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'•<~.lll'~;..lf; f""~'-ii'~ f illll<~~'•'""ft f,fll •1• ,,,~•!Of "*""~~IOiJ!;t:.t lif•L• ~·~ <t .. 'f!ll ,..W tA<!fl!!ll.~ ,.._.,,,~..- t ..,,liJ,;I!t1 • .,....~•t:~rh•·• f,.., Cf• .-. ·•t·N ·•~·•m h .f \14\c'll ft .d 5"11 h l\o~""""""'• t Ul 1\ litO ~•·f l,li ,...,~,.,..,. t.f;e,.f,.U ~·~~..,. •rt~ r''"~~.-n ,.. '4-,.Lo,. •• .f lf"f'7lj hr"'ill'i';f.fK>tl! .» •f,f"7ff;••ftlf lftr.,.~'t U\C,, ~, .. .., J',il'll,r.­*ftlllii'1H

·~ l ~''lt;'f 'l'ft'••'flltl•"'• >Mfa.• U;l';f!il <lolf••;>y ••;f•Jil.,_~'ll ··>~IJif·i,.tJ. ii ·~ .... ~··'f'~,., .. •.t••• fh'i'UO 'Ito) J""h tf'iiii-~Ji•tfO J H... h ,._ •••"P-tf ....... ., ... ,., ..... tiOl'Hioh"'l!''t t>•• • ~ -rt.,....t "'"~"'·"'t l:ltlltl f illmf•"''" ~-~~~~..,_, ""-~ ,......., •O ;t Mllllt ··~··., ........ ~·ilh .. ~~ .. ·~ ...... -d •t!ti • ,, ••• ...-,ftll!'"' ,.~ f!IMUtllil ...... r---'lirf' • ..,l.•..V..t ._, ft;• ttilf' * ,..olbhf~' IIUJII'.ff ~·,-.f.•tilf~ 1!),, tf,¥dJN ... "' tt AiUIIIlJ!Mr ttl riv ,,.,,,... f',,, ·~·~~' .. " 'hl!lidllflle"* ,_,,,

• ,. ..• ,..,.., "*"''1 tt.. .... , .. w,;.~ l;jl~~r she l'\U: •"'•1h...,.. t~l1,, •• .. •!nh tr-..4 f.-.;hwlt,-.-d •"'~~ *''• ••&.;· -~· •·n•'"'"'"'.....,..,._

t f"ul!.,.__ ,ttl •• • t,,.,,,.,.-w ,r-. .... -..~"' f,..,, d• '""""'' h~""'"1'Afh ~ "" \tn.n­h,..• '-'.AIIn \\',,*" 1\la'\S \\',••• M•·tt•-.1 t\~~ f'l ..t t~"N~ * t"•~• ... •'t'k •• ....,.,.""*'~~~• f1~t ~t."m•·INhf .,t,....,.,..t;,nd ~* ..,......._, .,..tft.-..rl ._.. _., • .,. rjlt~~A

et (~ ... 5.!lii!IW • (IIIJII~ Jt r<~~ltk k "t/~ ftfiiW.tm•r"n 'lie f~"fWlt'd tl• M.).II .... Q- 4!llnll.'llf'nl ut ~- .t~ert • ··~t'r-~--• fur st.- t:k-"tflt tlt,. f"\c.JI4) b•• thr hl"_,tc •'~~~>"'*- ad ltlltr U"" ~ U.l!ff.li• C tt••QC fhr Sh.-t..f' \ fd ....

' r • .,. .. ~r.,. ~·-.~-pt. n.-Y"'"'"''' tu t•t...t>ft,._ _, dfm.•rd U)CI ~ •• lhr f'!"'•·.,..*P' nf f1 ""..t ilfJ dw J".il'd .ahnntuff' b)ft-

.~llhlilft) .... &.;4,ill! tn'tlttbltw·••irtltil ptb t • ., rt.- tf.,Hf b)"1 '\~ lllr ~a.M.-.tw.t~ •* -·-- 6·,. Jl)tf!Udlll>Uftl fb~~o .... H-dt.,Hl•rt•! Uhtt'\ .rAJ *"•P ;;.,k1~ '""'klft.

(' .. a-, ~lfft. iitiiltWII!!IM\. ol f'¥...-·•t\t:t ''~"" ...,._, ~"'"' cfl""""".,_ .......... j!lt4"t~\l' U)il.l'f •)•1•~• ~fJi!'!l"'!>ll'd fa:f 11"'· tft fuul lotnJi\11 ~It~ C''-fi!IC'0-,0)· 111 dr) .~..... f)ttt."f••·o til ptra~ >.iff d••.r'a~e._llft M••"·• llU'J -.. .. 1 b,~-. Cll~U'it ""''"*d •*"' ta; hr • ...._ ..... in rbt UrfU •·od l;t)C:t ~~ Uf).,..,..aJI,a.tnt ftalll!' u ..... .,.. ~It-s.., dw ._,.-,,. .. W ............ fltt.ll\'f1.:'~ •II' f ... ud ltliUil>fUff l ...... .-.-.... ~~ Mid "'!i""""iJikd tt)4J~W,· .,.~u•tt...,.t nf at.· •u•h ~,. L;-.a: ,,.,, ,.tdlll)n' ,,. ,uffkrMI)' 1•~¢ cl>-)n. tW'Tl 1M ,. . ._.,ill. dill' urrn •ud t.,~c-1 ''•u~• ~,on,hl '".a ..,. ... t .-tolttMlftJ ll ~fMft\4MI1

': .. ...,.·

'\_,.

Draft [), ,cu 1ncnt

fh·;,trr h"h"nflltll tm.slls·· ,,.,,,·nt~;sl 1 than thl' lmH:r '"" l;s~L'f at the ~~~me W<~ter L'oJJicnl tFilo'UfC' ~~ "Ona ... '' •>~pJILsr~ h.util·l dfn·t ,, ... ulh '>'lwn a '•l'l.sti\f:ly finc-vraincd :-oil' mC"rftr, .a 'td.,mdy ,,,,:,c:·p.11rwd 'n11' Th,·, >~pillar) pri.'"UH: hl'>~d in the fine-grained up(ll."f 'nil I>~)L'f t)pi, all) 11111'1 apprnadt a \ ahtt: IIL'ar ;,:ro li c .. :-.arurarcd ~.:ondirions) ·~ fuh ... otpptn.J.shk no" Ill lUI'- inlutlw IPI.H'Illl;.Jf'l.'·!!lairwd hsycr (Dwyer. 1997).

(

I l ' L•i"llllo~l) H01mcr ...:

1 I 1 \

To~nii/Surfa~:c Trc:<llrncnt

Fine-Textured Soil

Coar~e· Tcx1urcd Snil

t'i~;un• 4: l,rofilt> of Capillary Barrier

Ot.·~ign c.·on~idc.·ralions for 1hc finc.'-lcxturcd ~oil la)cr of the Capillary Barrier sysrem indudt" all of lhos-: lil-ted for the ET Cover Sy~tcm. The facror of safety considerations lisrcd for rhe C.'T Co\'cr System m>~y nol. however. he applicabl~ for a Capillary Barrier Sy!'tem. In rcneral. the rapiflary barrier enhances the water storage capacity of the fine­textured !.oil layer. Con!>cqucntly. this layer will not need to be as thick as that in the ET Covc:r System. In fact, the fine-textured soil layer must be thick enough to store infiltrating water, yet thin enough so that all of the stored water can later be removed via ET. Thus, the de!iign con~idcrations for a capillary harrier involve determining the proper finc-tuturcd soil layer thickness and slope ~;radicnt .to minimize the percolation of water through this layer. In general, layer thickness and slope gradient requirements dc:~nd on dimatological inf(,rmation for the specific site (e.g., precipitation, rempcrature, humidiry), the characteristics of the soils used in the cover (e.g., water !itoragc capacity, hydraulic ccmdul·ti\·iry. tcxrure). Other factors that should be taken imo l·onsideration include !'uch things as ~lope ~tabiliry, vegetation characteristics, and desiccation (Dwyer, I 997).

'

f )rafl I )ocnrnc:nl

-H -Firtc-Graim.·d Snil

\\'al.:r Cont~na (0)

Jlaun ~: T)·pkal Soli ,,.,,,,.turt' ('haru,·tuh•tlr Cuf"'c.>i for flne. and Coarw t;ralntd Sols

Soil·\\·;ttcr i1 rrnl'wt."d from a non-~1npcd '--t~pillary barrier ~)'!-1t.'11l only by c\'apotr;m,Pration. or hy 1"-'h:nlation (bJt'il'-thrnuJ;h) into the unck71ying coar)C layer. If the \UICJ ~nr.tge nlt>Kity o( the fioc- In turt'd "oil htycr is !>Ufficknt to !>tore the C'-P,."Ctcd ir.fiiltralion at a p-.sni<"ul;n !>ilc:. thc~n nun ... lupml_! Clpitl;sry h;arrkr!o t·an JKC'\Cfll ,-cnical water ntO\'tmC'nl (hrc-.kthrou~h) into the underlying waste.

l~c..,aJ di\·n-t.ion within a ..,J,tpcd t:apillary bamt.>t ... y ... lf:m po,·ide!. ;an additional means of lt"m«>\inJ ~I \\'a!cr frum the fine-rexturt~ !>nil layer. Latt"ral diversion is n.~niiaJiy fllWity·driwn uns~uurilted c:hainat;c "ithin the fine 1a)'Cf. Bet· au~ lhe watc:r con1cnt in the fine Ia)~ i~~o u,;uaJiy grt~aiL'!>t m·ar ih intcrfan· with rhc urxlt.-rlyinr coarsc-tutured soil layer. and the h)'draulic conductivity CK) of an un-.aturatL'd ...oil incrca~~ with water content (0). l011taal dh·t.-rsion is conn.·nnatcd near this imerfa'-·c. latt•tal1y diwned water will resuh in in'-1Cato.in& wa1c:r t.:onl~nt in the downdip dinxtiun. 'The di\'er,ion length is the distanc:e which water is diwncd along the finckoarsc interface hcfon: theR is appreciable hcakduough into the coarse layer CFirun: 6).

::II

'''"' llt,lf .Ill' It'" 'II" 0 jld !1 ft< ,(,'II< .:ltooiJ < 1.11 ~.IJJ}' 'Ill" ,j' ',lfi.J:- '"'' llf •rlf) 1·olfl(h

r.rtlwr rh.111, f.•~ 1

·\ '.tjtll.Jt~ I .ollh 1 • > ·!1111 q,,,, ''"' '" 'fii,IJ\ 1 111 "' u, 1 .l<ll •. tl.'~ "' \dfl'l\' ·•PJ'I•·prr.tll' ·~·rl lll.lkll.tl' ,.,,.liP! h ·"''" .r\ .lti.Jilll·

l "''11t' '·''' h,· .;II ... h.1111.r;••· 111 l.rlt t.dl~ dr,llfiiiJ:' 1\,,tcr bur. 111 turn.'·"' he,, thlj.'l'

dr•.Hh .1l1l.1j'<' II rill' air• ··•·1• •II h ''i'tlt "' till' 1 • ' ' ,., • ~ •I<' fir '' "'·""''l"·''l'. tlrl'll'h) ll''lllrHIJ! Ill '1;:11tfh .1111 ,,, ... ,1 th1o•11rh II,,, ·'l''ll.1r~ I•.1IIHI '~·hllll' ''''J~t'd. tlw '"'' dilllt.'ll'-Jonal I l.tll'l.rl ·'"'I '' rt" .tl t .-1 k, 1' 1 ·I ··• ·•I ''· ,,: ... '''' ···, rn•·nt "''''' l~t.· t.rh·n 111111 ;" l' •unl

-t J>,ff,,, nlr.tl 'l'llklr" nt, .111 Jllll"•lu,,· ''rr1tfi, .1111 tfj,,,,,IIIIHJJIJl'' 111 th~..· fin~: 11\l'l nMI'l'

~orl 1.~~,., JJ;h·rb"· thu' ,, :~<fl'llll).' till· , ·'l'dl.tt~ "·'""'' '~'hill k'' dk.-tiH.- ·nll., '' l''J'Il'''·'ll~ tru,· f111 ''"I" d 1 ·'J'tll.ar) b.Hlll'l '~'''''~~'··

In 1-'l"llt't;JI. thl· dr•lfll, "''''dn.111"11' Jll<''<lltnl 111 Sntron .1 0 ;rpply lo the d. ,;rn of thil> I.J~l'l. Tlw ""'' U'-nl , .. , tlw rllll' '·')l'l "' lll\l'f Ia~~~ \\illofh:n ht.·thl' ncar-~urfa~e ~oil ll"f''"tll ..... \~J'dl·,J durlllf ,·karing ;111d pr,·paration of the ~itc:. nr material taken from a tll'.uhy hom•" pit fmp~'l'l<tllt '"n ... id~·r;~tit •n-. in thl· dt.•o,ifn and sx·rfurm:mce of the cuvcr l.r~l'r .trl' ''' ;rbdrl~ In 'l'l\l' ,,, :r rontillf nwd111rn. thl' '••il water ... turare l'ap;Kity, a., well '''· tht.· ~~·,n·, l.rrrr;rl dJ\l'f'lllfl , apauty {\dwn dnirning a 'loped r<~pillary t•:.:rricr '~'h'ln)

