’s greatest engineering considered one of the world’s greatest engineering feats?feats? Workers fought disease, such as yellow fever and Workers fought disease, such as yellow fever and

bubonic plague. Volcanic soil was difficult to bubonic plague. Volcanic soil was difficult to remove. Thousands died.remove. Thousands died.

► Explain the key difference between Woodrow Explain the key difference between Woodrow Wilson’s moral diplomacy and Teddy Roosevelt’s Wilson’s moral diplomacy and Teddy Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy.“big stick” diplomacy. ““Big stick” diplomacy demanded that European Big stick” diplomacy demanded that European

countries stay out of the affairs of Latin America. countries stay out of the affairs of Latin America. Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” demanded that Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” demanded that countries in Lain America set up democraciescountries in Lain America set up democracies..