Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 13/e Chapter Five: The American Revolution.

Alan Brinkley, Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 13/eAMERICAN HISTORY 13/e

Chapter Five: Chapter Five: The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

Steps to the American RevolutionSteps to the American Revolution: : REVOLUTION

12. Battle of Bunker Hill

1. French and Indian War

2. British Parliament passes new laws

3. American colonists take action

4. British Parliament passes Townshend Acts

10. Lexington and Concord

9. American colonists take action

8. British Parliament passes Intolerable Acts

7. Boston Tea Party

6. British Parliament passes Tea Act

5. Boston Massacre

11. 2nd Continental Congress

13. Colonists react

Chapter Five: Chapter Five:

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

IntroductionIntroduction What are they fighting for?What are they fighting for?

Some believed it was a military conflict Some believed it was a military conflict with Great Britain; others felt it was a with Great Britain; others felt it was a domestic political struggle (rich v. poor)domestic political struggle (rich v. poor)

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Second Continental Congress (1775): Representatives from the colonies met in Philadelphia to discuss plans.

A. Olive Branch Petition (1775): Sent petition to King George III asking to restore peace. King refuses petition.

B. Continental Army (1775): Created an army to prepare for war under the command of George Washington.



The War for IndependenceThe War for Independence– The First Phase: New EnglandThe First Phase: New England

Bunker Hill – deadliest battleBunker Hill – deadliest battle Invasion of Canada – to no availInvasion of Canada – to no avail

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Battle of Bunker Hill (1775):

-American army surrounded Boston after Lexington and Concord.

-British army attacks rebels to drive them back. Beaten back twice. Rebels run out of ammunition. Forced to retreat when British attack a 3rd time.

-2200 British start battle. 1000 killed or wounded. -British forced to abandon Boston. They sail out of Boston.

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American Colonists Take Action:

A. Thomas Paine writes Common Sense (Jan.1776):

-Argues for American independence.

-The British constitution was the colonists’ biggest problem.

B. Declaration of Independence (July 1776): Written by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Ben Franklin, and several others. Issued by the Second Continental Congress in July 1776.

-Declared our independence and created the United States of America. -Purpose: Break ties with England and create

United States of America.

-Purpose of Gov’t: Protect the rights, liberties of the people.

-Power comes from the people.

-Ideas did not apply to women, slaves, or Indians.

© 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Declaration (NARA)

Thomas Jefferson

(aka Monica Thomas)

(Library of Congress)

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“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government”

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The American (Continental, Patriot) Army: In the beginning, the Continental Army was made up of farmers, frontiersmen, and townspeople who left their homes to fight the British. Many believed the war would be short.

-At first, they had to provide their own weapons, ammunition, and uniforms.

-Over time, they would be formed into regular units with uniforms and proper equipment.

Reasons why theAmerican colonistsbelieved that they would win the war.

ADVANTAGES:1. They were fighting for their homes, families, lives, and freedom.2. George Washington3. They were fighting on their home ground.4. Ben Franklin got the French to help them.5. Many of the English generals were afraid to make mistakes.6. The English people would get tired of a long war.

DISADVANTAGES:1. Poorly trained army and no navy.2. No money to fight a war.3. Weak, inexperienced gov’t.4. 2/3 of population were either Tories or didn’t care.5. Professional English army,Hessians, and Indians againstthem.6.Poor equipment and lack of food. 7. Soldiers could leave at will.

Reasons why most people believed that England would win the war.

Reasons why England believed it would win its war with America.

ADVANTAGES:1. Professional army and navy.2. Factories to make war materials.3. $ to feed and supply an army.4. A government to make decisions.5. 1/3 of the American population were Tories. 1/3 of the American population were neutral or didn’t care.6. Hessians and Indians on British side. 7. Americans were poorly supplied and trained.

Reasons why Englandmight not win the war.

DISADVANTAGES:1. England had a 3000mile supply line.2. English soldiers werefighting because they were told to fight.3. America is a large piece of land and noteasy to control or conquer.4. Many of the English generals were afraid to make mistakes.


The American RevolutionThe American Revolution The States UnitedThe States United

– Mobilizing for WarMobilizing for War Financing the WarFinancing the War

Difficult b/c no hard currencyDifficult b/c no hard currency Paper currency led to inflationPaper currency led to inflation

General George WashingtonGeneral George Washington Beloved; admiredBeloved; admired

Foreign AssistanceForeign Assistance With currency problems, theWith currency problems, the

colonists had to resort to foreigncolonists had to resort to foreign

aidaidGeorge Washington at Valley Forge (The Palma Collection / Getty Images)



The Revolution in the North, 1775-1776



The War for IndependenceThe War for Independence– The Second Phase: The Second Phase:

The Mid-Atlantic RegionThe Mid-Atlantic Region British Take New York - HoweBritish Take New York - Howe Britain’s Strategy Britain’s Strategy

Go after the North; work their way SouthGo after the North; work their way South Patriot Victory at SaratogaPatriot Victory at Saratoga

Turning Point of the WarTurning Point of the War British BlundersBritish Blunders

They should’ve won phase 2; their mistakes They should’ve won phase 2; their mistakes were costlywere costly


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The Battle of Saratoga:

1. The British planned a 3 pronged attack to capture the Hudson River Valley and cut off New England from the rest of the colonies.