Rootmg n;, .lum1 1'!.1111' p·~t,·a.dl) pi;•~ <llll'"l'tllial role in tht.: 'tahility and pcrfnnn.;mcc nf a u•H·r '~""'Ill lk~ "nd thl' htt;i'til·al ;IJld l'l'onomi~o.· ron.,traint!>- of import in£ a nun­r,~t.·al '011. ltll' U'-l.' <lf '<•tJ' •imiJ.U IO lho'l' of the 'Urrounlfrngs has llll'ril frnm the tttll"tdl'fJitnn of '" function "' ;a tootin~ nwdium for native plants. Each site ha' a ~..hara~o.·tl'fl'lrr dam.l\ l'l;rnr liii!Hnunity tthat i .... the ~pecit~~ and dl'n!!llY of plants that are hl'~l 'Uitl'J for the p;rni~..uLn climate. "oil ;rnd topogr;Jphy). h j, pwh~thle that rt.'f;trdless uf the inillal n•ndt!lon of a plot of ground I from hare to wgetaled), the dirnax ~..·omrnunity "tll~o.·\l'lllllally ht.· .... ,,,,hJi,ht.·d. Tim.,, u-.ing hKal ~oil ~huuld rc~uh in more prl'dirtahlc 'cgctallnn. l'on'i't~·nt \\ ith \l'!!l'l;ttion th;Jt has l'\ oh ed naturally for that hll.·atinn. Whik it j, po,~ihll" to amend a 'nil to improve it~ rharacteri!>-tics as a rootinl! nll'diurn. any addittonal prol·l· .. -.ing or anwnJml.'nb will increase costs.

wm,., .\IIITIIXt' llljllll iry . Thl.' \\ ~Jil"T ''"r "l!l" l ;~pal'ity of the {'1)\'l"r layer soils depends upon the phy,iralt.·h;Jr;•,·tl·r jqic~ of rhe 'oil Jlld rhe prt·-.mre of the underlying capillary ha·ak. The 11ater '"•rage c1parity of a t.·apillary h;micr can he ('stimatcd from the soil mni ... ture t.·har:Kteri ... til: n1nc of it~ fine "oil la~er to indkate the additional storage ...-ap;s,·rty a" a r,· .. uh nf thl· undnlying c;Jptl!ar~ hrl·ak (Stormont and \1orris 1998). The h'Xture of this (ncrl~ inp fine ... oil b important m ,kll'rrnining the additiom!l water ~torage ~o·apadty. The water 'h'tage ctpadty nf >t~o.·aprllary harrier was mea~urcd in a ficld-s~.:ale ( 14 m! .. urfan· arl';l l "atn habnn~ np~rim~·nt 1 Stormont. I 996). In this test. a 900-mm thi~o.·k ... illy !-and "as pla~o.·t·d llH'r a unif, •rm gr;l\ ... ·J to form a t.';tpillary harrier. The water l'lll\ll'l\1 in the fine b) t.•r was nll'a ... ur~..·d a:. "att.·r ''a-. ;ultkd at a ~..·nn ... tant rate of ahnut 10

I~

\.

11\Jllflf;sy. Btl'ol~lfllllll}'h 1111" lhL' '"•II'\' l.t~\'1 \\01' tktl'dnf h~ Llllll"l'till!! \\;stCf that

'"·'"w'l fl,.m tin· • .. ,,,,,. l.t~n Till· ".•h'r .,,,,11.111 111 rlu· firw 1,.~,., al hH·a~rhruu~!h "a" .1hnut JO',Y h) \nlllllll' ,.,;·,JJ tilt' llth'lf.tll'. lhL' 11•1<~1 ••m••UIII of ""ter 'Ioree.! in the: , ;aptllar~ t'••nwr ,,, hr •.• ~llunurh '' "' ····lllll.ttnfl,~ 1111\'fr·•'i"f tlw nw;s"urL·d \\alt.'J umh:rll ,,, ... , ttw thtd.fll''' uf thl· ruw '·l)l'l. F\pH'"I'd ... ., .. IHIIIII:tll/nJ lfllillllity \\ilh rc"pcct IO

;ut·•• 1'""""': ••t "·''''' di\ld,·d h) •utLIII' 011\'a). tlw '"piii;Jty h;mier "tnu;c.J 2K5 mm of \\,ttl.'f <~t htr;s~thrnurh. Ttw ~''''"f'' '·'I'"' tty of thc (ilpill;sry harrier l·an he n•rnparc:d to th11t l''lirn.llnl fur a 'i111pk IIHllll•lirhk 'oil "''L'J. Without the: c•pillary hrL"ak, ""tc:r will drosin ;•pprm.irn;rtd~ tn ;s dtar;,,·rni,lil \\;rll'l , onl\'nl of ;J .. oilll'rml'd il!\ fidd l·ap;Kily or dJ;tirwd up(".·r limit. Tlw fa·ld '"Pa•·iry for till' ';lllll' •oil fo,iiJy ,,md) i!lt"••tinMtcd <~t 20'*. B)· imq;rarinJ! thi" \\att·r ,ollll'lll nH·r the 'arm· 'Jf){)-mrn thidmt.>ss. the !\illy !land in a 'imrlc- ... nill'll\ef ,·nnfirur;rtinn ""uh.l hl· l'XIWI'Inltn 'lore ;rhuut IXO mm of water hcfnrc it dr aint·d. Thus. an adtlir ional I 05·mm of \Lttl'f ~tor age ";r~ rained hy the capillary hh~ak f•\f lhl' '<rille \'11\Cr ~oilthicknt''\S. Ahnnati,cJy. ;r .,jmpll· !\oiln)Vcr would need to he ahHUt 1425 mm thkk to "toll~ the ';JJJlC amount of" alcr as 900 nun nf the .,arne soil in :1 ,·.,pillary harrier l·unftguration.

The type of 'oil u~cd for lht• fult' or UJ\l'T o..oil layer affects the \\atcr 'turage cap:..city of a l'apill&lT)' harrier. A flllcr·p•rincd 'oil ist·xpn·tcd to ~tnrc more water than a more t·oar~­J.!Tilinl'd 'oil in a I' om par ahk t·nnfi~matinn. The Jiffkulty with "oil selection is that one i~ nurm<rlly goH·rncd hy ;rvOtilahlc hKal ~oils. Dr"in·ation nacldng in the fine layer of a C>tpillary Barrit~r Sy .. tt'lll would ht• dl·trimcntal and 'hould he avoided. Sihy !lands or "andy !lilt... although their "atcr ht,lding l·apadty may he less than a day and nmsequl."ntly require a thidcr oH·rlying fine !->Oil la)'Cr. will he less \'U)ncrahle to dt·sin·ation nading. Cmnpat·ring the tine layer 'dry of optimum', rather than 'wet of optimum' a~ rct·nmmcndcd \\ ith rt·-.i..rivc day harriers. "hould al .. o help minimize the chan(.·c for de,kl'ation narking a!'> \H'II as having a lower initial moisture content thus innca ... ing its initial l'Xrcss water storage c<rpacity.

IAiff'ful cli\'f·nion · The lateroll di' l'n-ion capacity nf the fine layer is dependent in large part nn the hydraulic rnnductivity of the fine layer. In ~cnt'ral. the hydraulic conductivity of clays. ~ilts and ln:uns is too low to permit apprcdahlc Iitteral diversion. Field tests of t·apillary harrier~ with homopt'lll"ous fine layers indit·atc that the effective diversion lengths are Jess than 10m (Nyhan et al. 1990, Hakon ... un er al. 1994. Stonnont 1995, Stonnont 1996). Thl."se short diver ... ion kn~;ths arc a t·on..,cqucnce of the relatively low hydraulic nmdul·ti\'ity of the finc·~;nrinrd soib ,;omparl'd to the infiltration rate during stressful periods when the soil is rel:!tivcly wet (e.g .. spring snowmelt). Thus, soils that are often preferred a~ a rooting mt•dium and for their water storage capacity (e.g .• loams. ~ilts) may not be wnductive enough ro -.uho;tantially divert soil water laterally.

l 1tili:tin8 "tran-.port layl'r~ .. or "un:-aturatcd dr:~inage layers" within the fine layer !Stormont 1995) t·an innca .. c the diversion cap~tcity of t·apillary barriers. Transpon layers arc one or more rdati\dy nmductivc laycr(s) that drain water laterally within the ~o:owr's fine soil layer "hile remaining um.aturatcd. Bct·ausc soil water tends to acl·umulate ncar the finclcoar~c interface and umaturated hydraulic conductivity in...-rl."ases "ith W<tter content, a tram port layer ncar the interface is most effective in

16

~ J

( ,.

l.oh r ... ll~ ,,,, o·II•IIJ' ·.• .otn I .or. r.rl ,r,.,,.,._,,.,, , .on I~<,· ,f,·,•;·r .. ·d "''" ;, < .oprll.or~ t..orrr,·r h~ 11~·.or1• "' ,, ,,,_,,,,,-h rlnrr 11 ~· • "W' "'"'''""''1'"'1 l.r~o·r pf.,...,f .rl lhl· frnclllo.rr">t· lltll·rl.tu: n~- ''·"''I'"" l.o~\'1 '"''"'" '" .t r..l.o\1\l'':· Iiiio' )'Lolllnl. lltttlo•ltll •.IIIII rhaiJ"'"4.'''-4..'' ..... f!ll'al ·• lo~dr.JIIIh •••tHin,ll\tl\ ·'' 1'•····-oltk tlltokr lo•\\ In'"""' r.oll' '·''"''' r•f 'lldron h,·,td Tt~ f.oh't,II<JI\t'l'l••ll ,JI!Pidi'IJb\ ,o ll.l!i'j''tlll.t~l·t \\tllottlltpkllio'tlllht· '•\.IIL:J ... tur;rve flllllltun nf rlw .,,,·tf~mr '"'' t''-l'·lf•·'"'t' tl11·, •••1ol11r"n' .lilt!, l1111.1h' fttr \'.h~t h a ,;rprll.rr) hanrl·r u•uld hi.· dfl'dl \ ...

Ttw ,.,,U'i' l;t)t'J ''"'' • ·uhf '·'"i-'t' lr••llr ·', "·''''' •.uull••, •·hhh·' The prrmary lunl·tmn of ''"' ,.,,,,,,. l,,~l·r '' '" '"'"' ,, , .oplll.or~ brt.oJ... bur tl 111.1~ • .1 .. ., ,,.,H."' a hinrlllru,iun h;.uric:r "' ;a )!il' ~-,,u,·dron LJ)'l'r

C.IJIIflcU\ ,,,,oil. . Tl"· ''",,I ..... ,, "' 1\ ,,,,., ""IJJ lht• .... ··rl~ tnf l<t~cr Jnlo the underlying 1,,~,., '' ~··nlr .. Hnl h~ till' '' .th'r o·niJ~ •udrnn of rh~-.· tllltkrl)ing l;tyc:r. The watc:r l'fllry •udron , .. lh\.· 'tll'lll•ll ;, .... , 1,111'11 ~rth IIH' IJ)II\o'Jlll'lll of \\<lh.'J inlo the ... m<JJI\.'\1 pore~ lhat form a .-.. fliiiHJnll"' '•'''" "'I.. \\';tll'l ~Ill tint Ill"',. from ;m initiall)· dry medium al ~tKiions I ..or!-''-"' th.lf• th~.· '' ,,,,., ''""~ •ul'lion of till' und~.·tl~ inr la)t:r. \1inimizin~ the water l"ntry "lldlon p.ttlit·nt dday ... tlr1.· rno,,·m,·nt nl ";1ter from thc O\\."rl)inl! fine layer into the 'II;Jf'l" la~t·r. rnmrll inr mnrl' \1. .lll"f Ill hl· ..... rnl in tht• firll' la) er m·ar the intc:rial'C. The ".•h:r ~.·nlf) h,·,,.J em hl· toufhl)· ;•PP"''im.Jtn.J hy rhl" lwirhr of ctpillary ri'e wi1hm a 'oil dhlld .snt.i R;,~t:r IIJXXI. Thu .... llll' \\all'J l'ntry lw;td '' n._po..·,·tl'lllo he 'mall for a uruform , .. ar-.c-rr;utwd ... ,.;1 and liKrl';l"'l' ;tsllll' amount of fines in the ~oil innea-.e.

n;,,,,,,;,,, hcJrna- Pl.ml' and animab pl'lll'trating through rhc ,·mer "Y"h."m ~.·an crt·ate umduih for "all' I In mo\ l' dowrm ;u·d into the "Lt!'olt". and may cH·n transpon \\ a!-.tc 10 the ,urfact·. Pl;nll root" will ~l·twr :~lly nol pow •n 'oil!-. wilh "alcr conlt'nls helow I he wiltin~ po•inl. BnJuw n•;H'l' lllOIIl'J ial" drain In In\\ '' alcr l'llllll'llts. 1) pil'ally heluw the w1hin~ ro•int. lht.•y ~.·an 'Cf\l' a' harriers tO rool Pl'lll'lrarinn. To he cffcl·tivc as a root harrier. fme1- mu\1 he: J..~.·pt otll of rhc l·,,arsc ~oil layl·r. This ~ug!!l'sto; thai the panicle-size of the ~·nar'>C la)cr rnalt•ri;JI t•ithn h;~~ to he lim· l'nough ... urh thai lhe nwrlying fine~ do not JX'fll"lrafe into il. or an inll'rmt•dialc layer or ft'olcxtilc rnusl he used to rcliiin the m c:rl )'ing soil.

