Ambrus Ion

8/12/2019 Ambrus Ion

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OPERATION OF HTST SYSTEMS

HTST pasteurization is important to the dairy industry because of the operatingefficiencies that it affords. Properly operated, these units allow a high volume of

production in a minimum of processing space.

The ability of HTST pasteurizers to assure a safe, finished milk or milk product hinges onthe reliability of the time-temperature-pressure relationships that must prevail wheneverthe system is in operation. t is important that the milk plant operator understand theHTST process in order to maintain proper surveillance over the e!uipment. The basicflow pattern is described below"

#. $old raw milk or milk product, in a constant-level supply tank, is drawn into theregenerator section of the HTST pasteurizer.

%&T'" Some operators prefer to bypass the regenerator when starting. (nder this system,cold milk is drawn directly through the timing pump, step ), and into the heater section.

The remaining steps are performed without e*ception. This bypass arrangementfacilitates and speeds up the starting operation. +fter forward-flow is established at the, the bypass, which may be manually or automatically controlled, is not used and the

raw milk or milk product flows through the regenerator. + second start-up techni!ueinvolves the use of sanitizing solution at /$ 0# 1/ 2. This is passed through thecomplete unit and followed immediately by milk or milk product. ilution of the firstmilk or milk product does occur3 however, care must be taken to prevent this from being

packaged.

4. n the regenerator section, the cold raw milk or milk product is warmed by hot pasteurized milk or milk product flowing in a counter current direction on the oppositesides of thin stainless steel surfaces.

). The raw milk or milk product, still under suction, passes through a positive-displacement-timing pump that delivers it under pressure through the rest of the HTST

pasteurization system.5. The raw milk or milk product is pumped through the heater section, where hot

water or steam on opposite sides of thin stainless steel surfaces heats the milk or milk product to a temperature of at 4/$ 0#6#/ 2.

7. The milk or milk product, at pasteurization temperature, and under pressure, flowsthrough the holding tube where it is held for at least fifteen 0#72 seconds. The ma*imumvelocity of the milk or milk product through the holding tube is governed by the speed ofthe timing pump, the diameter and length of the holding tube and surface friction.

6. +fter passing the sensing bulbs of the indicating thermometer andrecorder8controller, the milk or milk product passes into the , which automaticallyassumes a forward-flow position, if the milk or milk product passes therecorder8controller bulb at the preset cut-in temperature, i.e., 4/$ 0#6#/ 2.

. mproperly heated milk or milk product flows through the diverted-flow line backto the constant-level tank.

9. Properly heated milk or milk product flows through the forward-flow line to the pasteurized milk or milk product regenerator section where it serves to warm the cold rawmilk or milk product and, in turn, is cooled.


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:. The warm milk or milk product passes through the cooling section, where coolant,on the sides of thin stainless steel surfaces opposite the pasteurized milk or milk product,reduces its temperature to 5.5/$ 051/ 2 and below.

#1. The cold pasteurized milk or milk product then passes to a storage tank or vat toawait packaging.

HTST PASTEURIZERS EMPLOYING MILK OR MILKPRODUCT-TO-MILK OR MILK PRODUCTREGENERATORS WITH BOTH SIDES CLOSED TO THEATMOSPHERE

tem #6p0 2, of Section establishes standards for regenerators. These standards insurethat the raw milk or milk product will always be under less pressure than pasteurizedmilk or milk product in order to prevent contamination of the pasteurized milk or milk

product in the event flaws should develop in the metal or ;oints separating it from the raw

milk or milk product. +n e*planation of regenerator specifications is given below.uring normal operation, i.e., while the timing pump is operating, raw milk or milk

product will be drawn through the regenerator at sub-atmospheric pressure. The pasteurized milk or milk product in the milk or milk product-to-milk or milk productregenerator will be above atmospheric pressure. The re!uired pressure differential will beassured when there is no flow-promoting device downstream from the pasteurized milkor milk product side of the regenerator to draw the pasteurized milk or milk productthrough the regenerator, and the pasteurized milk or milk product downstream from theregenerator rises to at least )1.7 centimeters 0#4 inches2 elevation above the highest rawmilk or milk product level downstream from the constant-level tank, and is open to theatmosphere at this or a higher elevation, as re!uired in tem #6p0 24.

uring a shutdown, i.e., when the timing pump stops, the raw milk or milk product in theregenerator will be retained under suction, e*cept this suction may be gradually relieved

by possible entrance of air drawn through the regenerator plate gaskets from the higheroutside atmospheric pressure.


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upon to prevent backflow in such instances, because during the first few minutesfollowing a pump shutdown, the milk or milk product is still at a sufficiently hightemperature to keep the in the forward-flow position. $ompliance with the

provisions of tem #6p0 24 and )3 however, will insure a proper pressure differential inthe regenerator.

+t the beginning of a run, from the time raw milk or milk product or water is drawnthrough the regenerator, until the pasteurized milk or milk product or water has risen tothe elevation specified in tem #6p0 24, the pasteurized milk or milk product side of theregenerator is at atmospheric pressure or higher. 'ven if the timing pump should stopduring this period, the pressure on the pasteurized milk or milk product side of theregenerator will be greater than the sub-atmospheric pressure on the raw milk or milk

product side. This will be assured by compliance with tem #6p0 24 and ), as long as anyraw milk or milk product remains in the regenerator.


