Algae, Fungi, Protozoa Dan Parasit Multisel, Pendahuluan

8/13/2019 Algae, Fungi, Protozoa Dan Parasit Multisel, Pendahuluan

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ALGAE,FUNGI,PROTOZOAand

MULTICELLPARASITES

MarliaSinggihWibowo


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Questions

Whatiseucaryoticmicroorganisms?

Whatisthedifferencebetweenprocaryotic

cellsandeucaryoticcells?


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Unicellular?Multicellular?

WhatisFUNGI?


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Whatissaphrophyte?

WhatisBiotransformation?


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Primarymetabolitesandsecondary

metabolitesoffungi?

Whatisfermentation?


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Sporesvsmycelium?

SexualandAsexualreproduction?


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WhatisMycotoxin?

WhatisBudding?


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Outline Introduction:eucaryoticmikroorganisms

FUNGI:Classification,growth,andreproduction,roleoffungiinnatureandpharmacyfields

ALGAE:Classification,growth,andreproduction,roleoffungiinnatureandpharmacyfields

PROTOZOA:Classification,growth,andreproduction,roleinnatureandpharmacyfields

MULTICELLULARPARASITES:Classification,growth,

andreproduction,roleinnatureandpharmacyfields


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References

FarmakopeIndonesiaedisiIV,1995. USP27,2004.

TGA,Australia,2002.

DenyerSP,BairdRM,GuidetoMicrobiologicalControlinPharmaceuticals,EllisHorwood,NewYork,1990.

DenyerS.P.,HodgesN.A.,GormanS.P.,(Eds.),HugoandRussellsPharmaceuticalMicrobiology,7thed.,BlackwellScienceLtd.,Massachusetts,2004.

BairdR.M.,HodgesN.A.,DenyerS.P.,(Eds.),HandbookofMicrobiologicalQualityControl:PharmaceuticalsandMedicalDevices,CRCPress,BocaRaton,2000.

Barnett,Microbiology LaboratoryExercise,Wm.C.BrownPubl.,Dubuque,1992

Aszalos,A.,ModernAnalysisofAntibiotics,MarcelDekkerInc.,NewYork,1986.

BairdRM.,HandbookofMicrobiologicalQualityControl:PharmaceuticalsandMedicalDevices,CRCPress,London,2000.


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Pelczar,M.J.,etal.,Microbiology,ConceptsandApplications,McGrawHill,Inc.,NewYork,1993.

Madigan,M.T.,etal.,BrockBiologyofMicroorganisms,8thed.,PrenticeHallInt.Inc.,1997and newedition.

Prave,P.etal.(ed),BasicBiotechnology:aStudentsguide,VCH,NewYork,1987

NeidlemanS.I,andLaskinA.I.,AdvancesinAppliedMicrobiology,AcademicPress,NewYork,1997.

DeaconJ.W,ModernMycology,3rd ed.,BlackwellScience,Edinburgh,1997

Danlainlain


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Deacon J.W,Modern Mycology, 3rd ed., Blackwell Science, Edinburgh, 1997


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Introduction

Typeofmicroorganism:eucaryotescells

Whatthedifferencebetweeneucaryoticand

procaryoticcells?

Domainofeukaryaincluding:animals,plants,slimemoulds,protozoa,parasites

Classificationisbasedon:morphology,DNA

sequenceanalysis,ribosomalRNAsequence

analysis,etc.


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EucaryoticMicroorganisms

Unicellular(berseltunggal)danMulticellular

(berselbanyak)

FUNGI

ALGAE PROTOZOA

PARASITES(MULTICELLULAR)


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Cyanobacteria

GrampositivesProteobacteria

Fungi

PlantsExtremeHalophilesMethanosarcina

Universal phylogenetic tree as determined fromcomparative sequencing of 16S or 18S rRNA

(Wheelis et al. 1992).

Three Domains of Life

Bacteria Archaea

Eucarya(Eukaryote)

Prokaryotes

Microsporidia

AnimalsGreen non-sulfurbacteria

Flavobacteria

Thermotoga

Methanobacterium

MethanococcusPyrodictium

Thermoproteus

Slimemolds

Entamoebae

Ciliates

Flagellates

Trichomonads

Diplomonads

Thermococcus

Aquifex

Chloroplast

Mitochondrion

Thermoplasma

Methanopyrus

EuryarchaeotaCrenarchaeota

Korarchaeota


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Characteristicofeukaryoticmicroorganisms

Definitecellwalls(exceptforaquaticfungiandcellularslimemoulds)

Nucleiwithmembranes

GeneticInformationinsidethenucleusandcontainsmorethanonechromosome

Respirationinmitochondria

Chloroplastforphotosynthesis

Movementbyciliaatauflagella(stopkul2)


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FUNGI


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FUNGI

Terms:Fungus(singular)

Fungi(plural) Jamur(Ind.)