Another funl'lion of a hiuintru,ion layl'T is lll•ki\.'T animal ill\a'-inn. One design approach for thi!- layer is to usc l·nhhlc-suc pitrlidl· .. 1hat a1c too hl'i!VY for 1hc animals to displace. Rcith and Caldwell (I 99~) Tl'nllmncnd that I he cnhhlcs <;hnuld be at least <'ne and one­half rimes I he hod) sizc of potcntial hurrov. inf animals. This approach c;m result in \'cry large cohhks. and may rl·quirc an intl'Tml·diatc layer to rctain the overlying soil. An ahl·rnativc approal·h is hl u'-c a uniform n,;u,c la~er of !>tnallcr ~ize. A srablc burrow or tunnel cannot ~ maint;lltll'd 111 a dry. l·nlw~innkss uniform malcrial (Hakonson 1986). and hurro\\ ing <tnimah v. ill hl· dj,,·,,ur .. gl·J from mo\ing throuEh such a layer.

Gus 1 ollntion ltl\t'r - For v. ;,.,..,., "hid1 prndu .. o: .. uh..,lantial lJUantities of gas (e.g .. nll'lhane). tt ;, llt'll'"ary lo lllll·r•.:pl and ""lied this !!as as il ri .. cs frnm the huried \l.<lstc.

17

;.,:

\ ~~' , •. .til,.,t •• w, 1;;••4<1 , , " i'· ".~ •-.f, ,,,,,,.. • ~-.~ '"' (l .. ••f, l'h f,tr .OII .. ,.J ,,., ~tw.t ,.....,f,..~

fl-11' J•Hj"''~'4H oi' . .Jil-. ,e,.,.,, .~ •.f.+' • .,,., .. f,<••f •f'! .ill ·•1'""·"''· '-4~ .. 1 ••·fliif•f""'JIIJ"'~' 1C;II'f'O'o,f

111 .. 111U *' ...,,L1·; '•, • d ... , 1,,,,,, ,., "'• "' "'• II f , "'"~ , .; .. , . ..r,,., ~ ••• I'"• ••.....S d.- •• ..,,,j!_'d •lif·'"' ••4 ... "~' ..... fil ... ~·• .,,. n,,. ~ .. , ·•111..o• ••• .. ~. ''• ,t,r· f.,.. ..... s J,."'' """¥•1 ••· .-~u-~ .t '' «bbr .•• ..,""' •~· •t ~· t.., ... ,~,, ... "i ~~~~ , •• 41uh·~ ttyn

•• fJ'*v't.-1 fbi f1' ~1 11,. • '""'"'"4 ltl f._ th,f~ ,., f•.Pif<i Jt •tl' ..,dHt'llffM. ,,f rhr· htn·....., '"'"""". <~t>~~ •. ~h «'-' f""""i· ''"' .n ... h~.,,. .. ··••t"'· .,.,.,.u...,, t.,.-A ''*•,.1!111~ ,.,.,. ,.,...,,. .. ··-.ntt ,.,..._. H'f ••• .., ''"' •·-rl r·•'"• J.., 'IIOIIJI til¥ .. 11' ,,.,, -- P"" uf Jhr ~·""'"' •...t ~ f" ..4it .. ( lfM· ""' rf""' • .,.,.;t l<i .t.-. mr If,. • H-. tn• ,..,._ ·>f tt._- • ....,".,_.,, hf..-;l4 lhf • ,.,",.*lt~il•tl ~'$··~ h f•illl •• ~,,,,·hu" ,.,,, .,.,t.,r,,~ •4 ft.r ,,,.,. ... u., .. -..~ .,,km ~ to • •»-w•· .._ ..... ,da •..P1,,.f, .1 ••••I ttiif ',.,t""" •t!f f,ff,( 1 1h( • tt1.;-H+~ \Jd,.-.,tft I J..-,- ,_nloq of •lft•'llfi-AI ft ..... ;t flo<. ft •'- H ,,, ... ,f ihO•I .ff•• •lfl••'"' 1ft If .... ,,._.,, ""C' h,.~d •11ft .. <1fhe' tnr .... l'lts' tJf ft•· rHet1!'k ~ ft.,. ,Jhfllt ... ,f,,p.r,t .,f dK fttK _,,~, • t'4''"r ,..,h lJ.- '''''-"'·~ '"k."fllt,.. " .... , .,..,..,..

......... 0 •• Jll;lofljo k •IIJ' • ,f lh«" • ··.H'C' •• •tl fHt "'hk t. I~ .... ,if .... ""'''"'"""' ..,~ fi'*Ct. 4 •. ' , ... , ... I(' '"c: .,, thr ftr.· .,,,,, I•>~ • h~h ~~'; ••f the JWJ1adc' .atr' ftnn

fift!lftlll !ii-.llttH11hllfl41 \Hh'll.&, lllhlf.r...c· "l..th!Jt) I" f.a\HinJ b) '·•"'' h.nlrt;: ~Hillbl pllll•dt•· .,.,.. d••IINtett~\ . .aJ~rn·ftl) m H"~llh1 "''t' lll.t\IJfnJm~ •tw· cfln.ll~nlil"" uf a c~lt.} hrlfa f"f'lfJ\l'ht .. ~W UlkPlll. ho•~t'\Cf, hlJ\(' ~n dcH·t~'rf.-.J U'I"J hi,., h)dr.whc p..S.·toi• f•• iiiJI,eh_.. .. ,., .. •u~t, -'" .t.-m.. In ·••nu .. ". t ..pttl"') h.lfrten ••JUid mJ' r.wd) . • ,. nn. "'JVU«'f-.~ I"•Httu· ,.,.,. 11'f""'u'..-'· .. ,..J the- .... ,.,.~ ,.,1(-d h}df;auiK piJIJecnb ••.W hr ~· rc:rthnm.o:r..-. t4J"tll.af) h • .tru,.,, V.lll """ -..u.,jr,·•·d 111 qdn of •dttnf and «<t}tJ\J "' tn.r''"~ tot dlln.tht \t<f...JIIJHfl" ntu~>. tnkrfilln: "t.tNIJI' "huould ~ Olft"-kJctcd .... 'I., utndtltc'lt~ . .,, "'"'' ..... \lfkk"f td.;~h\d> .. m .. u .,.~ .. ,~ V..tkt pte"\.~.

The f'fll\'C"~ 4t"'"'tJ""6l'" turhhfhh huv. thr v. .1lt:t ,.,.,,.._. .. nJ l;,tnal dJ"CI~lft npauly of t~-...ptliJ) t~"l f'Crlomut-.-c •~ •fk., ttt·..S h) '"' tur' .. och ..,,"-: "lll C)~ .aRt •hkl:nrs.~o. and ltw ~'P' .rt thr UtJtff.•Y. In .atkhtaHn to thr mfturn~."t' (II( m:lknll ptlp(11te\ ud .;•lllif'JffMJ[Ifklf&.. dw ~,.,,(",,.. l""' kk-d h) the' dml@k "til b;n~ a m&J'• '"'*' oo the ~errtt.lftl:l' t-4 1 '...,tltAIJ) houJift Tu .10. ~ •'llnmudk th..~ f<K'1a~ into tht ~dt~ of drt4J'* Miif ("loftR\IIIlaftJiht;· l"•f1Hrtfuffi.·t" of '~ti<Af) twlk'""" •runkricill ,.Smut~"""­~~~- flt,_C'\~. ftUm('f'-.: at .. uno1;attom h.t \ o: '" u 'h:d"-"n~anF .-~1~ thialmu'lo1 tiC Mldt~ to .-.~Ilk rr.-"'~ f\'llfl""''.'nt.alittn u( .-.'1~1 ftdd (tltftlltltt,...._ 11nt. for DQI'-'!Iurf.cx'

..,.,t~·,wt;..._ II h nnt'-.'oil!f) to ;;a.,~·uunt f•• th(' dl-.'\·t of llnlC'· ;.lnd di~ndtta rrl-"~~ ...... -tu..t~ .. , J"l'1-il"~' ... "'"·· ~~• "a'('f .,., ... "',."''""'· .a~ rt.rw ~rM.on. ~ ~-cwf JJ~'l tt. tt~ thr "••kr ""'"..,,•·nl "' 1dun """ nc;aH,urftM.·l' ~lil' of a 'OlJ'IIbr} hanict

&It

II II

•• 'iii,._ . .,.,.,.lil -""""'"'""''"' f\. . .,.. m·•.t• mt '""'-" ,~, .. h •4 ""''~-·' ~~1~~ftl( f"''f•''...,... '\4ulf•)' ,at4 .~.-~~ ,. , •. ,.n ... ;1 "".-1,.-t,.~il ,,, .••• h "'f ''"'~·f) Jill~~ ,,. rl.,. ;.,,..,.,..,..,. • ..n hr ,idfr.- ull to ... ** .....

4 j'l•tlill4 k~fti .. tjl m""'f -:.t"'!· •of ,,, t'l:;.,. ''It 1.·' .ml ,.,,J "'f'rt"' A* 4iJ_. _,. ,,. "'.nt.JtW. Tbr tli'lt·•f.,• 411~ .,.,,.,~ •"'"~~ "~''' ~n ,.,,.,m ... ,,,lf, '"''"''"•-'' HJ~u··d .,. ttN~ w.t-.Jft.,.,. ;Iii .... p.-•1·~·- t*lofl'r-.fl-oilt. rtu .. klm,. ,, •. .., ........ h• •~tr ~nif) ~ICl·klm rnf•'f~t.' ,, ._ .t.''t>fp, ..,.., '""""' ..t ,ioih,.~. "P ,., hdr H ,., ~ ''*J: *"''"' ,.,.n ,..,..,..-.c:·e.