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atmosphere at some point between the outlet of the separator and the inlet of any pasteurized side regenerator3

c. +ll milk or milk product rises to at least )1.7 centimeters 0#4 inches2higher than the highest raw milk or milk product in the system and is open to theatmosphere at some point between the outlet of any pasteurized side regenerator and the

inlet of a separator3 andd. The separator is automatically valved out of the system, and the separatorstuffing pump is de-energized"

#. 0#2


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7. There is a check-valve in the flow stream of the milk or milk product line fromthe last regenerator, typically after the separator, upstream of the in;ection point valve.

6. f the slurry contains milk and8or milk products, tanks used to blend and hold suchslurry shall be completely emptied and cleaned after each four 052 hours of operation orless, unless it shall be stored at a temperature of /$ 057/ 2 or less, or at a temperature of

66/$ 0#71/ 2 or more and be maintained there until the time of in;ection.. f computers or programmable controllers are used to provide any of thesere!uired functions, they shall meet the applicable portion

9. +ppropriate test procedures shall be provided to evaluate the re!uired inter-wiringand function.

%&T'"

#. This Section describes one 0#2 method that has been reviewed and accepted forthis purpose. t does not preclude other methods that may be reviewed and foundacceptable.

4. n order to help assure compliance with Section 4-+dulteration of this Ordinance ,

a ?egulatory +gency may re!uire that the milk plant close the slurry valve and de-energize the slurry pump during times when the system is recycling milk or milk product,such as in recycle mode, diverted-flow, or the first ten 0#12 minutes of the $ P cycle. f acomputer is used to accomplish this, it does not need to meet .-$riteria for the 'valuationof $omputerized Systems for @rade >+> Public Health $ontrols of this Ordinance .

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES, LOCATED WITHIN HTST,HHST AND ASEPTIC PROCESSING SYSTEMS

#. Bet ee! t"e T#$#!% P&$' (!) t"e Be%#!!#!% *+ t"e H* )#!% T& e: Placementof a pressure relief valve between the timing pump and the beginning of the holding tube

is acceptable provided" a. The pressure relief valve is a fail-safe8spring-to-close valve with a spring

pressure greater than the highest normal operating pressure of the system when operatingin >Product> mode3 or a fail-safe8spring-to-close valve with overriding air pressure.

b. Provisions are made for the cleaning of the valve vent and any return piping to the constant-level tank whenever the system is cleaned.

c. The pressure relief valve vent opening is such that any leakage is readilyvisible. This may be accomplished by opening the valve vent directly to the floor or by

providing sanitary piping from the valve vent to the constant-level tank. f the later optionis utilized, the piping shall be properly sloped to assure drainage to the constant-level

tank and provide a means of leak detection, such as by a properly located and installedsight-glass.d. The pasteurizer shall not be timed if the valve is leaking.e. f the valve is leaking during operation, the system is considered in

violation of tem #6p0 2 of this Ordinance , unless it is designed and operated so that lossof pressure from the pasteurized side of the regenerator cannot occur if the system flow-

promoting devices stop while the is in the forward-flow position.
http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm303560.htm#criteriahttp://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm303560.htm#criteria


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or '*ample" n a magnetic flow meter based timing system there is a fail-safe, spring-to-close valve or check-valve that must also be located between the timing pump and theholding tube. This item is satisfied if the pressure relief valve is located prior to this fail-safe valve or check-valve.

4. D* !.t/e($ +/*$ t"e H* )#!% T& e #! HTST S0.te$.: The pressures in the pasteurized side of the regenerator must be protected from falling within 6.: kPa 0# psi2of the pressures in the raw side of the regenerator at all times, including during shutdown. + relief valve and line on the pasteurized side of the can meet this criterionif"

a. +fter the relief valve and before the entrance to the pasteurized side of aregenerator, all milk or milk product rises at least )1.7 centimeters 0#4 inches2 higherthan the highest raw milk or milk product in the system, and is open to the atmosphere atthat point3 or

b. +fter e*iting the pasteurized regenerator, and before the pressure reliefvalve, all milk or milk product must rise at least )1.7 centimeters 0#4 inches2 higher thanthe highest raw milk or milk product in the system, and be open to the atmosphere at that

point3 or c. The pressure relief valve is spring-loaded and plumbed so that it cannot be

opened or forced open in any mode, >Product>, >$ P> or > nspect>, without the assistanceof pressure from the li!uid flowing through the system. n this case, a leaking pressurerelief valve can cause an unacceptable loss of pressure in the pasteurized side of theregenerator during a shut down and is considered a violation of tem #6p0 2 ofthis Ordinance . MAGNETIC FLOW METER BASED TIMING SYSTEMS FOR

HTST PASTEURIZERS

=any HTST pasteurizing system use magnetic flow meter based timing systems. Theflow through these systems is developed by a combination of flow promoting devicesincluding booster and stuffer pumps, separators and clarifiers, homogenizers and positivedisplacement pumps.

tem #6p0A240f2 of Section provides for their use, provided they meet the followingspecifications for design, installation and use.