Mould(Kapang)

Yeast (Ragi=khamir)

Mushroom(Jamurbesar)


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FUNGI


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FUNGI

Saccharomyces cereviseae Candida albicans


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FUNGI

Fusarium sp. Aspergillus sp.

Penicillium sp.


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TaxonomyofFungi(Alexopoulos,1996)

Recentnames Previousnames

Oomycota OomycetesChytridiomycotaChytridiomycetes Lowerfungi

Zygomycota Zygomycetes

Ascomycota AscomycetesDeuteromycota Deuteromycetes,

Deuteromycotina, Higherfungi

FungiImperfectiBasidiomycota Basidiomycetes,

Basidiomycotina


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RoleofFungi

PositiveRole: IndustrialMicroorganisms:drugrawmaterial,

growthpromoter,enzymesforfoodindustry,etc.

Saprophyte:decomposer

Analyticaltools: mikroorganismsfortest

Biotransformation(jasa):hormon

Research:bioinformatic


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NegativeRole: Parasitesonplants,animals,human,(causeof

diseases)

Deteriorationofmanyproducts(food,drinks,households,cosmetics,etc.)


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HowtouseFungi?

Biomasa

PrimaryMetabolites

SecondaryMetabolites

Enzymes

Bioinformatics

Biotransformation


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SomefungiinIndustryField Product Source Usage

Pharmacy Penicillin P.chrysogenum antibacteria

Griseofulvin P.griseofulvumantifungi

Cyclosporin Trich.polysporum immunosuppresant

Agriculture Zealarenone Gibberellazeae growthpromoterGibberellins G.fujikuroi plantshormon

Industry Amylase Asp.oryzae,niger degradationofamilumLipase Mucor,Aspergillus degradationoflipid


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Morphology

Filamentousfungi=moulds

Hyphae mycelium

Producingspores(sexualandasexual)

Growthontips(apical)ofhyphae Yeast=Ragi(Ind.)

Formbudding

Selfdevidingreproduction


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CharacteristicofFungi Nutrition:Heterotroph

Nophotosynthesis(saprophyteorparasite)

Cellwall:containschitin(kitin)danchitosan(kitosan)

Nucleus:mostlyhaploid,somearediploid

Histone:Histone2B(similartoanimal)

Lysin:SyntesizedbyAAAbiosynthesispathway

Mitochondria:discshape

Storagecompounds:glicogen,lipid,trihalose

Sterol:ergosterol Ribosome:18srRNA


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Differencesbetweenmouldandyeast

Characteristic Mould Yeast

1. Cell size 5 30 m 4 m(e.g Candida)2. Growth form Form hyphae Budding system

/mycelium

3. Cell wall component chitin, glucan chitin and glucan in

various conc.

4. Spores with Pigment mostly colourless

5. Protein content 10% 6%

6. Glucosamine content 28% 33%

7. Nucleus mostly haploid can be haploid/diploid


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MouldsFilamentousFungi(Kapang)

Hyphaewithprotoplasmiccylinder formsurroundedbycellwalls

Diameterofhyphae:2 18m

Hyphaeconsistsofseveralcompartmentsseparatedbysepta(septum),butsomehavenosepta

Insideonecompartment:consistsofoneortwonucleus,danaktivitasprotoplasmaterpusatpada

daerahujunghifa(disebutdaerahapex=apicalregion)


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MouldsFilamentousFungi(Kapang)

Apicalendwith50nmthickness,cellwalls

withrangeupto125nmthickness. Apicalendcontainsnumerousoforganell,and

attipareahavealotofAVC=apicalvesicle

cluster, whichhaveanimportantroleinmouldgrowth

Iftheoldhyphaelysed(lysis),poresofsepta

willbefilledbysuchproteinscalledWoroninbodiesandtheseptawillberigidlyclosed


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StructureofMoulds

Hyphae structure Hyphae under electron

microscope


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Yeast(Ragi) Unicellular

SomeyeasthaveDimorfproperties(the

morphologychangedduetoenvironment

condition,suchastemperature,etc.)

Eachcellhasonenucluesandseveralorganell

BigVacuola

Reproductionwithbuddingsystem:bipolar

ormultipolar


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StructureofYeast

Budding of Yeast


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Fungiaseucaryoticcells NUCLEUS:containsthegenomeofcells

DNAwithinthenucleusiswoundaround

histonetoformnucleosomesandthen

chromosomes

Nucleusisenclosedbyapairofmembranes,

separatedbyaspace.Theinnermembraneis

asimplesac,whiletheouterisinmanyplacescontinuouswiththeER.


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Eukaryoticcell


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Nucleusofyeastcellunderelectronmicroscope


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Mitochondria

Mitochondrion(singular)isenergygeneratingorganellesofeukaryoticcells.