('.~1 JJUtl;llftl4'iiJI •tmul .. ,..iW\ ... n .... .,." ..... pttd~, ...... .-,n b.-1~ ra•·~~ of .a i'tlP\ft "'-.tr'Jtt tf It lfUJ~tfl~l•f IU t'fiJf~tiol"l"" iht,· ht~f'-'"'.#1h C •If ;JN .. ininl Ill~ ~Jil'ft'l t.lJ ,....MI. 1-.f J'\rr''" hi h'Ht.'"t· ftt~~• fJ'OJ.._.lfl;lhla·,;..••!l nf dM' .Jnltn "f1k- f,"l~ .JmuJaiNifa • .SC hr ntW ,iiff'.(t fh..;t ""'Ill U'i•IIIIJC' fht\ II"\.... (••PfnllUIL'J ,jmul~if~ an" nmy ~ J•w..S a .._. MI.,... d.o Pf"' h.k-.t "''~ d...: "}"•~·m uit1oi.klnl. Mud\ •-' ct.e dilfk-uky &:U~JWS ie .~ ..... r•td .llftd ~fUf:.lir(' lrip&~l ....... llt 4Hfff'(tl)' JlfcdKt I CO~eJ' t)~CJJI·· ··aacr ~Mh-.. Jlllf'f•lf'bllltk.'t' AI~~.-. ~o••ms~m·t m.,,Jd'~ ,.,._. rclathrly c·a .. y co r""mpulak lo yidd r....tt• N n~) hr hu•wd Tll-'1,. 1111c -. numh...'f of pn-.pk _.,, ltclic.'w: lhll ttC'n a......-.. J~11d •tlil!lplt dii!.JJ .,nd' 01 ~.:·IJ d&·'•tn.·tJ t.nmpukr """"'1 •ill ... m not )tcld rr<~litAic ........... Thr ltfit.r '-t."lt I t Sdar•tnic~t c:l aL I •J'J4 J h wmmcltll)· lN'd .,, the indu\fry "oand.ud for ~npli\f' l~tldftll linn,. ll•nd L'O\l'f~. TlK· tti~I..P Mokt •ill n.JC yield at'CUJIIC rrMJib far • ~0.) ~tn. btJ•tvc.'f. Pcrh.ar' an.-.sber ,·tM~·C' HlUld bt: an umannildcd flow IPftdd to&Kil _.,ltSS-\l·U CfAI)'n ;md lml<">. 1990} which -.·an be uwd f(lf either an 1:.1 or ••·'tupnl C".apllat) Ranier Co\cf S)·<~.tcm. l!NSAT-H is a ttnt"...:fimem.ional finite diff~ ,-,m•putn 1'"'1""" 10 "'oh·e (4" "'ar"' and hc:Jt n.,,.. in 1>0il~ Thit. prorram "­'-" IU'W1d lo t.t-.d) nc-<tr·'~>UJfkC' wak'f nH-1\cmcm in ~oils and panh.-ut.ly landfiU awer ,,..,.. .,. • ·~• c.r irt\'(""tiratclf!i (..-., .. F .. yer and Jora 1990; Khire et at. 1997; Fa~ !IDd CHit 19'J7). l'NSAT·II ,-.,maintt mnse MJilhi~tkiiltC'd modc:b of w.m now. ~Jiitll'l. ~nd t."\';tplfution in un"arur011Cd ,.oib ('Uillp'IJN 10 HELP. On the Olbcl' ...._., mort' ir!pll ,btJ and pMamrtc:n t~rt: rrquiJed for l'~SAT ·H. ConiiCQUC'ndy. UNSAT·tl hi~ pindp.;tlly ht-rn u~ few rtiraJ(h 0tnd dt1aikd 1tudia of ~'Iller balance. 1ft~. diC' HEI..P nHldcl ifi, •·kkly u~ by dtfoicn t-nJintm and repbatMy ~nx:ies t() C'\'** :and l'(tmpMt' lilndfiJI Oil\'Cf and Una ckMfm. Comparatiwe cvalualiom or ~~~etc •*'' un be foond in the 1i1cnature •e.J.. Khirc ct al. 1997; N'M:hob 1991; ~,._ and T)'ler 19M. Ac.--nlOf and KinJ 1995). If a "'oped capillaty barrier is cmpkt)'Cd. a tv.-o-din-.-n;.ional comp•ler mndd \hould be ud. Toe~ the ft1051 *X\IUIC rfi'Ult\ P""!.it-Jt, jt i• ~\'i'I!Cd that n IC<lli\ttc M:t of input p;amnctcn he dc\~lupcd for die iimullltitm• N~1l on rlk';a,.un:nM:"ntr. from the ot\'1ual st,il to he med. \'~tUC'S from dae lhennw • .rahd ('t.rcn tlflinitlft. USSAT·II i' a nNkkl tha• is ac'--eptablc. butt~ arc 1

Dr~tft DoruJncnt llUill~·r pf ••lltt'l ·'"q•!.ol•k ttll'.IIIIJ.o!nlllo•\~ llo•••kl• di)Jlf{I'S :D. S:\1S.J.Ei\('IJ\1. l'l( I

!-.2 ridd nata

IH·J,J d.ll..t ,, r··rh.•l" tla· llo•••.t \ .du.ol·k J'll'•l' ,., lliloorllt.lflttll ,. .. , .ktnrrlllliOf ··.llethcr a -~·Inn ... ll',JIJ~ r•·llli:' ,,, p..rftollll ·•' dPIFIInl Tfu .. ,, , ... ,,,.,, . .rr~ tnu.: for Ltr):!C·'I:..tk fic.:ld d.•L• J'l.'lf«'lllk'd lfllc.'J'II ···nt .• IJH' •ilc.·• "1111 •IIIIJI.u ,Jun.tlc.'' .111d fl·olopl''· Freid di!la r.JII '''"'''' nf , ... ,,.,,d .htkll'llt f~>Jlll'. It , .111 1111 ludc II'''.·'" h d.•ta. dat:~ from c\i,ting ··lie' th.JI dcrJ.,~nJ .tn ;•ltnn.tll\c.' , "' l't ·~ •h'm. "' •11npl~ d .• ta from c>.i\lmg •Ill'' thai ,Jc.-plo~l·d J'll'''''l'''"' '"''-'1 -~'lc.'lll'. Till' IJ'A·, ,\lll'rn .• tl\l' Co\cr A .... c"llll'Jll Pro~ram c :\\API h;t• •un·.rn;slltnl """ll' ,,, .sll;sHc d .• t.t 1 flp.l/flp dri l'llu/puh/AC:\P/).

A -rud~ c Dv. ~ l'r :oo II n alu;•t m~ . .Ill r n;1ti' ,. , "' ,.r, '' >~•rr,·nrly "npoinr in A JhUlJIIl'HJUC. :"'!\1. Thr'- •IUJ~ '" rdarc.·d In,,, thl.' Alt,·Jn.•tiH· Lsndfill CIJ\n Dl·mon.,tratiun (ALCD). Tiwrc ;Hl' '" '"'l'l d,·,rrn• ht·irJf t•·•lcd i11 thi' d,·mnn•tratinn projn·t: l\\o h~t,l'hne cover rr•>fikl- lpu·,~·•ipllH' HCRA Suhtilk ·n· ;JrHJ Suhttllt• '(" (',,,tT .. ft'~pc~o:ti~ely) illld f(>Ur alll·rn~tliH~ ~·''''-'r dl''lfll" lan ET r .. ,n. l\\o dtflcH·nt \apilbry Barrier Sptcm dl'l-i!!n~. ;md a ~.·o\l'r fl'OIIurinr a (;l·o,~ntlwtic Clay l.mcr tCiCL)).

Thc'c JX'fl'ni;Jtion \l>lumc .. npr~o·''-l·J in ll'lrth ol flu, r.tll'' ;Hld ,·mer dfit·il·ncy arl' li~tcd in the following table:

Table I. Jlux R~lt' \'~lut·~ uf Tt•sl CuHrs at the AI.CD Sit~

Flux rates (mm/year) Year Subtitle 0 ~ GCL · Subtitle c Capillary :Anisotropic j

' Barrier I Barrier , ET

1997 (May 1 ·Dec 31) 10 62 i 1.51 ' 0.12 I 162 I 0.15 I 0.22 ' '

I ' 1998 4.96 :0.38. 0.30 082 0.14 0.44 1999 3.12 ! 4.31 ! 0.04 0.85 I 0.28 0.01 j

I

2000 (Jan 1 • Jun 25) 000 I 0.00: 0.00 ' 0.00 0.00 1 0.00 I

Average 4.82 l 1.81 I 0.13 ! 0.87 I 0.16 I 0.19

f:,.timatcs nf c;Kh l·mw cffil·ictK)' fo; l'arh l'0\1.'1 arl' li•tt•J in Tahlc 2. In cs .. cnce. the dfil'it·nL·y \ t~luc qu;mtifil·~ how "dficil'nt" lht· l'O\l'l'~ prl'' cnt precipitation moisture from infrhratin~ inln the underlying waste.

Tuble 2. Effidt'nt·y Vuhlt's of Tt•sl Conrs ntlhe ALCD Site

Efficiency= (1 • Percolation/Precipitation) • 100%

Vur SubtitleD GCL Subtitle C Capillary Anisotropic ET Barrier &arrler 1997 97.4294 I 99.6349 I 99.9702 99.6076 l 99.9630 99.9456 ; i 1998 98.3651 ' 99.8758 99.9000 I 99.7302 99.9546 99.8560 I

r ' 1999 98.6653 98.1584 99.9850 99.6381 I

~9.8809 99.9954 ! I

I,

("

' '·''

··' .. ·!

Drafl )), ll'l.llllCIJl

100 000 100 000 100 (1(100 100 000 100 000 100 000 ----------·------··-·--------·--·-- ---------~.;;__-_ _:_:;__~--t 9R 6149 99 4173 99 9f,38 :l9 7 440 99 9496 99.9492

~.3 ~atural .4nalu~~

f'.,m,·nti~>ll;J) ~·n~·uwnin_r .tpprn;tl he-. fur dl''lflilltf l.lll.JfrJJ l'llH'r~ ofkn faiJ IO fully '"n,idcr nnh•fil<tl pr~>u'''''"· :'\ .• rur;•l l'l"'~'h'ITl'- cffn·ti\'c at capturing and or a·cJiqrihutinp nwtt-ri;tls in lhl.' l'll\lltJIIJill"llt h;JH.' nohcd n\cr millions of years. Con~'l!Ul'ntly. "hl"n lOilLJJilin.tnl-. .1rc i ntr ••dult·d into the em ironment. Cl:o-.y .. tcm rrnn· .... (' .. IX'fin lc• inf1Ul'lll'l' th,· di,trihllllllll i!lld tr;lll'J'Ort of tlll''-C matcri:th. just a .. they influl"m·c the di'-lrihution ;uul llan-.port nf nutlll'lll" that ocrur naturally in c~:osy-.lt'm., dt;J.nn,nn cl al.. )9921. A<. thl· l'loloril·,,J ... taru-. of the co\'Cr changes. "o will pnfnnn~mn: f<Ktnrs .. uch a .. \\ alcr infllrration. ";1tcr n·t\·ntinn. ET. soil cro~ion. gas J1ffu~ion. ;.nd hioinrru-.ion. Thl· ohit'lli\1\.' inn•n~lrurring an l'ffl'l'livc landfill is to dco;ign the l·ovcr so that 'uh~\·lJUI:nt n·nh•gil·al change will t'nhance and pre~erve the l'nl-ap,ulating 'Y'-It·m. C'ono,idn;rtion nf natural an;IIO!,!S l·an enhance a cover dco,i~n by di,dn,inl! what pmpntil'" ;1Tl" cffn·tin· in a gi'l'll cn,ironml'nt or what procc~"cs may k;•d 10 poo,-.ihll" rmxk-. of f;~ilun.·. The,\· Lrl·tor~ Gill in turn he av<1idcd during the dc~ign ;md cun,trul·tion pha .. cs. ~atural ;malo!! -.tudies pro\'idc dUl'S from pa;;;t environments as to ro~ .. i~k Jong-tnm l"hangt'S in l'llginn·rcd ('0\'Cf!o. Analog !-.ludi~s involve the use of loEical analogy to inw,ligatc natural and an:hal·ological nccurrent·cs of materials. nmditions. or prot·cs!'oC'- that arc -.irnilar to tho-.c kn11wn or prcdi,·tcd to occur in .. orne pan of the engineered cover system (W<JUgh 1994).

One appli\'<tlinn for analog studies (Suter IY9~. Mulder and Haven 1995. Dwyer 1997, Waugh and Smith 1997) is to as,l·~s the l'ffcctiwness of deployed prescriptive l;tndfill l'O\·crs. Another use is to look at the potential effectiveness of alternative covers. A numher of !'tudics l·itcd earlier in thi<. l·haptcr hil\C ilkntificd that the prescriptive covers. and their dcpl·ndcm:e on their dity harrier layer maintaining its impermeability d~ not perform as wciJ as they were originally intended to.

Some inwstigation wiil he ncn·s~;1ry to determine: 1he landfill's waste contents and their rcl<ttive ham1ful life cxpcl'lancy. M;.rtcrials o,urh as radioactive waste can be hannful for a very long time. A natural analog is warranted to detennine the cover systems performance over this kn1;th of lime. One po~:-.iolc analog may be derived by trenching adj;Kcnt to the site in an undisturbed a1ca and determining the depth of plam roots. This can rc\'cal the general depth of infiltration. Another melhod of determining the average Jong·term depth of water penetration (or infiltralinn depth) is to trench lldjacent to the !'ite in un undisturhcd area to dctcnnine the d..:pth of l'akiurn carbonate deposits or fonnation of a ~::.tliche layer (Figure 8). Soils in sl'mialid and arid regions commonly have carhonatc·ril·h horizons at some (kpth hdnw the surface. The position of the CaC03 hearing horizon is therefore rdatl'd to depth of k:rching. which. in tum. is related to climate (Birkeland 1984).

2l

' . ·'· W!imi\i~&w..iii.L......:..........:.· .. -""·· •;,.;··· ·~·:·:k:"·:·,~···'u:· ,,_;;•'uu;;~.;:i;.:~clJ.W~~~~ ....... ~~Jli,l~~~ail,"~'~""· ~d11itf$:~~;.~L~~,jg;4ill~ii!Jit'Q:4f4:~·, .. »&~~4f.;;ii.;itl.~r4.1"-nhA k • · v'wwtea· '*" t ratw·~ ...

Draft Docu n1cnt

Figur• 8: CaCOySoillnterface at Shallow Depth

·'

'·

~:

'

Draft Docu rncnt The utlfin nf '<trJ-.lflafl' hmitPfl~ in\nht·' Lllbnn;ltl··hHarhonate l'(jUilihria (Birkeland 1'1~-41. ;t' 'hn\\n ~)"the fnllnwin!! H'<Ktiuns:

ro~ + H:O g I iJ.