COMPONENTS: =agnetic flow meter based timing systems shall consist of thefollowing components"

#. + sanitary magnetic flow meter which has been reviewed by + or one 0#2which is e!ually accurate, reliable and will produce si* 062 consecutive measurements ofholding time within 1.7 seconds of each other.

4. Suitable converters for conversion of electric and8or air signals to the proper modefor the operation of the system.

). + suitable flow recorder capable of recording flow at the flow alarm set point andalso at least #: liters 07 gallons2 per minute higher than the flow alarm setting. The flowrecorder shall have an event pen that shall indicate the status of the flow alarm withrespect to flow rate.


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5. + flow alarm, with an ad;ustable set point, shall be installed within the systemwhich will automatically cause the to be moved to the divert position whenevere*cessive flow rate causes the milk or milk product holding time to be less than the legalholding time for the pasteurization process being used. The flow alarm shall be tested bythe ?egulatory +gency in accordance with the procedures of the fre!uency specified.

The flow alarm ad;ustment shall be sealed.7. + loss-of-signal alarm shall be installed with the system, which will automaticallycause the to be moved to the divert position whenever there is a loss-of-signal fromthe meter. The loss-of-signal provision shall be tested by the ?egulatory +gency inaccordance with the fre!uency specified. The loss-of-signal provision shall be sealed.

6.


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#. The timing pump shall be located downstream from the raw milk or milk productregenerator section, if a regenerator is used.

4. The magnetic flow meter shall be placed before the holding tube and after any bypassed regenerator0s2. There shall be no intervening flow-promoting components between the meter and the holding tube.

). The control valve, used with the constant speed flow promoting device, may belocated downstream of the magnetic flow meter.5. The magnetic flow meter, the sanitary check valve or normally closed control

valve, shall all be located upstream from the start of the holding tube.7. +ll flow-promoting devices, which are upstream of the , such as booster and

stuffer pumps, separators and clarifiers, homogenizers and positive displacement pumpsshall be properly interwired with the so that they may run and produce flow throughthe system at sub-legal temperatures, only when the is in the fully diverted positionand when in >Product> run mode. Separators or clarifiers that continue to run, after theyare de-energized must be automatically valved-out of the system, with fail-safe valves, sothey are incapable of producing flow.

6. There shall be no product entering or leaving the system, i.e., cream or skim milkfrom a separator or other product components, between the magnetic flow meter and the.

. The magnetic flow meter shall be so installed that the milk or milk product hascontact with both electrodes at all times when there is flow through the system. This ismost easily accomplished by mounting the flow tube of the magnetic flow meter in avertical position with the direction of flow from the bottom to the top. However,horizontal mounting is acceptable when other precautions are taken to assure that bothelectrodes are in contact with the product. They should not be mounted on a highhorizontal line that may be only partially full and thereby trap air.

9. The magnetic flow meter shall be piped in such a manner that at least ten 0#12 pipe diameters of straight pipe e*ists, upstream and downstream from the center of themeter, before any elbow or change of direction takes place.


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F#%&/e 123 M# 4-t*-M# 4 Re%e!e/(t#*! - H*$*%e!#5e/ U'.t/e($ +/*$ H* )#!% T& e


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F#%&/e 163 M# 4-t*-M# 4 Re%e!e/(t#*! - B**.te/ P&$'

F#%&/e 173 M# 4-t*-M# 4 Re%e!e/(t#*! - H*$*%e!#5e/ (!) V(8&&$ C"($ e/.D* !.t/e($ +/*$ F * -D#9e/.#*! De9#8e


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F#%&/e 1 3 HTST S0.te$ #t" ( M(%!et#8 F * Mete/ U.#!% ( C*!.t(!t S'ee)Ce!t/#+&%( P&$' (!) ( C*!t/* V( 9e


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F#%&/e ;


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be cleaned and re-used. 'lectronic air cleaners using electrostatic precipitation principlesto collect particulate matter may be used in spray drying systems only as a pre-filter.

F# te/ Pe/+*/$(!8e: The air supply system and8or ducting shall be such that the airsupply is caused to pass through suitable air filters, properly installed, before coming incontact with milk product-contact surfaces of the drying system. Supply air filters for air,which will be heated before it comes in contact with the milk or milk product, shall be ofa design, selected to operate at a face velocity, and installed in a manner which will allowthe filter manufacturerBs rating to be :1 percent 0:1C2or higher, when tested inaccordance with the +merican Society of Heating, ?efrigerating and +ir-$onditioning'ngineers 0+SH?+'2 Synthetic ust +rrestance test. 0#2

Supply air filters for air, which will not be heated before it comes in contact with the milkor milk product, shall be of a design, selected to operate at a face velocity, and installedin a manner which will allow the filter manufacturerBs rating to be 97 percent 097C2orhigher when tested in accordance with the +SH?+' +tmospheric ust Spot =ethod. 0#2

AIR UNDER PRESSURE - MILK PRODUCT - CONTACTSURFACES

F# te/ Me)#(: +ir intake and pipeline filters shall consist of fiberglass with a downstream backing dense enough to prevent fiberglass break off from passing through, cottonflannel, wool flannel, spun metal, electrostatic material or other e!ually acceptablefiltering media, which are non-shedding and which do not release to the air, to*icvolatiles or volatiles which may impart any flavor or odor to the milk or milk product.

