America Claims an Empire (Imperialism) Chapter 10.

America Claims an Empire(Imperialism)

Chapter 10

Imperialism and America

Section 1

Imperialism

• The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

Why take over weaker nations?

• European nations had been competing for colonies in Africa and Asia for centuries

• For Americans, this type of expansion was a natural outgrowth of manifest destiny

3 factors driving American imperialism:

1) Desire for military strength- Alfred T. Mahan – urged building up our navy

2) New markets- Industrialization allowed America to produce more

food and products than Americans could consume- We needed more raw materials and more markets

(people to buy our stuff)

3) Cultural superiority - Some believed we had a moral duty to spread our

“superior” Anglo-Saxon Christian culture to others

Examples of early American imperialism:

Alaska- Secretary of State William Seward wanted to

buy Alaska back in 1867- Many called it “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s

Icebox” - thought it was a bad idea- Congress allowed the purchase from Russia for

$7.2 million- Became a state in 1959 – rich in natural

resources

Examples of early American imperialism:

Hawaii

- Put events in appropriate chronological order

How did we acquire Hawaii?

Mid-1800s – U.S. citizens owned many sugar plantations on the Hawaiian Islands

1870s – native Hawaiians only 1/3 of the population of Hawaii

1875 – Hawaii signs treaty with U.S. – we will allow sugar to be imported without a duty

1887 – King Kalakaua convinced to give voting rights only to white landowners

Treaty was signed allowing construction of a naval base at Pearl Harbor

1890 – McKinley Tariff eliminated duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar

1891 – King Kalakaua dies and his sister Liliuokalani becomes Queen

She wants to give power back to the Hawaiians

U.S. businessmen organize a revolution to overthrow her

1893 – U.S. Marines go to Hawaii to “protect” American lives and property

Sanford Dole is established as president after the Queen is overthrown

He asks Washington to annex HawaiiPres. Cleveland wants the Queen returned

to powerDole refuses so Cleveland won’t annex

Hawaii

1898 – McKinley becomes president and he annexes Hawaii

1959 – Hawaii becomes our 50th state

The Spanish-American War

Section 2

Chronology of the Spanish-American-Cuban War

1825

Spain had lost most overseas possessions

1854

Discussion of the U.S. buying Cuba

1860

Democrats wanted to admit Cuba as a slave state

1868-1878Cuba fought for independence from Spain

1884U.S. abolishes tariff on Cuban sugar

1886Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba

1894high tariff on Cuban sugar destroyed their economy

1895Jose Marti leads “Free Cuba” movement

1896Spain sends Valeriano Weyler (“the butcher”) to Cuba to restore order

1897McKinley takes office – tries to resolve crisis diplomatically

February, 1898New York Journal publishes DeLome letterU.S.S. Maine explodes in Cuba

April 9, 1898Spain agrees to all U.S. demands

April 11, 1898McKinley gets Congress to declare war with Spain anyway American public wanted it – yellow journalism played a role

April 20, 1898

U.S. goes to war with Spain

May 1, 1898

George Dewey leads U.S. navy into Philippines

June 1898

American forces land in Cuba

July 1, 1898

Battle of San Juan Hill (Teddy Roosevelt leads the Rough Riders)

July 17, 1898

Spain surrenders Cuba

July 25, 1898

U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico

August 1, 1898Spanish troops in Philippines surrender to Americans

August 12, 1898U.S. and Spain sign armistice

December 10, 1898U.S. and Spain sign Treaty of Paris

February 6, 1899U.S. Senate passes Treaty of Paris

Causes of the Spanish-American War

1. American business owners

urged U.S. intervention to protect American business interests in Cuba

Causes of the Spanish-American War

2. Jose Marti

Provoked U.S. intervention by deliberately destroying American-owned sugar mills and plantations

Causes of the Spanish-American War

3. Valeriano Weyler

Took harsh actions against the Cuban people, including forcibly removing them to camps, where thousands died

Causes of the Spanish-American War

4. Yellow journalism

Encouraged the American public to sympathize with Cuban rebels and the war

Causes of the Spanish-American War

5. De Lome Letter

Angered the American public because of its criticism of President McKinley

Causes of the Spanish-American War

6. U.S.S. Maine

Led to widespread support for the war; led McKinley to ask Congress to declare war

Effects of the Spanish-American War

7. Cuba

Achieved independence from Spain

Effects of the Spanish-American War

8. Puerto Rico

Went from Spanish to American rule

Effects of the Spanish-American War

9. Guam

Went from Spanish to American rule

Effects of the Spanish-American War

10.Philippine Islands

Sold by Spain to U.S., annexed by U.S.