Ca\01-+ lf:CO, (:::) Ca2• ~ :.mco.J

c aq aq aq

Carhnn dim.idc par.ial prc~~urt·s in -.oil air -.rc 10 to more than 100 times that in the almc~phcrc: this decrca~e~ the pi-J, whkh. in rum. inneascli CaC03 solubility. The panial prt•:o-,ur~ of CO: is hirh its ;t Tl''uh of C02 proJun·d hy root and microorganism JC'l>piration and orsanic m;Jttcr dc.·l·ompn ... ltion. Thus. one would expect the highest C02 panial prc,,ute to be as!>.ociated with the A horizon lm:atcd ncar the surface. with values dimini ... hin~ down lo the ~;~~ of thl· wnc of root". In arid and ~cmi-arid regions. the qu<~ntiry of Witter kachin~ throu!!h the 'ml is al,o £Cncrally Ereater ncar the surface than at depth. Thus. as the.· water Jll(l\CS vcnictlly throurh the soil, the ca• and Hcd· content mi~hl inncaM" to the point of '"turatinn after which further dh.solution of CaC03 is not pos!>ihlc. Combining the cffeft!i of hifh C02 partial prco;sure and downward-percolating water. we mi~ht \'isualize the fonnation of a CaCOrrich horizon as follows. In the upper zont of the soil. Cat. m<ty alrt-ady he pre!icnt or may he derived by weathering of calciurn-he:1ring minerals. Due to plant growth and biological activity, C(h panial ptel'SUJC is high and fonm; uco:l· upon contact with water. Water leaching through the profile '"an n1rry the Cal• and HC01. dnwnw&~rd in the profile. Precipitation of CaC03 to form a caliche horizon would take plat:c by a comhination of decreasing C02 panial pressure hclow the 10ne of rnotinB ;md major hiologkal activity and the progressive increase in Ca,.. and HC03' cOJKl'ntrations with depth in the soil solution as the water rcrcolates downward and water is lost by 1."\'apotran!ipiration. The position (depth) of the CaC03. bearing horiz.on is therefore related to dt·pth of Jc:Jching, which, in tum. is related to the climate.

6.0 Equh·alt>nce Dt>tuminalion of an Altt•rnativt Cover System vtrsus a Prt-5\'rlplln Laandfill Cover

A landfill nwer system must be able to protect and bolate waste for the length of ti~ thOfiC contaminants are deemed harmful to the surrounding community. The cover must limit pcr"olation into the underlying waste, thereby minimizing leachate generation. and remain intact for the dunttion of its dc,ign life. This includes erosion control with minimal or no mainrenance requirements.

There i~ an incrcal'ling trend throuBhout the country to Jirel·tly !'uhstitute alternative cover acchnulogies for conventional landfill wvcr desiens. As data nn ellisting landfill system performance is dncurncntcd, prt•s,·riptivc l'O\Cf dc.·signs utilizing impermeable clay barrier~ are hdng shown lobe less effective than the dcsitrn intended (Mulder and Haven 1995).

2.l

..

,,.,. ,' /'1 i'.. ! ~. " ·, •

1\lfh,urh .dh·rn.tlt\<' ••'"'' dc-arn' 111.1~ ht· m .. ". dk.IIH' rJ.;,n P'''"'-''iptl\c tlrH't!'o. t"'' 111 m•'"', ,,,,., '' tht· dfl\ •nr f.Ktor '"'' llw •k• '''''ll '" tl'-l' •• n ,,hnnaliH· , . .,, cr rn·hnolngy. (',,·nn.tll~. tf .tn .Jltnn;tlrH· '"'cf' pt·rf.,lltl:tn,,· •.• n bL· pro\t'll a"l!"'xl or twllcrth;m tis pa·,~rir'IH \NH!Inp.Jrl. tlw rq•ul.•t.,r.~ ,·nlll~ ,,dJ lt~dy l:r;,nt it' usc. The pt:rfurrnancc lllft·ru•n mduJl'' rht· l.utdfJIJ' .. , "rrlrrmnl ,,1'-dtt~ to i'PI.Itt· thc "'"'c fwm the ... urroundin~ ,.n, ironrnl·nt hy JunitinJ! f'l''~nl;tttlln r ·'"' ,., ttw , 11\C.:r ~ ~ ''l'lll. ~ nux rate. The nux rate ha' ft'llniill) ~·,·n tlwufhl tn ll\· •kpcrhknr on thl· h;tni~.·r Lt)l'r·-. niO!'>IrlKh.·d ~aturalcd h~'lrauliL· ~·nndu~ t;' ity. The .. ;sltJI.Itnl h:tlr.JUIH:, .. ndu, ti\ iry. a nwa~ured \'aluc that ha~ tradilitmall) ht·t·n \"Tl"llkH·d to H·nwn '"11'-ljflJ oH·r th1.· life of the landfill, hov.ncr ~han_rc!'l o\Cf link'. Till·rdoa·. rlu~ pt·rfolllt;tnu· t'lJUi,aknt'C i!i a ~.·umplcx i~"uc. E\jui\ aknn· 'h••uld indauk not ""') thl· "'" ~r ') ,,,.rn'" initial ahility to pH.'H"nt pl'h.'olation ( llll0111ll/l' nu, I ;JI(' I. hut ;,I'll lb ahiJ ity In inhihit hiointru~ion. rc-.i!'t ern-. ion, ,·of11rul !';t~ l'rtll"i••n .... ;lfld h'lJUlH.' n,inimal maintl·n;snn•. All of tht·-.c fa,·tors l·ontrii"lulc In tht· fll\ ('f." ;1hilrl) It• rrt'h'lll pt·rn•lation m·cr it:-. life "pan.

i\,·uu al\' ;md rdn .1111 fidd tl;tta and r1.1tur al .m;t!or' .Ill' rtll' ht•,t fll('ano; for dl.'tcrmining the adn~u;h'~ uf a n•H·r fo1 "" 'h"rt r,·rm ;snd lonr h.·rm l.:ff~,·~.·tiHness. rc:o.pt;'l'livcly. Adequate fidd data ;,. ,·urrt·ntly nnt '" ,Jtl;thlc for most p;trts of the ('ountry. Cml'l'tf\ll'n!l)'. ttk- following 01\'n·pt;mn· natnia '' h~.·in~ r~rommcnded to be followed for dc ... irn and <ll.'n·pt;nwc.· ,,f ;m .. ltnn;lliH· fin.JI , nH'r 'Y'tl·m ~tKh as an ET Cover or C01pillary Barrier.

Th<' ·"it tu he U'•l'd in the l'O\l'r ,Jrnuld h;tH" it., un,altlr;ltL·d 'oil pwpcrtic!> dc.·tcrmined uuJcr the umditiun~ that it \\ill·~ rtan·d. h•r l'\.11\l('ll'. if a ~nil moi~turc .. ·haJill'h:ri,.tic 4·urvc is h) he lkH·I••Jll'd fe~r thc 'oil. tl·,ttnf ... huuld hc.· donc under the dcn:o.ity the ,_nil i~ to he plan·d ;~t. Arain. it i!> h,·~t to rlan~ wil at a ckn-.ity that cJo,.cJy mimk!> in·.,itu dt·n .. itie!-1. An acn·pt;Jhk un,;lluratt.·d romputcr mndd 'hould then he usl·d as a de-.ign tnnl to pa·dkt water halarKc 'ari;thk" for th~ l'll\ l'f pro fall' over a !!i\'cn ~ct of dimattc <:nnditions.

It ;, n·t·unlml·ndt·d th;~t wht·n t''-I,Jhti .. hillf the n •rnputt'J modd run to he U!icd to l'!otahlish the rmcr prnfiJc, thilt .. l"H'raJ )t'itf:> he pJan·d in front of the o;l'Jccted model years IO be nm to t' .. tilhli!<h "Pf''''fl'iate aurtcalknt ronditiPns. Cnn:-.i-.tl'ntly. after the modeled years "'t'H'ral ~,.,.,., 'hould he.- indu,kd to ••llnw for tran .. knt data to dissipate. If the climatic 4·t~nditi•tn' .arc I.. no\\ n that k••d to the "11rst l·a~L' infihration e\ent, those ~.·onditions ~hnuld he tN·d m the rnudcl. If the ronditions kttdin!! to the wnrsl.:ase infiltration event , .. .,. un!.ru,wn or in ,Jouht. rh~.·n the nitkal model )'l'at!' can he: ohtained from climatic ~ufkfni,•ns in the inmwtli&tte arc11 of the l;tlldtill ..,jte. It is recommended that a minimum o( thirt) )l'tlfS hc: ohtilim·d. Of thl·~e thirty )t'ar-.. the Yl'ar with the highest cumulati\'e l'rt<dJltlation is tu he "dl·,·t~.·d. This "wct )t'ar" willtlwn h(' moddcd 5 com;ccutivc years tn lktcnninc a nux filtC th!OUfh thl' llWl.k kd l'O\I."f ~)'Stem?

11k.' rc,·onmwndcd :u:n•pt;thlc: flux rate!-> for n'' cr ~)'~lt'rn!i arl· a!' follows: (I) municipal Wi.!'lt' tmlllill!< .. hall ha\'C no moJdcd )'l'ar !di,t·otHllint; lho-.c )'l'ilrs added in from of and hc.·hind the.· loocy moddcd )t'ar") I!'·,•;Jil'f than :l rnrnlyt·ar: :md (~)hazardous waste htndfills

·~.···"·;,.'";

I II

' I l

.. '

t ~'~ r;:

tlr'! -;;i;;,ii; ;, .. ~ .

Dr:.tfl Dorun1cnt or ;Ill~ l.lfldflll "IH:rl· nHnlrn;,l t, ,,,-h.,h· k.•k••J.''' f11•1ll lhl' l.111dfrll "ill ~itrllfil<~ntly hann ttw \IHlPII!ldrnr en\ ir1•1llllt"lll \\ dll'l· lumlnllo no pr.111:r lh;ml mm/)car In any rnodckd ~l'Jr rJi,\PIIIlllllf lht>'-1." ~"·"' ,uhl,·d rn fronl nf .md h·h111d thl' kl'y mudded year!t).

7.0 Ewlu~ind ('ritnia In lw Ccm..,idt·rc·d in l.:tJJdfill Clusun Ht·sign

Cnn\t'tlli~>nal ,·n~illl'ninr appro;" hn for Jl''>lflling I•H•dfiil uncrs ofrcn f:.~il 10 fully n-•n' idl'r t'l·nlnrical prol't'"l'l-. ~ alur ;tl l'l·c '" Y' rnn" l"ffn:l i ve at capruring and or ~t·di .. rrihurin~ marnial~ in rhc l'll\ iror111" nl ha,·c l'\ t•h cd over millions of years. Con'l'tftll'rllly. when l·onramin:Hll~ arc IIJIJodun:d into the environment, ecosystem prnft'\!'t'" lx·gin to influl'rll't' thl· Ji,trihution ;urd rran,pon of rhc~c materials. just as they i nO wnn.· rhc di ... tr ihulion and tr am.pnn of nul r ;,. nl' II WI nl·cur naturally in ecosystems (1-falwn,on et al. 199::!). A~ lht• n·oloJ:iral ""IU~ of the cover changes, so will pafnrm:uKc fa.-tot~ "uch ;'" \' alt~r infiltr;tllnn. '' arer rctl'lllion, l'\·apotranspiration (ET). "oil ero:-inn. ,ga" Jiffu .. ion. and l'iointru"inn. Thl· ""jn·tiw in ronstructing an effective l<~udfill ;.., to dc:-ip1 rht· nl\ n .. o that "u"'t'4llt'lll ~..·t·ologkal change will enhance and j1fl· ... cnc tht.· cn{·ap~ulatin:; ") "tt·rn. Cnn,idn a lion olt~<thnal analo~s can enhance a cover dc.·"ifn hy di .. do~ing what propcrlie~ arc dft•l·tiH' in a :;ivcn environment or whal pnKl'"M."s may kad to pm.~ihle mode-. of Ltilurc. Thl·..,c factors l·an in rum be avoided during the tksign and nm~tnKiion ph:t"l'S. ~atural ;utalog .. rudics provide clues from past en' iwmnenrs as to ptl""ihle long-term l·hanfl'' in l'nfirwl'rcd covers. Analog studies in\ol\'l' the u~e of logical an;tiOf)' to in\cqiralc.' n.rlt~ral :rnd ar~..·hacolo:;ical occurrences of materials. conditions. or pron'""l'S 1hat art.' 'imilar lo thn"l' k nnwn or predicted to occur in .. ome p;trt of the cnJ;inn.·r,·d cowr :-.ystcrn 1\\'augh 1994).