F# te/ Pe/+*/$(!8e: ntake air filter efficiency shall be at least :9C S+' D 46 042, Dune

#:90) 2

using +ir $leaner 0+$2 coarse test dust. inal filter efficiency shall be at least::C as measured by the ioctylphthalate og =ethod 0 &P2 test 0with a mean particlediameter of 1.) microns2. 052


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The air supply shall be taken from a clean space or from relatively clean outer air andshall pass through a filter upstream from the compressing e!uipment. This filter shall belocated and constructed so that it is easily accessible for e*amination and the filter mediaare easily removable for cleaning or replacing. The filter shall be protected from weather,drainage, water, product spillage and physical damage.

M*#.t&/e Re$*9( E?'$e!t " ilters shall be constructed so as to assure effective passage of air through the filter media only. The coalescing filter and associated trapsshall be located in the air pipeline downstream from the compressing e!uipment, andfrom the air tank, if one is used. The filter shall be readily accessible for e*amination,cleaning, and for replacing the filter media.The moisture trap shall be e!uipped with a

petcock or other means for draining accumulated water. 0?efer to igures )4, )) and )62


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piping enters the milk or milk product zone from a point higher than the milk or milk product overflow level, which is open to the atmosphere, or is for dry productapplications, or for other dry application where li!uids are not present.


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F#%&/e ;13 I!)#9#)&( C*$'/e..#*!-T0'e A#/ S&'' 0

$ompressing '!uipment

rain Ealve

+fter-cooler 0


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F#%&/e ;;3 Ce!t/( C*$'/e..#*!-T0'e A#/ S&'' 0

$ompressing '!uipment ntake +ir ilter

+fter-cooler

Sanitary ?elief Ealve

+ir Pipe Fine $oalescing ilter and =oisture Trap

Pressure @auge 0&ptional2

ryer 0


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F#%&/e ;@3 I!)#9#)&( B * e/-T0'e A#/ S&'' 0

Alower or an, )5.7-#1).7 kPa 07-#7 psi2

+ir Fine or uct

Pressure @auge 0


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#. Alower or an, Aelow )5.7 kPa 07 psi2

4. ntake +ir ilter

). To Point of +pplication

F#%&/e ;23 R*t(t#!% M(!)/e A..e$ 0

$ompressing '!uipment

+fter-cooler 0


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The following methods and procedures will provide steam of culinary !uality for use inthe processing of milk and milk products.

SOURCE OF BOILER FEED WATER

Potable water or water supplies, acceptable to the ?egulatory +gency, will be used.

FEED WATER TREATMENT

eed water may be treated, if necessary, for proper boiler care and operation. Aoiler feedwater treatment and control shall be under the supervision of trained personnel or a firmspecializing in industrial water conditioning. Such personnel shall be informed that thesteam is to be used for culinary purposes. Pretreatment of feed waters for boilers or steamgenerating systems to reduce water hardness, before entering the boiler or steamgenerator by ion e*change or other acceptable procedures, is preferable to the addition ofconditioning compounds to boiler waters. &nly compounds complying with 4# $ ?# ).)#1 may be used to prevent corrosion and scale in boilers, or to facilitate sludgeremoval.

@reater amounts shall not be used of the boiler water treatment compounds than theminimum necessary for controlling boiler scale or other boiler water treatment purposes.

%o greater amount of steam shall be used for the treatment and8or pasteurization of milkand milk products than necessary.

t should be noted that tannin, which is also fre!uently added to boiler water to facilitatesludge removal during boiler blow-down, has been reported to give rise to odor problems,

and should be used with caution.Aoiler compounds containing cyclohe*ylmine, morpholine, octadecylamine,diethylamino-ethanol, trisodium nitrilotriacetae, and hydrazine shall not be permitted foruse in steam in contact with milk and milk products.

BOILER OPERATION

+ supply of clean, dry saturated steam is necessary for proper e!uipment operation.Aoilers and steam generation e!uipment shall be operated in such a manner as to preventfoaming, priming, carryover and e*cessive entrainment of boiler water into the steam.$arryover of boiler water additives can result in the production of milk or milk productoff-flavors. =anufacturersB instructions regarding recommended water level and blow-down should be consulted and rigorously followed. The blow-down of the boiler should

be carefully watched, so that an over-concentration of the boiler water solids and foamingis avoided. t is recommended that periodic analyses be made of condensate samples.Such samples should be taken from the line between the final steam separating e!uipmentand the point of the introduction of steam into the milk or milk product.


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PIPING ASSEMBLIES

?efer to igure ) and )9 for suggested piping assemblies for steam infusion or in;ection.&ther assemblies that will assure a clean, dry saturated steam are acceptable.

F#%&/e ;63 C& #!(/0 Ste($ P#'#!% A..e$ 0 +*/ Ste($ +*/ Ste($ I!+&.#*! */I!>e8t#*!