Forrespirationandoxidativephosphorylation

Canberodshapeorshperical

Animalcontainover1000mitochondria,yeasthavefewer

Mitochondriaaresurroundedbytwomembranes.Theoutermembranecomposedofanequalmixture

ofproteinandlipid,relativelypermeable.Theinnermembraneismoreproteinandlesspermeable

Lackofsterols,soaremuchlessrigid Possesaseriesoffoldedinternalmembranescalled

CRISTAE,sitesofenzymesinvolvedinrespirationandATPproduction


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Mitochondria


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Someanaerobiceukaryoticmicroorganisms

lackmitochondria,instead:Hydrogenosome. Examples:Trichomonas(parasites)

Function:OxidationofpyruvatetoH2,CO

2andacetate


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Hydrogenosome


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GolgicomplexofToxoplasmagondii


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LysosomeandPeroxisomes Lysosomescontainvariousdigestiveenzymes

todigestmacromolecules,suchasproteins,fatsandpolysaccharides

Peroxisomesproducehydrogenperoxide

(H2O2)fromthereductionofO2byvarious

hydrogendonors.


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Reproductionsystem Asexual

yeastformssporesinsporangiospores

whilemouldsformssporesinconidia.

Function:fordispersalpurposes(penyebaran)

Sexual

SexualReproductionoccurswhenhaploidgamet

fusedtoformzygote

Zygoteenterintomeiosis(pembelahan)processtoform

sexualhaploidspores.Function:for survivalindormantform


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Conidia (spores)

Conidiophore


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AsexualSpores Nonmotile:Zygomycota

Movewithoneflagella:Chytridiomycota

Movewithtwoflagella:Oomycota

Ascomycota,DeuteromycotaandBasidiomycotaneverformsporangium,and

havenoflagella.Theyreproducebybudding

system,fragmentation,etc


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Sexualspores Lowerfungiusuallyhaveclearsexualorgan

whileinhigherfungi theirsexualorganarenotdefinite,onlyfusionofsomatic(non

reproductive)hyphae

SexualSporesplayaroleondormantform

forsurvival(oospores,zygospores,

ascospores)


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Yeastcells


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Oomycota


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Oomycota

(Watermolds)

Phytophtora(a) Saprolegnia(b),(c) Pythium(d) Habitat:Aquatic

Sexualspores:

oospore

Phytophtorainfestans

Isapathogenicfungifor

potatoes

(a)

(b)(c)

(d)


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Chytridiomycota Allomyces(a)

Rhizophlyctis(b) Olpidium(c)

Mostlysaprophyte

Zygomycota


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Zygomycota(Breadmolds)

Mucor(a) Entomophthora(b) Pilobolus(c) Erynia(b) Piptochepalis(d) Rhizopus

Habitat:soil,decaying

plantmaterial

Sexualspores:zygospore

(a)

(b) (c)

(d)

Ascomycota


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Ascomycota(Sacfungi)

Neurospora(a) Eurotium(d) Ascobolus(c) Saccharomyces

Pneumocystis Habitat:soil,decaying

plantmaterial

Sexualspores:ascospores

(a)

(b) (c) (d)

Deuteromycota


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y(Fungiimperfecti)

Alternaria,Aspergillus Cladosporium

Geotrichum,Humicola Penicillium,Phomopsis Pesotum,Fusarium Trichoderma,Candida Habitat:soil,surfaceof

animalbodies

Basidiomycota


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y

(mushroom)

Agaricus(a)

Lycoperdon(b) Ganoderma(c) Puccinia(d) Amanita


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Pathogenic Fungi Fungicausesdiseasespadaskinsurfaceor

topical(Superficialmycoses) Fungicausesdiseasesonsubkutanlayer

(Subcutaneousmycoses) Fungicausesdiseasesinsidethehuman

bodyorsistemicsystem

(Deeporsistemic mycoses)


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Mycotoxin (Mikotoksin) Mycotoxinisfungalsecondarymetabolites

whichissecretedforsurvivalpurposesagainstothermicroorganismsorotherorganisms

Mainentranceforpathogenicfungiattacking

humanisthoughoralcavityorinhalationor

throughmucoseadhesionorlesioncontact.


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Oportunist Fungi Fungithatcausedseriousdiseasesdueto

otherdiseases Candidaalbicansisonesampleofoportunist

fungi,incertaincondition

Cryptococcusneoformans Aspergillus flavus,parasiticus


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Detection of toxigenic fungi Identification by microscope

Microbiological analysis

Immunochemistry

Molecular methods

Some methods for


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Some methods for

pathogenic fungi detection

Microsporon, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton,

Sporotrichum, can be cultured on Sabouraudmedium agar

Candida albicans on object glass , add 10%

KOH, observed under microscope : myceliumproduced

To differentiate Candidawith other non-pathogenic yeasts : use selective media (corn-meal agar)

Algae, Fungi, Protozoa Dan Parasit Multisel, Pendahuluan

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