The uhimate ~;oal i!. to dc.·-.i,gn a m;~inlen:nll'l'·frn· landfill l·over. Some de!!rce of mainlen<rm:e or poo;t-con,tnrcti,,n refinl'llll'nt tna) hl" Jll'(.'l'~~ary until the cover rl'a{·hes a ~talc of l'yuilibrium with il~ inhl'rcnt en\ iwnrncnt. A l'tl\CT !»hould be stabilized with \'C~l"tation rnmprh.ing phmt nmununitil's that ch'"dy emulate a selected local "dimax" <Reith 199~). A '\:limax .. l'omrnunity. in t'l·ologit·al h·rms is the type of plant community one find:-. in an area that ha~ long hren undi .. ILHhl·d :md is in ,•quilibrium wirh all other em inmmcntal paraml·tcrs le.E .. dimate. •nil. and land,capt' propcnies, fauna and other Oura). Cc:nlral to the ('l)m·cpr of ''dimax" is thl' nlllmlllnity's relative stahility in the l'l\i.,~in~ ~·n,ironmcnt (Whitraker 1975). A diver._,. mixture of native plants on rhe cover will m;tl\irnize watl'r rcnuwal tluough ET Clink 11)94). The nwcr will then be more rc,..ili~.·nt to natural and man-indun.·d ~·atastrophes and fluctuations in environments. Simil01rly. hiologkal diwr~ity in l'O\'er vcgl·tarion will hl' imponant to l'Ommunity st;ahility ;rod rcsilien<:C ghcn \'UJiahle and unprl·dirtahlc: <·h;mges in the environment rco,uJtin!! from pt~SI nuthrt:aks. di!'lurh;uKcs (o\'cr s;razing. fires, etc.) and climatic Oul'tUations. Loral nathe srwrie~ that h;~vc hl'l~ll 'l'kl'ted OVl'r thousands of years are tx·sr ;ulapted to di~turh:mrcs and dim;llic dlangl'S (Waugh 1994). In contrast. plantings ()f non-nutive ~(X'dcs "·ommon nn w;ssiL' 'itcs arc tl'lll'tically and structurally monotonous (Ut~rpcr 1987) t~nd are therefore more vulncrahlc lo di..turham·es. Pedogenic processes will ~radu:tlly ch:mgc the ph)''-il·al and hydraulic prPpcrtic~ of canhcn material used to

I nn•lfiKI ••• ,1., .. dldld ,.,~n. 1'1.1111 '"ll•lliiiiiiiH'' lllh;.hllfiF tla· Ul\1-:f \\Ill ;,J,o dMO!?C

in H''P"'''(' 11 • th,·'(' , h.mf"" rn 'otl pr• •r11:rtu:•.

/\n <"Tlftn•Trnl , .,, ,., thai '' In l.rq urll:d rt.,· '' ,,,,,. rl '' ('lh ••p•uLttl·d '' 1thin '' dn:med ho.~tmk"' mu't tx· tfc,trnnJ a' .111 n nh lllJ.' , omp .. rwnt ~>f a l.u fl'r d~ namK t'l'O'>~ ''em. Ct•\l'r • ntnt'<•twnt' rmt•.•ll) lfc,iprnl f,,, a ,,,,.,,fi, I''''P'"'' -ta·h as a hosnicr or lfr:tina!!e J.,~l-r ''til not fun~o·tinn in•lq'lll:ndl"nt of "n•· .• n .. th~o·t ;llld •hnuld thctdnrc ll\: dnifnL·d a~ a .. ~,h·m llinhd OJ"-l'tn~bfc nf tnrnp••rwnr ... t r.•th,·r rh:m '" indh·idual nmtponcnl'. hltC\ it;a~k 'h;mpt'" m ph~,;, ••I .md binlor,,· al ron.lt!JPil' 'hnu!d he l<tkcn inhl an·nunt to hdp ('fl'Utt' rhc- lon~-h·nn c:fft•di\ t'll''" of thl' tn\l·r '~ ,,,·rn. For te~i'-l<tllt wa ... te fonn~ v. ith lnrtf u·,i,knt IIIli(.'. lniHI·IIl•~tk m;•l~o'll;al' of llllklln\\ n du~;•hility 'hould not he relied ur"m to l'ff4-,·ti\d~ m<~int;tin "'•"It' i,oJation.

ItO Cnn~trudiun ( 'un,idnalion~ fur ..\liN n<ttiw ('en n Syslt·ms

(in!t'r;tl h'quitl'llll'lll"' lt'lornnll'ndnJ ~y tht· LPA d:PA 11)1))) ;JJe to he followcJ with the folltl\\in~ t"\l·cptinnl'>.

K.1 Companion Rt'quiremt·nts

Prc· .. niptt\C bn~lfJII nJ\ cr~ '' ith day han il'r b~ t'P• :trt• l"omparll'd so as to attain a \CTY

lo" ~•ttur~Jit•d h~draulil· n•ndul'li\ ity. Thr~ .!-'nwrall) rcyuirl· .. l·ompacting the soil lift!\ '""''of uptimurn· In H'lllold th(.' -.oil and ptodun· high ~oil dt·nsities.

Til(' ahernatin• n'' cr systl'Ol!\ uutlitwd in this l·haptt·r art· dt·sirncd to function under un ... ~tluralt'd nmJiti(lfl',, t·on,,·qul·ntl) n~laining 'ny low o,atUI ah~d hydraulic conductivity is nH\ il priority. Comp:tftinn dl'mity rt·quitl'OJl'nt' arc hasni on the design as,umptions u-.cd. hul are l'l'llerally ~;c••rcd hn' •trd adlil'\ ing a dt·n .. ity in the fine soil h1yer that appro\imately l'quaJ... that of the ~urwunding. in- 'itu. undi..rurht~d soil. Uniformity of t:umpal·tinn is still very critical.

8C't'itUM' a \c:ry low initial saturatt·d h~draulic rondul·tivity i~ not the objective when pladnJ finc-tcxturc.·d 'oils in an ;tltcrnative Ul\(.'r ~pll'm, '-·omp~lt'tion 'dry of optimum' may he a dt·!>irt~d optinn to hdp rniun.· the potential for d'-'!>icration cracking. This L"ompat·tinn alkrnatiw "ill al!>n ;1Jiow for additional initial water .. rorage capacity.

Cuar~ m;Jtnial!t ~lfl' not wmpiiL'tt•d. They arc 'inrply pi;Kl'd and graded to de~ign d,., aciun' .. imilar to dr.Jimtgc layL·r~ in prl'~l·riptivc nwcr systems.

R.2 f"apillury Barrier Solllnlerfat·es:

During the: l'mphKc:ml·nt nf a l·apillary ~<~rril·r 'Y'h·•n. a fine ~"i~·laycr's first lift will be plaL·c:d and fnmpartc:d nn an unrompa'-·lt'd l'II<IT"l' ... oil l;~ycr. Spt•t·ial care must be taken In cno,urc that this intcrf:I(.'C rc.·maino; o,rnooth and Cllntinuous. Small steel tracked .,ulldwc:r' have: ht•t·n tN·d t•fft•t·tiwly In !--ptt.'ad thl· first finl' 'oil lift in place. The steel

26

(

;(

•(

;; .:.l• l11 lr .!,.u,l·•lh' tht· "''!'!It of lit• !,,fl,f,.,,., ,,,,., .t pctt,·r ,urf;l\l' <ttt"a. thu-. I(' •• U. Hit' ,, ..... nt.H t j'H'"IIf(' f\ rt\ ·"'"'!' I' IIi('·'',,, •!l ,, II• •I '"' nlllfl)~·rHkd fuf I he: r., .. , ,,,, ·••I ft~ll: • .,,J t.lltll('t ;, •rnto•tfh r,.JI, •I "'''''i'·"'"r ··lt••ui,JI .... u•nl Thr~ "'II hdp nurmn11c d'l{ l"''hfllt,ol f•"l f!U\Iflf ••f fJtll' .snd ,,.,,u,,· •.nJh ,tllhnr Jrtlt:rfa(l'

1f ill J'(••k~llk I' u~·d ;I'- ,t ftfh·r l>t:l\\1'\'11 ,,,,J ).,._..,,. tl ,!J.,uJd ht· not~·d thai tfk- '"'II· f4••h''llk 1111nf .. ,,. •mrhr '"··•ll' thl· '·'!''"·''~ '''l'.'l. "'''''' lh,,ntht· .. oil·gt;J\d in~t-rf;u:c lSh<rllH•tll d .o~l. 1'14171

IU flttr·l'c..._tund SnU \l»trrial:

\\',ll&'f <.lnl.tfC !'.tJ'·" If~ '" nf nh\ IHII" , "'h l'IO \dnJII.ttl· ,,)jJ ltUIJil'lll., tnU'It aho he a\ .:ut1~le for ""H ,·"ful '''P''·'''"" ,.,t.lhlt•hll~t·nr ;,u,t P"" rh. 1\ho. tklrin1<'nl:o. to \t'fi.'I•Hwn tw"lh l•u,h ;J\ tuft' ,,,J! '""kllt'l 11111'1 hl' '''''idcd. Suib \\ilh low tk,in·;tlton .-r ;KJ.. in~ Jlllh"Oit;,l "hc•uld t'lt· u,t•d

9.1 Mainh·nancr lssun

P1:r ictdk '''uaf c)O"t'J\ ;JJJun .. oltht· in•lalll·d rll\ cr \\Ill h,· fl'tjUired alicr ib in:--lallarion 10 ,.n .. urc.' that il!'> intc.·piry j, tolllillut.·d. Oh"t"l\ alit>ll' \\ill t nn-.i-.1 of a 'ilc w11lkmcr by a tq~i:--lnnJ pwft'l'!loiunaJ &.'llfillt:C:f. ()t'l,\'f\ ;ltioll\ wiiJou·\11 al i.l minimum of OOCC C\'Cf)' !>i~ mnnth:oo fm !he first fiu.· ~t::.r ... rtwn <tllrlually for tlw not 25 )t·ars. The)' will ah.o he l"·rfunnc·d aftc:r t•;n·h 'ifnifkanl prc.·,·ipitatiun t'Hill. The oiN:rvations :-htlUid nnle an)' Jiffc."tential !'ll'ltkmt•nl. •urfan.• nat·J..ing. \'rn~iun. pondin1.1. hiointru,ion. or other l"nllkm .. that ,·nuld affc.•t·t fht• inlq.:riry of the hmdflll ,·mer.

The fnlluwinE tahle j, an ,., ample of "" tll~f'l'Ciinn dwcJ.. Jj,J u,t·d by the Army Corp <)f Efl~tiK'Cf!i.

r

-----· .... __ ..... ·•·····- ... -· ... . s1n: N4ME:

··~·· --.... ~ -------. ·---------~--( 'UIC.'I.I~ ID: I .. -- ...... ________ . .. ··- .. · ST4n::

I.----.. - ----·····-·· ----·-·-· .... t".PA Jl.:.GION:

~·--·llATt: c1•· JNsl•f:l:T·IoN·:-·-·- ·-··---·- --·--·--­.. -·!·\\'1~:,\ 'ftlt::ii:--·---- - -----.. ----...

·j n:\iPt:Ri1iriii-:: -· -·-·-. . -1·< :(H<I;s f)f.:s"j(;i\ri)J~S·-::=:l.=R~-:1-:<::=::~::-: ------------!

.j sih: :\iAt': A'i1·t.C.:tf- .. - ........ _._ ............ ·----~ l: ('Uk~-~~(~:~1·~~~~~.~-·-~~ 1>1-~-~~ll'T:

,;;s-n:t=il<is .. l1:~~~~- A'1'T A(:tfitos11-:a·· - .. . ,,·.: ... . .. ht~i::~

27

r ;

. ...

Draft I )t H.'ll rncnt ~------------ ----------------·-·---·---------.., ! I'"~'~''"'" ltnd•• o~tc •Jfl 'lie ln,;jJ1I

Arnl f.\lclil l><·('lh

J -~ f"K-A<:Ks. , J.," .altun ttnd~> 'l'lc nn \lh' •n;tf'll i t.~nrth ; \\ tdth I Ot-rcta: ~---········· .... .