F#%&/e ;73 C& #!(/0 Ste($ P#'#!% A..e$ 0 +*/ Ste($ I!+&.#*! */ I!>e8t#*!O't#*!( C*!+#%&/(t#*!


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F#%&/e ; 3 C& #!(/0 Ste($ P#'#!% A..e$ 0 +*/ A#/.'(8e He(t#!% */ De+*($#!%3

IV3 THERMOMETER SPECIFICATIONS

INDICATING THERMOMETERS FOR BATCH

PASTEURIZERST0'e:

#. =ercury-+ctuated3 irect-?eading"a. $ontained in a corrosion-resistant case, which protects against breakage

and permits easy observation of the column and scale. b. illing above mercury - nitrogen or other suitable gas.c. The mercury column shall be magnified to an apparent width of not less

than #.6 millimeters 01.1647 of an inch2.4. igital" Stand +lonea. %o more than 1.4G$ 01.7G 2 drift over three 0)2 months use on a batch

pasteurizer compared to a certified temperature source. b. Self-diagnostic circuitry, which provides constant monitoring of all

sensing, input and conditioning circuits. The diagnostic circuitry should be capable ofdetecting >open> circuits, >short> circuits, poor connections and faulty components. (pondetection of failure of any component, the device shall blank or become unreadable.

c. The electromagnetic compatibility of this device for this use shall bedocumented and available to the ?egulatory +gency. The device must be tested todetermine the effects of electrostatic discharge, power fluctuation, conductive emission


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and susceptibility, and radiative emission and susceptibility. The device must complywith the re!uirements for performance level characteristics of industrial devices. Eendorsshall develop protocols for these tests with + concurrence.

d. The effect of e*posure to specific environmental conditions shall bedocumented. The device must be tested to determine the effects of low and high

temperatures, thermal shock, humidity, physical shock and salt fog. Eendors shalldevelop protocols for these tests with + concurrence.e. Aoth the probe and the display case shall be constructed so that they may

be sealed by the ?egulatory +gency.f. $alibration of the device shall be protected against unauthorized changes.g. The device shall be protected against unauthorized component or sensing

element replacement. ?eplacement of any component or sensing element shall beregarded as a replacement of the indicating thermometer and sub;ect to ?egulatory+gency inspection and all application tests under +ppendi* . of this Ordinance .

h. The sensing element shall be encased in appropriate material constructedin such a way that the final assembly meets the conditions of tem ##p of this Ordinance .

i. The device must be tested from the sensing probe through the final output.). igital" $ombination"a. %o more than 1.4G$ 01.7G 2 drift over three 0)2 months use on a batch

pasteurizer compared to a certified temperature source. b. Self-diagnostic circuitry, which provides constant monitoring of all

sensing, input and conditioning circuits. The diagnostic circuitry should be capable ofdetecting >open> circuits, >short> circuits, poor connections and faulty components. (pondetection of failure of any component, the temperature sensors output signal andindicating display shall go visibly out of range.

c. The electromagnetic compatibility of this device for this use shall bedocumented and available to the ?egulatory +gency. The device must be tested todetermine the effects of electrostatic discharge, power fluctuation, conductive emissionand susceptibility, and radiative emission and susceptibility. The device must complywith the re!uirements for performance level characteristics of industrial devices. Eendorsshall develop protocols for these tests with + concurrence.

d. The effect of e*posure to specific environmental conditions shall bedocumented. The device must be tested to determine the effects of low and hightemperatures, thermal shock, humidity, physical shock and salt fog. Eendors shalldevelop protocols for these tests with + concurrence.

e. Aoth the probe and the display case shall be constructed so that they may be sealed by the ?egulatory +gency.

f. $alibration of the device shall be protected against unauthorized changes.g. The device shall be protected against unauthorized component or sensing

element replacement. ?eplacement of any component or sensing element shall beregarded as a replacement of the indicating thermometer and sub;ect to ?egulatory+gency inspection and all application tests under +ppendi* . of this Ordinance .


i. The device must be tested from the sensing probe through the final output.
http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm302879.htmhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm302879.htmhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm302879.htmhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm302879.htmhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm302879.htmhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm302879.htm


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S8( e: Shall have a span of not less than fourteen 0#52 $elsius degrees 0twenty-five 0472ahrenheit degrees2, including the pasteurization temperature, 4.7/$ 0 7/ 23 graduatedin 1.7/$ 0#G 2 divisions, with not more than nine 0:2 $elsius degrees 0si*teen 0#62ahrenheit degrees2 per 4.75 centimeters 0# inch2 of span3 and protected against damageat #17/$ 0441/ 2. Provided, that on batch pasteurizers used solely for thirty 0)12 minute

pasteurization of milk and milk products at temperatures above #/$ 0#61/ 2, indicatingthermometers with #/$ 04/ 2 scale graduations, with not more than si* 062 $elsiusdegrees 0twenty-eight 0492 ahrenheit degrees2 per 4.75 centimeters 0# inch2 of scale,may be used.