Provisions of the Treaty of Paris

1) Cuba got its independence from Spain

2) Spain gave Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S.

3) U.S. would pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines

Acquiring New Lands

Section 3

U.S. relationship with Puerto Rico

After Spanish-American War, some wanted self-government while others wanted to become a state of the U.S.

1900 – Foraker Act – ended U.S. military rule and set up civil government

1917 – given U.S. citizenship1952 – given commonwealth status – this means

they can move freely to U.S., are subject to the military draft, but can’t vote in presidential elections

U.S. relationship with Cuba

Teller Amendment and Treaty of Paris had guaranteed independence

But, American soldiers occupied the country after war ended

American military improved lives of the peopleU.S. insisted Platt Amendment be added to

their Constitution creating a “protectorate” relationship for 31 years

Today, Cuba not under any U.S. control - tense relationship

U.S. relationship with Philippines

1899 – revolt against American annexation led by Emilio Aguinaldo

Took U.S. 3 years to put down the rebellion

Became an independent republic on July 4, 1946

U.S. relationship with China

China was weak and vulnerable to foreign influence

U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued Open Door notes – indicating that the U.S. would not allow other nations to shut U.S. out of China

1900 – Boxer Rebellion – Chinese revolting against foreign influence – thousands of Chinese killed

Open Door Policy towards China became key to protecting our economic interests there

Controversy Over U.S. Imperialist Gains

Supporters

Pres. McKinley

Big business

Pres. T.Roosevelt

Opponents

William Jennings Bryan

Grover Cleveland

Andrew Carnegie

Jane Addams

Mark Twain

Anti-Imperialist League

America as a World Power

Section 4

Teddy Roosevelt’s Diplomacy

• Mediated a settlement in Russo-Japanese War – he won the Nobel Peace Prize for this

• Supported building of the Panama Canal (by supporting a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia)

• Added Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine– Monroe Doctrine – warned Europe to stay out of Latin

America– Roosevelt Corollary – U.S. would use force to protect

our interests in Latin America

• “Speak softly and carry a big stick” diplomacy

Taft’s Diplomacy

• U.S. government guaranteed loans to foreign countries to support side we wanted to win in their disputes

• This was referred to as dollar diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy

• U.S. had a moral obligation to deny recognition to Latin American governments that were oppressive and undemocratic

• This was referred to as “missionary diplomacy”

• Led to U.S. intervention in Mexico

Mexican Revolution

• Ruled by Porfirio Diaz – military dictator, but we liked him because he protected the interests of American businessmen in Mexico

• 1911 – Francisco Madero led a revolt and overthrew Diaz – he promised Democratic reforms

• 1913 – Victoriano Huerta overthrew Madero and murdered him

• President Wilson refused to recognize government of Huerta

• U.S. used incident at Tampico with U.S. sailors as an excuse to intervene in Mexico against Huerta’s gov’t

• Almost resulted in war – Huerta regime collapsed and Venustiano Carranza came to power

• Wilson agreed to remove troops and recognize the Carranza gov’t

• Mexican rebels Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata were not happy – killed Americans on border with Mexico

• Wilson sent General John J. Pershing into Mexico to chase Pancho Villa – for over a year

• Carranza ordered U.S. troops out of Mexico

• Added to the negative image of the U.S. amongst Latin American nations

Early 20th Century Foreign Policy Achievements of the U.S.

1) Expanded access to foreign markets so our economy could continue to grow

2) U.S. built a modern navy to protect interests around the world

3) U.S. exercised international police power by dominating Latin America