-Gen. Burgoyne would march south from Canada to take Albany.

-Gen. St. Leger would march east from the Great Lakes to Albany.

-Gen. Howe would march north from NYC to Albany.

2. St. Leger was defeated at Battle of Oriskany. Howe never moved north.

3. Burgoyne was on his own and met an American army at Saratoga.

Ben Franklin, living in France, was able to convince the French to help the Americans due to this victory.

THE BATTLE OF SARATOGA IS OFTEN CALLED A TURNING POINT OF THE WAR. THE AMERICAN VICTORY CAUSED THE FRENCH TO BEGIN TO SEND AID TO THE AMERICANS.

Gen. Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans with about 7,000 soldiers.



The Revolution in the Middle Colonies, 1776-1778



American Allies

British Allies

Oneida

Cayuga

Tuscaro Seneca

Mohawk

The War for IndependenceThe War for Independence– The IroquoisThe Iroquois

Officially, the Confederacy declared neutralityOfficially, the Confederacy declared neutrality However, there were However, there were

divisions w/in itdivisions w/in it• Some felt that siding with Some felt that siding with

the British would keepthe British would keep

Americans off their landAmericans off their land




The War for IndependenceThe War for Independence– Securing Aid from AbroadSecuring Aid from Abroad

Militia DiplomatsMilitia Diplomats Americans went to EuropeAmericans went to Europe

to get aid/supportto get aid/support Pivotal French AidPivotal French Aid

Ben Franklin went to Ben Franklin went to

France in 1778 with newsFrance in 1778 with news

that the colonists won atthat the colonists won at

SaratogaSaratoga France agreed to support the AmericansFrance agreed to support the Americans

Benjamin Franklin (Portrait Gallery)



The War for IndependenceThe War for Independence– The Final Phase: The SouthThe Final Phase: The South

Revolutionary Consequences of the SouthernRevolutionary Consequences of the SouthernCampaignCampaign British plan – appeal to Loyalists in the SouthBritish plan – appeal to Loyalists in the South Underestimated the amount of Patriot supportUnderestimated the amount of Patriot support

Nathanael GreeneNathanael Greene Patriot general who led Americans to many victoriesPatriot general who led Americans to many victories Used new military techniques (e.g., divide-and-Used new military techniques (e.g., divide-and-

conquer)conquer) YorktownYorktown

Ultimately ended the warUltimately ended the war

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The Battle of Yorktown:

The American and French armies defeated the British at the Battle of Yorktown.

General Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans.

This marked the end of major fighting.

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The Revolution in the South, 1778-1781



The War for IndependenceThe War for Independence– Winning the PeaceWinning the Peace

Treaty of Paris (1783) – official end of the warTreaty of Paris (1783) – official end of the war Now AmericaNow America

recognized asrecognized as

a free countrya free country

A map presented to Benjamin Franklin by the Royal Cartographer of France, showing the 1783 Treaty boundaries (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)




War and SocietyWar and Society– Loyalists and MinoritiesLoyalists and Minorities

The Loyalists’ PlightThe Loyalists’ Plight 1/3 of whites = Loyalists1/3 of whites = Loyalists Many fled; some stayedMany fled; some stayed

Disestablishment of Disestablishment of the Anglican Churchthe Anglican Church Many left AmericaMany left America Catholic Church’s positionCatholic Church’s position

improvedimproved

Tarring and Feathering (Library of Congress)


The American RevolutionThe American Revolution War and SocietyWar and Society

– The War and SlaveryThe War and Slavery African-American Desire for FreedomAfrican-American Desire for Freedom

Many escaped during the war (millions from the South)Many escaped during the war (millions from the South) Tension between Liberty and SlaveryTension between Liberty and Slavery

Seen as hypocritical since the white Patriots wanted liberty Seen as hypocritical since the white Patriots wanted liberty for all, but also worked to protect the institution of slaveryfor all, but also worked to protect the institution of slavery

– Native Americans and the RevolutionNative Americans and the Revolution They tried to stay neutral, but many took sidesThey tried to stay neutral, but many took sides

They saw Americans as more hostile than BritishThey saw Americans as more hostile than British Growing Divisions Among the IndiansGrowing Divisions Among the Indians

Deep divisions amongst tribes led to the weakening of Deep divisions amongst tribes led to the weakening of tribes; difficult to unify against whitestribes; difficult to unify against whites


The American RevolutionThe American Revolution War and SocietyWar and Society

– Women’s Rights and Women’s RolesWomen’s Rights and Women’s Roles Women of the ArmyWomen of the Army

Many “camp followers” went to help out with the war Many “camp followers” went to help out with the war effort (mostly doing household jobs)effort (mostly doing household jobs)

Calls for Women’s RightsCalls for Women’s Rights Abigail Adams – put a stop to abusive menAbigail Adams – put a stop to abusive men Judith Sergant Murray – equal rights for educationJudith Sergant Murray – equal rights for education

A Strengthened Patriarchal StructureA Strengthened Patriarchal Structure Married women had no rights (property, divorce, etc.)Married women had no rights (property, divorce, etc.)