A88&/(80:


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temperatures, thermal shock, humidity, physical shock and salt fog. Eendors shalldevelop protocols for these tests with + concurrence.


f. $alibration of the device shall be protected against unauthorized changes.

g. The device shall be protected against unauthorized component or sensingelement replacement. ?eplacement of any component or sensing element shall beregarded as a replacement of the indicating thermometer and sub;ect to ?egulatory+gency inspection and all applicable tests under +ppendi* . of this Ordinance .


i. The device must be tested from the sensing probe through the final output.

S8( e: Shall have a span of not less than fourteen 0#52 $elsius degrees 0twenty-five 0472ahrenheit degrees2, including the pasteurization temperature, 4.7/$ 0 7/ 23 and

protected against damage at #17/$ 0441/ 2, and in the case of thermometers used onHHST systems protected against damage at #5:oc 0)11of2. =ercury actuatedthermometers shall be graduated in 1.4/$ 01.7/ 2 divisions with not more than four 052$elsius degrees 0eight 092 ahrenheit degrees2 per 4.75 centimeters 0# inch2 of scale. Thedigital thermometer readout shall display in units no greater than of 1.17/$ 01.#/ 2.

A88&/(80:


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b. The bottom of the bulb chamber shall not be less than 7# millimeters 04inches2 and not more than 9: millimeters 0).7 inches2, below the underside of the cover.

c. illing above mercury - nitrogen or other suitable gas.d. The mercury column shall be magnified to an apparent width of not less

than #.6 millimeters 01.1647 of an inch2.

4. igital" Stand +lone"a. %o more than 1.4/$ 01.7/ 2 drift over three 0)2 months use on a batch pasteurizer compared to a certified temperature source.

b. Self-diagnostic circuitry, which provides constant monitoring of allsensing, input and conditioning circuits. The diagnostic circuitry should be capable ofdetecting >open> circuits, >short> circuits, poor connections and faulty components. (pondetection of failure of any component, the device shall blank or become unreadable.

c. The electromagnetic compatibility of this device for this use shall bedocumented and available to the ?egulatory +gency. The device must be tested todetermine the effects of electrostatic discharge, power fluctuation, conductive emissionand susceptibility, and radiative emission and susceptibility. The device must comply

with the re!uirements for performance level characteristics of industrial devices. Eendorsshall develop protocols for these tests with + concurrence.d. The effect of e*posure to specific environmental conditions shall be

documented. The device must be tested to determine the effects of low and hightemperatures, thermal shock, humidity, physical shock and salt fog. Eendors shalldevelop protocols for these tests with + concurrence.


f. $alibration of the device shall be protected against unauthorized changes.g. The device shall be protected against unauthorized component or sensing

element replacement. ?eplacement of any component or sensing element shall beregarded as a replacement of the indicating thermometer and sub;ect to ?egulatory+gency inspection and all application tests under +ppendi* of this Ordinance .


i. The device must be tested from the sensing probe through the final output. ;. The bottom of the bulb chamber is not less than 7# millimeters 04 inches2

and not more than 9: millimeters 0).7 inches2, below the underside of the cover.

S8( e: Shall have a span of not less than fourteen 0#52 $elsius degrees 0twenty-five 0472ahrenheit degrees2, including the pasteurization temperature of 66/$ 0#71/ 2, 4.7/$0 7/ 23 graduated in not more than #/$ 04/ 2 divisions, with not more than nine 0:2 $el-sius degrees 0si*teen 0#62 ahrenheit degrees2 per 4.75 centimeters 0#inch2 of scale3 and

protected against damage at 0#17/$2 441/ .

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RECORDING THERMOMETERS FOR BATCHPASTEURIZERS

=3 UTILIZING TEMPERATURES LESS THAN 6= C=2< F

C(.e: =oisture proof under normal operating conditions in milk plants.

S8( e: Shall have a span of not less than eleven 0##2 $elsius degrees 0twenty 0412ahrenheit degrees2, including pasteurization temperature, 4.7/$ 0 7/ 23 andgraduated in temperature-scale divisions of 1.7/$ 0#/ 2, spaced not less than #.6millimeter 01.1647 of an inch2 apart between 61/$ 0#51/ 2 and 6:/$ 0#77/ 2. Provided,that temperature-scale divisions of 1.7/$ 0#/ 2, spaced not less than #millimeter 01.151inch2 apart, are permitted when the ink line is thin enough to be easily distinguished from

the printed line3 graduated in time-scale divisions of not more than ten 0#12 minutes3 andhaving a chord of straight-line length of not less than 6.) millimeters 01.47 inches2,

between 6)/$ 0#57/ 2 and 66/$ 0#71/ 2.

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Ste$ F#tt#!%: Pressure-tight seat against the inside wall of the pipe3 no threads e*posedto milk or milk products3 and the distance from the underside of the ferrule to thesensitive portion of the bulb is to be not less than 6 millimeters 0) inches2.

C"(/t S'ee): + circular chart shall make one 0#2 revolution in not more than twelve 0#42hours. Two 042 charts shall be used if operations e*tend beyond twelve 0#42 hours in one0#2 day. $ircular charts shall be graduated for a ma*imum record of twelve 0#42 hours.Strip-charts may show a continuous recording over a twenty-four 0452 hour period.