13 UWSION

1.-~>~:ah•m """"'''' ort '''' m>~pr I Alcal btt·nt·

~4.:~ ·-- ------ ------ -------· 1.-'"'alilln ltndKate "" ~itc maJ!): Arul E,tcnt: De ph: Su~pl·clcd C'au~· tRotknt m <»hen:

5. VEGH ATJVE COVER Grau: Condition: Trccs/Shru"":

Ye'

Ye~

Yc1o Yc!>

Yc~ - l..tk:illi<m (mdicatc on ~itc map): - St1c:

-----------·~----···-·--~-·---·--··----·-·

No

~0

No

No

6. ARMORED COVER Yes No Material Tn~: C'nndilion:

7. BULGES Ye!i No J.,.,GtiiOII tindtl·atc nn 'itc map): Mal Euent: HriJht: ~usrrctecJ C':tulot I Gal< Pre~~ure '''Other):

i.-WET AREAS _________ Ye!i --No--PondinJ: Yes No

- l..nration (indicate un site map): - Areal b.tent:

Seeps: Yes No - l,x·ation (indicate on site map): - Areal Extenl: - Estimated Flow Rate:

Soft Subgrade: Yes No - 1-Ali.'ation (indicate on site map): - Alral Euent:

9. SLOPE JNSTABIULITY Slides:

Yes No Ye$ No

- l.ofatiun I indicate on site map):

' --------~

I

----------------------1

- Areal Euent: ------~- ~----------------------~---------------------------------J

28

11 II

Draft Dorutncnt - 1-.nt•llhk Sltdt- hllcrfac~: - 5u~l1rd Cau!IC. - f.'P'"'d C"11\rr Cump•ocnu

BENCHES Yes No

l~ation Cindiutr on !<ilc map): Oncripion of Prnft.lcm:

i. BENCH BREA{Tiib------y-c; -- --- -· ·------- -------------------------1 Lll:•ion findkatf.' on ~itc: map): Onmpioo of Prohlrm:

~---=--~~==-~·-:-:-..,.:~~--:-:-::-:~ ------------···--··· . -· --······--· ------ -----------------4 l BENCH ovunoPPED Ye!~ No (..o(-•ion (indkare on t>ile map): Orscripion or Problnn:

l..ocation Cindicate on ~ilc map): Arc:al E:~~1m1: lkpch:

LETDOWN CHANNELS·.·· : Yes No

1-..,....,.--~,-=..,.-~-:--~-.:--::-~:c:-----:-o---·-:-:----+--····· ···--·-------------------~ 2. MATERIAL DEGRADATION Yes No M111trial T)11C: J..oution tindicale on ~itt map): Areal E111m1: Orp-cc of Deiradation:

"f.f.lWSION---------------Y~e-s·----N:-:·o-···---~. -····· ----------·---------------1 l.lleation (indicate on site map): Areal F.:~~tem: Or ph:

4. UNDER<:trnlNG Yes -No---+---···--------------------------------1 Lncation (indicate on site map): Anal Elltenl: Depdt:

Yes No Type: l.liCadnn (indic:are on silt map): Anal Eatenc:

...• Sllc:

6. No Type: Location (indkate on site map): Anal E11tcnt:

29

·-----------------········· -.......---·----·-·-.. ···--------------( ·• '"' t '""" JCr>UiiPrh \,Jihf'k-d

i .. : : (; f\S ~tc '' 1i Ofl) .... ( j l'kOfif~S

1 "'''ltlll'"'"' I tf<'fl<hUnfl

I . ::7::.:::::: '"·' run. ""''"''t' Comdtlffnl

Mr '\Ill he I) '\.Ht!f•k-d

.i"'if;.\(:HA 1 f, diTJlACJ JON WElL' rurk'li< onrnr (·,,nd,tMm RtlUIIIl('l~ s .. nrpkd

----·--·-·-~ SUllJ .MI.~'T \!ONl'MI:~IS

Lt>•:att'd ('tmdilton: l~•mlintl) ~;.nl{'k-d:

I. OlJlUT t=um·tionmr· Cundi1ttl1!1:

"c:-\ ~ .. Yt<• ~ .. .,.('\ ~II

'\'('• ~~~

Yc' :'\Ill

Yc' N"

Yr' No Yc~ N"

Yc' No

Yr'> Nn \'('!\ Nn

Y..-~ No

COVER DRAINAGE LAYER Ye11 No Ye!!i No

·r.-ounjit~ixl(-- ---- ---¥;;-- No-----Fum1iuninr: Yes No Condition:

,,

, DETENTION/SEDIMENTATION Yes No

Ye!i No Ye1 No

.. -. ~---·---'

i •• • ·----·---·-···M·•- ••- ·- ~···--

i l

I f

i --1

I ___ _j

I

l

~-...,.-!:"...,-,'"-,:-'-·--·--··--··--·-----.. -----·+-·-------- ·-·--·--- .... --·------------1 Yu No Yes No

...... _.- .......... ____ ·---------------'

\". . .. !., . ,,. ~ "•'; !' ;,

' ~- '

··H;;·;~;;~ial Dr•pl;,. t'nlll'llt

V Cnl\<l: \ )J~pi<M.t:Oll'nf R••tatumal f>r,rl.~o. t'rtl'(·nt

·····-- ~-.. ·····--··-····---::! I>J:GRAIMTION

1 J'\·ation 1 mdll'alc ctn •lie fii:.IJll fkMrirtinn nf Oamarc:

Draft [)ocuJncnt

I I J.

I I

-- ---------l ------------- ------~

i ~-------------------------------------------VERTICAL BARRIER WALLS ·.t:?~;~fJi:./.':;;r_•:-;_~~>":t~ ~I-.S-E-_l_TL __ I_:~-1-E~ST~---------------Yc~--.--------------------~~~----~~~

I.Jl(·atic>n !indi(atr on ••tc majl). Areal E 'llll'nl:

l>cpth:

'"- '~~,···----··- ~--···· ··----·· -- -·· ·- ··- ------ ---------- ----- ··- -· ..• ... ·-·-·-· ;: I'ERH)f<MA~CE MO:'IillONING Ye~ No I ·- ... ---- .. -----------!

fiC'!UCnl")': T)'J'(' of Mnnitnung: ~1 f,·idcncc p( Brc<Khin~ Yc!; No

1----------·--~ ----·-----~-..,-.; ; .. ~~- :(y~~:~;t~~~!}j~·fff*~4~:;~~~; GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS I.T,HJt: functionin~:

Contarnment Trc:~tment

Condition: Routine!)· Mtmitorcd:

I. SILTATION l.ncation (indicate on site map): Areal Extent: Depch:

2. VEGETATION GROWTH u1cation (indicate on site map): Areal Extent Type:

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

t---------::-,...-------------3. EROSION uJCation (indicate on ~ite map): Areal E"'tenl: Depth:

4. DISCHARGE STRUCTURE Functioning: Condition:

Yes No

Yes No Yes No

"-"~ii.'ij_l-?\~1 '>t~iflt~Jii}·.;f~~•i;,;'<.,;:r;;,-;;t;;.:!·t,.,"~,l\in,~" .C' . '"' ,., . a· .<,, .. , r'r•f''<ii'%: •'i ... 'i'\l!i ~~~~~it4~f~~:r~~t~~;~~11;~~·~~·~rit':~J~4r:~~~t!t :.~:~.--~NCIN : ~',:.1: ::_ .-~~~h:·~~~tt~::?;~;¥~1Y,~ I. FENCING DAMAGE Yes No

Lncarion (indicate on site map): Description of Damage:

31

·./·

Draft l)orurncnt , I "' at"'" 1 Hl<h~ alt 1 •n 'lh' llliiJ' 1 I J)t'<nf'll<'ll nf I>111T1.J~

t. ________ --~~"f!£_-:,:.c::::c::.:E~s.:.s===-~-~-~~~;J§~~~~~~~~~~ . I ACCESS RISI RICliONS Yc~ :'-lei·.- 1.

1:>..,~ riptum:

GENERAL I. VANI>AIJSM

I.e'"""" ( 1 ndiutc on , Jlt mapl: lkKrif11ion of Damarc:

Yel> No

1 dtA"-i<iED SJU CO~DITJON Yc!o Nn Dcl!oe.-ripinn:

Ye~> No

. . .. - ··------- ------- --·-·~

---··· ---··-----·----- ---------------1

.. ,;~_ INTERVIEWS.·.'·' ··:·

I. INTERVIEW WORKJ:.RS ON SITE Pmt>lenu: su,e5tion5: Art.ach Rc:pon:

-.. ---- ----· ·--· ---- ----------------------·------i 2. INTERVIEW SITE NEIGHBORS Problem1: Suue~tions: Attach Repon:

3. INTERVIEW LOCAl. OFHCIALS Problems: Suurscions: Anach Repon:

Abnormalities:

2 GAS Abnormalities:

3 SE1TLEMENT MONLTMENT Abnormalities:

I& there a plan in place? Y cs No Ia II ~illJ followed? Yes No Ia h adequlfc? Yes No I' ortimi7~1ion heins considered? Yes No System' wilh optimization potential:

AnnuaiO

32

[

Dr~uft f)orun1Llll

:-.oo I:S.

.. ------------------------- _j

9.2 Rrpalr

Su~r'-·~l<"d tt'Pai....-furlhc JWI\'nll;iJ problem~ art· a~ follows: • St"rtknwnt - add wp .. Pil tn dcpa•,,nJ ;JH'a!- to hrin~ the 'urfacc e-levation hack to Jls oriEinal ~radc. • Surface cradin8 ~ n;teh are to he filled "!th -.oil <md rc~t·cdcd. If the cracks extend into the (·ompal·ted !-oilla)CT. the rdillcd -.oil will tl·quirc compaction to match that of the t"lli!-tin8 landfill nwer. This is to he pl·rfonned "ith minimal di5ruption of \'cgctation. • Ermion control - small fUitics !'lhould he repaired hy -.imply fi1Jin8 in the gullies with lop,.oil. Large gullies will n•quire H'l'ngim·cring to avoid the problem from reoccurring. • Ponding ~ fill in ponded area with additional soil. • Biointrusion- requires occurrence specific repairs.

• For t~ll r;>pairs, compaction rt•quirt'mntt:f will bt' the .\Wilt' as originally specified for thl' MWI. tmd after repair alltiffntf'd art'lu art• to be rol't'deJ as spc~cified for the MWL.

10.0 Post-Closure !\fonftorfng of Landfill Covers

Po,.r-cJosure seulemcnr monitoring should t:onsider hoth total landfill settlements and differential landfill !>Clllemcnts. Total post-closure settlements for MSW landfills will typically be in the range of S to 20% of the initial landfill thidncss measured at the time of closure. Total sculements for old ~1SW dumps will rypical1y be J:.~rger than for modem MSW landfiJJs. Procedures for monitoring total landfill settlements include: (i) ~u.·rial surveys, which arc generally limited to a vertical accuracy of &bout 100 to 200 mm with guod ground control; (ii) in~trumcntaJ ~round survt:ys of settlement monuments installed on the landfill, which can achieve high predsion (vcnicaJ accuracy to within les!l than J mm). bul which ;arc more costly than aerial surveys unless the area to be ~urveyed is quire small.

J3

I .. ; (

.. 1..

• .; .. ..

l'·

f ,. ;

ilt.

J)raft J)nnllncnt \,·ulnrwnl "'"'lllllWill' '.dl t'l\· lfl•l;dt. d on '''-1,11 I 11\l'f -~,,,.Ill ''IIJ'IC.:'\ In Jl)IIJJJior , . .,, ''""" n•I••J"'t' , fnl' '" m•l.shlu~- 'ii•"J'I<.' 11•"''''""'';.' •h.,uld ·•''" he ,·on-.Hkrcd for fu1al ,,,,,., ·~·h·m, tn ·•·r•mr~ ll'liJ'·Il'' /PtH'• \\hrr~· till' •n'n ·~•Inn '' dt•'ifncd In )rdd WIHklfll j't.'ffTI,Jfll'lll "rl'ITII< .JJ•['I.H nth 1111 diJIIIlt-' lf11· .fntfll \';111hljttak\.' l'\L'Ill.

()lffl·r,·nh;rl .. ,·llktn\'111 !ltnllll••r•n~ m.s~. !->,· ,d,·llllfinl thrnurh ;serial or pound ~urH'\ tn hn~tllll'' rf the drlkh'llfi.sl 'l'llkllll'lll k.llllrl' ;. Lll p· l'flOIIFh IO he .. ·.lptmcd oy the h'•c•1ur inn uf ltl(' •ur H'~ h'dmi.~ur u·~·d ,., 'I';J " idt• 'urr ..... ,. dl.'{'ll'''ion\ ""'' I han )(X) 10 t-<00 mm w •krrh .th' urrltl.d~ tn .,,. idntltfrnJ IIHnllfh ;,,·rial •ur\l')'. Likl'wi,e. hirhl~· 1.,. 01hn·d ra\t'ltnf nr •tnkhok k.slllll'' .Ill' likd) to ,;o un.lt-tn·tcd in ;1erial \UHl'Y'­Thc'-i.' ... 11m' katuu·' "••u JJ tx· mi"l'd 111 p .. und •ur' ,.~' \\ h~·rl· it would he unu,.ual. for '''"mpk. 1o in-.tall ,,·ttkm,·nt llln\cllll'lll' nu a 'Ill\ I'~ pid \\ ith a t!rid Junl"n!>ion ~maller th;m ;,hnut '0 m. The rtJ""' rdr;rhk llll'Otll" for id\.'nltf)ing lncali1cd differential '-\'llktnl'llt' '" h' pnform pt·ri~tdi~.: 'i'ual 'lin l'~' ;r.-ro-. .. the l'fllirc landfill \Urface. Thi!t 1~ pt· uf 'llfH'')' 'hcluld ukaJ!y he pafnr mnl tmrrwdtald) after a rainstorm when puddles ;md pn111kd "at&:·r v. Puld prcn ide ,., itkn,-,. ,,f '-Urfa\ l' d\.'pro,ions. :\t the "ilmc time. the lrl"J"'t'l'lnr 'hould l1w1k for njtknn: of othn '~Pl'' nf dsffl'll'lltial 'l'ttkrncnl fl"ature~ ~tKh <t' 'inl.hnll'' ur tat\clint: nmditions.