Republican MotherhoodRepublican Motherhood Women expected to teach children about the republic Women expected to teach children about the republic

and to be a good citizenand to be a good citizen



Women of the Revolution (Library of Congress)




War and SocietyWar and Society– The War EconomyThe War Economy

New Patterns of TradeNew Patterns of Trade No more Navigation Acts to follow, so America No more Navigation Acts to follow, so America

could trade with whomever they pleased could trade with whomever they pleased (except Britain, who cut off trade)(except Britain, who cut off trade)

Pushed America to get into manufacturing Pushed America to get into manufacturing (won’t see this, though, until the mid-1800s(won’t see this, though, until the mid-1800s




The Creation of State GovernmentsThe Creation of State Governments– State governments were the first political State governments were the first political

creation of the Revolutioncreation of the Revolution– They revolved around the idea of a republican They revolved around the idea of a republican

government with power emanating from virtuous government with power emanating from virtuous landowning citizenslandowning citizens

– The Revolutionary struggle inspired written The Revolutionary struggle inspired written constitutions with limited executive power and constitutions with limited executive power and bicameral legislaturesbicameral legislatures– The upper chamber was to represent the elite, The upper chamber was to represent the elite,

which demonstrates that democracy was not which demonstrates that democracy was not completely acceptedcompletely accepted



The Creation of State GovernmentsThe Creation of State Governments– Revising State GovernmentsRevising State Governments

Too much democracy = states weren’t governingToo much democracy = states weren’t governing Revised constitutions (starting with MA) to allow Revised constitutions (starting with MA) to allow

for a governor and limit popular (people’s) powerfor a governor and limit popular (people’s) power



The American RevolutionThe American Revolution The Creation of State GovernmentsThe Creation of State Governments

– Toleration and SlaveryToleration and Slavery– Abolished in PA first, then rest of North followedAbolished in PA first, then rest of North followed– Allowed for slavery in South because:Allowed for slavery in South because:

– Helped economyHelped economy– RacismRacism– No clear alternativeNo clear alternative

Statute of Religious LibertyStatute of Religious Liberty Adopted by VA, completely separated church and Adopted by VA, completely separated church and

statestate

Maintaining slavery is like holding a “wolf by the ears…”

Thomas Jefferson


The American RevolutionThe American Revolution The Search for a National GovernmentThe Search for a National Government

– Articles of Confederation – first form of governmentArticles of Confederation – first form of government Limited power of the national government over statesLimited power of the national government over states Only a Congress; no President or JudiciaryOnly a Congress; no President or Judiciary It could not regulate trade, tax, or raise an armyIt could not regulate trade, tax, or raise an army Each state had 1 vote, 13 votes needed to ratify anythingEach state had 1 vote, 13 votes needed to ratify anything Confederation got little respect from other countriesConfederation got little respect from other countries


The Conflict Over Western Lands



The Search for a National GovernmentThe Search for a National Government– The Confederation and the NorthwestThe Confederation and the Northwest

The Ordinances of 1784 and 1785The Ordinances of 1784 and 1785 Created a system of surveying and selling Created a system of surveying and selling

lands in a grid (rectangular sections)lands in a grid (rectangular sections) Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Provided settlement and government of the Provided settlement and government of the NW TerritoryNW Territory

Guaranteed freedom of religionGuaranteed freedom of religion Prohibited slaveryProhibited slavery





Land Survey: Ordinance of 1785



The Search for a National Gov’tThe Search for a National Gov’t– Debts, Taxes, and Daniel ShaysDebts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays

Postwar Depression Postwar Depression Exposed economic weakness of the nationExposed economic weakness of the nation

Political Disputes over Economic IssuesPolitical Disputes over Economic Issues Confederation needed to tax to pay off debt, Confederation needed to tax to pay off debt,

but wasn’t allowed; caused argumentsbut wasn’t allowed; caused arguments Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion

MA farmer leading a revolt over high debt; no MA farmer leading a revolt over high debt; no national government was able to actnational government was able to act

RESULT: they realized the national RESULT: they realized the national government needed to changegovernment needed to change

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Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 13/e Chapter Five: The American Revolution.

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