F/e?&e!80 Pe!: The recorder8controller shall be provided with an additional pen-armlocated on the outer edge of the chart, for recording the time at which the is in theforward or diverted-flow position. The chart time line shall correspond with the referencearc, and the recording pen shall rest upon the time line matching the reference arc.

C*!t/* e/: +ctuated by the same sensor as the recorder pen, however the cut-in and cut-out response shall be independent of pen-arm movement.

C*!t/* e/ A)>&.t$e!t: + mechanism for the ad;ustment of the response temperature. tshall be designed so that the temperature setting cannot be altered or the controllermanipulated without detection.

T"e/$*$et/#8 Re.'*!.e:


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RECORDING THERMOMETERS USED IN STORAGETANKS

C(.e: =oisture proof under operating conditions in milk plants.

S8( e: Shall have a scale span of not less than twenty-eight 0492 $elsius degrees 0fifty0712 ahrenheit degrees2 including normal storage temperature, )/$ 0 7/ 2, graduatedin not more than #/$ 04/ 2 divisions. Fines spaced not less than # millimeter 01.151 inch2apart, are permitted when the ink line is thin enough to be easily distinguished from the

printed line. They shall be graduated in time scale divisions of not more than one 0#2hour, having a chord of straight-line length of not less than ).4 millimeters 01.#47 inch2 at7/$ 051/ 2. These charts must be capable of recording temperatures up to 9)/$ 0#91/ 2.Span specifications do not apply to e*tensions beyond )9/$ 0#11/ 2.

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Pe!-A/$ Sett#!% De9#8e: 'asily accessible and simple to ad;ust.

Pe! (!) C"(/t P('e/: esigned to make a line not over .6)7 millimeters 01.147 inch2wide and easy to maintain.

Te$'e/(t&/e Se!.*/: Protected against damage at #11/$ 04#4/ 2.

Ste$ F#tt#!%: + pressure-tight seat against the inside wall of the pipe with no threadse*posed to solution.

C"(/t S'ee): $ircular charts shall make one 0#2 revolution in not more than twenty-four0452 hours. Strip charts shall not move less than 47 millimeters 0# inch2 per hour. =orethan one 0#2 record of the cleaning operation shall not overlap on the same section of thechart for either circular- or strip-type charts.

INDICATING THERMOMETERS USED IN

REFRIGERATED ROOMS WHERE MILK AND MILKPRODUCTS ARE STORED

S8( e R(!%e: Shall have a span not less than twenty-eight 0492 $elsius degrees 0fifty 0712ahrenheit degrees2, including normal storage temperatures, )/$ 0 7/ 2, withe*tensions of scale on either side permitted if graduated in not more than #/$ 04/ 2divisions.

Te$'e/(t&/e S8( e D#9#.#*!.: Spaced not less than #.6 millimeters 01.1647 inches2apart between 1/$ 0)4/ 2 and #)/$ 077/ 2.

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inally, for public health controls, the public health computer program must and can bemade error-free, since the programs re!uired for public health control are relatively brief.This is accomplished by attempting to keep the public health computer program simpleand of limited control scope.

GLOSSARY

A))/e..: + numerical label on each memory location of the computer. The computeruses this address when communicating with the input or output.

C*$'&te/: + very large number of on-off switches arranged in a manner to se!uentially perform logical and numerical functions.

De+(& t M*)e: The pre-described position of some memory locations during start-up andstandby operations of the computer.

EAPROM: +n E lectrically Alterable, P rogrammable, R ead- O nly M emory. ndividualmemory locations may be altered without erasing the remaining memory.

EEPROM: +n E lectrically E rasable P rogrammable, R ead- O nly M emory. The entirememory is erased with one 0#2 electrical signal.

EPROM: +n E rasable, P rogrammable, R ead- O nly M emory. The entire memory iserased by e*posure to ultra-violet light.

F(# S(+e: esign considerations that cause the instrument or system to move to the safe position upon failure of electricity, air, or other support systems.

F#e ) A te/( e: + device having a specific design or function that is readily changed by

the user and8or the maintenance personnel.

FDD: The common acronym used for flowIJKdiversion valves or devices on pasteurization systems.

F*/8e O++: + programmable computer instruction that places any input or output in the>off> state, independently of any other program instructions.

F*/8e O!: + programmable computer instruction that places any input or output in the>on> state, independently of any other program instructions.

H&$(! M(8"#!e I!te/+(8e: &ften referred to as operator interface, this computer station

allows personnel monitoring and control of the computer system normally by use of atouch screen or keyboard.3

I!'&t: 'lectrical signals applied to the computer and used by the computer to makelogical decisions on whether or not to activate one or more outputs. nput consists of datafrom temperature and pressure instruments, li!uid level controls, micro-switches, andoperator-controlled panel switches.


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I!'&t O&t'&t Te/$#!( .: The electrical panel that provides for the connection of allinputs and outputs to the computer. The input8output address labels are found on this

panel. ndicator lights showing the status, >on> or >off>, of all inputs and outputs may beavailable on this panel. This terminal is typically located on the computer and iscommonly know as a >bus>.

L())e/ L*%#8 D#(%/($: + programming language typically used for industrialcomputers commonly used and applied to milk pasteurization systems

L(.t St(te S #t8": + manually operated switch or software setting that instructs thecomputer to place all outputs in the >on>, >off>, or >last state> position during a start-up.The >last state> condition instructs the computer to place the outputs in whatever state, onor off, occurred during the last loss of power.

O'e/(t*/ O9e//#)e S #t8": + manually operated switch that permits the operator to place any input or output in the >on> or >off> position, independently of any programinstructions.

O&t'&t: 'lectrical signals from the computer that turn on or off valves, motors, lights,horns, and other devices being controlled by the computer. &utputs may also consist ofmessages and data to the operator.

P/*%/($$( e L*%#8 C*!t/* e/ PLC : +lso known as PF$Bs this is a computer,commonly used to control industrial machines, instruments and processes.

RAM: R andom Access M emory is memory used by the computer to run programs3 storedata3 read input and control outputs. The computer may either read data from the memoryor write data into the memory.

ROM: R ead- O nly M emory is memory used by the computer to run its own internalunchangeable programs. The computer may only read from the memory. t cannot writeinto the memory or alter the memory in any way.

RTD: ?esistance Temperature etector

St(!) 0 St(t&.: The computer is turned on, running, and waiting for instructions to start processing input data. + manually operated switch usually accomplishes this instruction.

St(t&. P/#!t#!%: Some computers are programmed to interrupt printing of the chartrecord and print the status of key set points and conditions such as" cold milktemperature, holding tube temperature, diversion temperature setting and chart speed.

CRITERIA

The following listed criteria shall be complied with for all computers when applied toHTST and HHST pasteurization systems used for @rade B+B milk and milk products. naddition, all systems shall conform to all other e*isting re!uirements of this Ordinance .


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#. + computer or a PF$ used for the public health control of a pasteurizer must bededicated only to the public health control of that individual pasteurizer. The publichealth computer shall have no other assignments involving the routine operation of themilk plant. $omputer functions peripheral to the public health controls, such as $ P valvecycling, may be acceptable, provided it does not compromise the public health

functionality of the public health computer or pasteurization system and all P=&re!uirements and safeguards are not compromised.4. The public health computer and its outputs shall not be under the command or

control of any other computer system or Human =achine nterface. t shall not have anaddress that is addressable by any other computer system. + host computer cannotoverride its commands or place it on standby status. +ll addresses of the public healthcomputer must be ready to process data at any time.

). + separate public health computer must be used on each HTST and HHSTsystem. &nly the public health computer may provide control over the public healthdevices and functions of the HTST and HHST system. +ny other computer or Human=achine nterface may re!uest a function of a device 0valve, pump, etc.2 within the

HTST or HHST system through a hard-wired input, however this re!uest would begranted or denied by the logic in the public health computer depending on the currentstatus of the computer program and public health 0P=&2 re!uirements.

5. The status of the inputs and outputs of the public health computer may be provided as inputs only to other computer systems and all public health outputs ordevices shall be controlled by direct hard-wiring from the output terminal bus of thecomputer to the device. This includes solenoids and motors located within the HTST orHHST system. The wiring connections must be provided with isolation protection such asrelays, diodes, or optical-coupling devices to prevent the public health outputs from beingdriven by the other computer system. igital outputs from another computer may beconnected to an input of the public health computer in order to re!uest the operation of adevice controlled by the public health computer.

7. (pon loss of power to the public health computer all public health controls mustassume the fail-safe position. =ost computers can be placed in standby status by either a

program instruction or manual switches. last state switches> that permit the designer to decide what statethe output bus will take on power-up, after a shutdown, or loss of power. The choices are>on>, >off>, or >last state> occurring when the computer lost power. These >last stateswitches> must be placed in the >fail-safe> or >off> position. (pon loss of power to thecomputer, all public health controls must assume the fail-safe position. =ost computerscan be placed in standby status by either a program instruction or manual switches. The


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printing of the chart and printing the nput8&utput conditions. Such interruptions forstatus printing are permitted only when a continuous record is recorded on the chart.clean> power source that is relatively free of spikes, interference andother irregularities shall be supplied to the public health computer.

b. The correct program should be confirmed at the time of sealing. 0?efer tothe criteria cited within L: of this Section2.

c. The output bus >last state> switch should be in the >off> or >fail-safe> position which will stop all functions of the HTST or HHST pasteurizer in case of aspurious program error.
http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm302879.htmhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm302879.htmhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm302879.htm


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c. + user manual including testing procedures and instructions as re!uired in$riteria L: of this Section.

DIAGRAM LEGEND

t M TimeT M Temperature=S M =icroswitchE M low ivert Ealve M low- iversion evice

F&S+ M Foss of Signal8Fow low +larmH + M High low +larmSTF? M Safety Thermal Fimit ?ecorder-$ontroller


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F#%&/e @13 L*%#8 D#(%/($: HTST S(+et0 T"e/$( L#$#t Re8*/)e/-C*!t/* e/


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5. The Steam-Alock Type System shall not move to the forward-flow positionuntil all conditions re!uired of the HHST pasteurizing system are met and shall divertunder the same conditions as a standard .

7.