A!> pc•lllh.'d ''"' in EPA ( l'J<JJ ). 'un .. idl'nl·l· dcprl'''ion., -.hould he rcmcdialed below the fl'\ d uf thl' hytlraulil' harrier la~er I<• a\ oid lung -ll'rm an·c ll·ralion of the .. uh-.idence due to a "wof pondin!!" m,·,·hani.,m. Roof pundinF rdC.·rs to the l·ommon slructural problem in flal '' wlf 'Y'tem" whl'rc ptmdinf "alcr cw-.c:o, thl' roof rafters to <kOect. thus allowing more w .• tl'r to pclnd. ~·am-in~ more ~kflcl'liun. ;md -.o on. This rncchani!>m continues until the rnof ~·nllap,c.-s. In addition. ponding aho\C: a porti11n of the hydro1ulic barrier layer inac;~'e~ the potential fur kal.agc through the h;~rricr hl'Ol'ath the ponded area. Rt•mc.·,fiation requires rcmoYing the nnw 'Y"Icm in the region of !-.ubsidence and harkfillin~ the dcprl"~-.icm with fill. To rniuimitl" the potential for continuing settlement. I he U'(' of enginccrin~ mca.,urcs "lh.'h a~ fl'O") nthl·t ic n·inforcemcm or separation layers, li(!htwcight fill, vihratory wmpaction of hadfill (to help fill ravel features and void ~p;)(:e,. etc. should be considered.

Tin:- following l;thlc ;, <Ill namplc of a lllflnitnrin!! ... rhcdulc for a final landfill cover. Thi!. ~·hedule should he modified to im:orpor<~tc.· the spcdfics of each site.

Iuitial Monitoring F.Tiliut"q:~&'*::-.~:

------Month)~ Monthly ----·

__ ----~anerly

--·· Quarterly . Quarter!>:

-...---- Semi-Annually

-· Monthl~ Q11:Jr~l:~.IJ-~~d A!ter Major Stonns ·-···--·--- Monthly ________ Quaneri): . _____ .... ___ Q~l!_lncrly _________

34

"h•' • • ·i· ·"i , .. ''<' I·J!:'; :·.- L··· ·~ ··-~···-''

""

, .. ~. I

'· i..' •

. I iH•j.~ .. h· ,!I ('I "' •nJflll ''·~· ':· ''•'lli ' I .. tlh!!oll (j,,. ''"''H""''~' 'i.;. •h'llJ

Sui\ t') \1"'''''r"'"''

J)raf:t Dnn1rncnt

5'n•1 t .1nt..;~!.r~•· (',.,,,!,r~o•r, .,f .olt ,,,,,.",, .• ,,,"' ,,,,,., . .

( )u.lllnh . .• Qu;rrll'r I~· i\llnnallv .... -·

,.\lr,·r LrrrJ·uluo.~loa:~ ''••k tl·fr,qn•rl•\ ••I q,,.r.,t.•rl!.f 111.,~ ho:r.·.t!l,,·.! f·.,,,,,f,,r, •·'··'<1\l'd\Pilll!lll•n~•lurliJ~ lhc pn·.f., IP"Ilfl' l"'·nnt!.

\1nrlll••lln~· of l,tlrdflll, "'''"• f\'lll'l.dl~ , 1 nr~.·r, on :lw rnnnit .. rin!! nf pcn:nl;.~tinn through tht' '"' n. Bn .tU'-{' •urbn· ''''"1110 .!~1 .. · '" ""'h ".rt~.·r ;rnd "ind i~ of m•rjnr t'Prr.:cm. mnnttonnr of lhC' fin;tll.tndfill ,o,l'l' ,h .. uld ;tl'o 111dudt· thr• .. Ern-.ion ctn he rnorutored I;. th1• u .. ,. nf ''"h lhtllf' ;t' l'to"i"n pin'. 'j,ual .. b .... ,·n ;rlion. -.ur\'cyed devatinnll or a num~r o1 ••tht'J d1nin·.., ;sll to dl'h'llllin•· tlw Jo~,., of '"il dlll' lo rro .. inn. The!>.e are all L11rl) ... u;sifhtfor\\:Jrd nwthnJ, .md h;f\l' bn·n u,,.J -.ucrc,~fully for years.

\\';tier ~;,J.m~T JllllllJit•rin~ j, '""'t'\\hat lllllrc drffitult .111d np .. n-.ivc. Sy·-.tcms l·an he ln't.tfle(J -.o that data ,·;m tx· .-nJkrtc:d J11,lJlliJJI~ or fx• ;nJ!omatcd. S}',tl"ffi:S can he IO'I;tfkJ p~t\\l"ll'd b~ l'krlfll'lt}' from dill'l'l h1>•Jkup._ or he: ,pfaf pll\H'red. The foiJO\\oing j, a l1't nf ;1\ ;1il.:hk ln'lrllllll'll!ation ll'l'd to lllt';t'llll' 'oilmor,rurt." and/or pert·nlation.

1.~-,imt•h•n: Soil l)'llll\'ll'l' arc ll'l·J for ~·ollertin~ dl·l·p dr;sin;sgc or pcrcob1tion data ;md l''-ti mal in~ H'l·har ge. Thl· mn-.t ,·ommonl y ll'l'd I y ,j 111\.'ll~T in nn crcd ~ y~tcms i~ a simple \;.~ri<~tion of the •oilly,inwtrr l;.~lkd a p<~n l)'llllt'tcr. Ttw pan lysimctcr i~ an impervious p<lO in-.talkd lx·nt'Jth nr "ithin the 'oil in the plot of intt:rcst. Water collected in the pan drain' to a t·olkl·tion ~pll."rn whrrc it i' 'uh,t'tJUl'rH!y ljllarllified. There ;,ue numerous dcsirn' of lysimetrr". howc\L"r. they ;m: typil;JIIy It'"' than ::!-min depth (Stephens 1996) and their pl<~n dimcn<;ions arc proportioned al·l·onling to the desired accuracy and shape of the plot tx·in~ monitored. 0c:rwrally. the larger the Jy .. imc:ter. the greater the accuracy. The r;1lc: of !-oil water collerted per unit arra rnonitoa·d is ex lrapolated and used to •:-.timate the pell·olation rate of the rntirc nncr sy~tcm. h i~ important to note that only an l"~timate ran he j!aincd \\ ith this Tlll'thoJ. A l·ntain amount of uncertainty always l"Xisrs with Jy~imeter mca~urcrncnts. The principal advantage of soil ly!>.imerers is :hat they provide dirCl'l ;md prcci .. e mc.·a~urcs of \Oil-watcr nux. Lysimctcrs are best installed prior to the pl:Krmcnt of a CO\'er system.

Tt>n!iiomrtt•r!li: A ten,ionwtcr nwa~urc-. the matric pl•tt·ntial of a given soil for suction values tx·t\\l'l'n 0 and I har IMoni~on JIJH3). With careful ralibration. the measured rnatril- poh'ntial ran he nlll\ l'rted to t''limate 'oil moi~lurc content through the usc of an ;u:n·ptahle ,ojJ.moiqurr characteriqic ,·urve. The dl'vice l·ommonly consists of a porous n·r&~mic rup attachl'd to the houom of a ri~id pla!ootir tube (plaqk is the preferred material fur the tuhe hl'l·au~c of its non-l·orro~in: nature and lower heat conduction properties). The: rube is sl·alcd at the top with a rt·movahlc ~.·ap ;~!lowing the tensiometer to be filled with water and ;~rcumulatcd air to he pm ;:ed. A Bourdon £auge or manometer is in.;t;tlk-d through the upper portion of the watn fillc:d tuhe. which measures the pressure of the wa!cr in the rc-miornrter. Whl'n the tcn~iomercr is in~crted into the soil. the soil ahsorhs watrr from thl' h:n~iomctl'r and as this lll'nrr:-. thl' v.·att·r rcnsion in the tensiometer

\.

I )r;J ft J), lCLIJncnt

lll\11".1'-l'~ I!IJIIl 1fw ll'll•h•IHtln fluttf f"lt '•UI\ i' In l'opllfll•r IIIII \\lift 'till \\dlt:f tllli'-IJC the: '"I' lt'n'l"llldt'l' .ttl' i'''''r.'ll~ 11"1 din,,,,. 111 \CI~ dr~ '"''' .md are lx-'1 'Uitnl for •"•''"-''· •.llld) ·~•1h Tl"·~ ·'"' ,,.,, dft-.1"'' 111 ,J.,~,-~ '""' "lwu:" 'lflllftGtllll·h~·nfc: sn 'lh~ll'tl ,oolft''J"•Ut'' IP,J llllf!Hf I fl.1Uf1.' Ill \oolUrlll'olh \\,tll-1 \Oilll'OI.

p,-,c·hrntnt1rr: A p•~dllnllwh.:l Ill\";'''"''' 1h,· Jt'l.tiJH' htllllllllty \\ithio a 'nil !-))-tl'lll h}· n~·.il'll11llf the ,!Jfkh·nn· h..·l\q•,·n ;, dr: l'ulh fnPn-n.tpor;Jilllfl klllJX'f<IIUrc ;lfld •• wet t~ulh !n ''l'~~•t;lllrl~l h·mpt.·r.rhJrt'. 'iorl p·~·luo•llll"fl·r~ ;trt.· 11•u.•ll)· rt.·~tri,·tt:d lo ,m·uun l"l·l\"'"" O.'J In 7'1 ha" t\funi•nn J'nPl. Th1' Ltllfl' ;, f''''''r:~lly ~realer than the ll'O'IO!ll\'1\'f', I.Hlf\' .md. tHO•HJIH'lltJ~. r•~ \ hto•llWh'l' ;If\' h~o:lll'r •Uitcd for \'ad(l'C /llOC llttlflllt>lltlf Jt1 tit) dilll;tl\'' \\ ftdl' lt"ll'l"llll'll'f' ;H\.' f\.'11\'1 ;tfJy llll'ffl'dtVl". rhc majoril} Of r'~\hrnn~t·tt·r, tl't·d in tht· frdd IJtihtl" thl' St•;,mwt .tc''l!"· Thi .. dl'"il!n i~ cumJ""cd of a 1t1\'f1Tlt~·c•upk. a tdnC'nn· dn·undt.·. a tll'al 'ink. ;1 porou .. n·r.unk hulh or wire mc'h .. , n~·n. ;ttllf '' u.·n •Hkr. A ' .. , ll'l} of .wtnm.tlt..- .m•J "''"' i;tliiPIIl<tl i\: rt.'l"OHicf'i arc ;n·;•ilahle fll'r P'~chrolllt.'lcr rnt·~t'Uft'Oll'lll (';,JihJ;rti••n tUT\t'" ;Ht' dl·,dop,·d hy irnrncr~m~ rhc unil m a 't'flt'~ of .. u,fium ur pnl il'-"llllll ,·hloritk '"lutiPll' of J..nm\ n ronn:ntr;Jtinn I gcrlt.'rally 0 I. 0.~. 05. O.M. ;.nd 1.0 mol;u 1\·fnrri ... on I'JX\ll. The \.·alihr.rtion curves are u .. cd to n•mpuh.· thl' in-,itu 'oil-w;Jit•r poll'rllial fr«•m th~ lllt'il'-llfl'd ftdd output H1lta~e. Some of the pw~ll'tn' crKnuntcH·d "ith P'Ychromcll'r., ;uc that th,·ir t·;rlihrarion can chanl!e over Cirrll' due to ;;onn .. iun ([);mid cl. al.. J'JX I) ;n~oVor mi,·rohi;rl frowth on the rhcrm(X·ouple "'ircl>- f ~krrill and Rawlins. 1972).

•:t..nrkal Rt·~i~1arKt' Blocks: Ell'l'lll\·al h·.,i-.tJtKC hlot:b nm"ist of dc~o·rwdcs ~.·rntll:dded in a ~;ypl>-urn, n~lun. ur f•hl·rgl;s":-. pt•rou" m;rtnial. The dccundc has kads ,·unn~.·~·tcd to a Whcar .. tonc hrid~e to mca-.uu: ll''iqarKc .. \\'h1.·n the scm.or is plal·cd in firm l't'fll<JCI with the !<Oil. water 0nw~ inlo nr llllt of the ~CJI!,Of due tO the gradient ,.,l.ahlil>-hcd hctwc,·n rhc potl'ntial in the 't'INif and the "oil until equilibrium is l'stahli~hcd. A!! the water l·onknl of the rt·~i ... tancc block decreases, the electtical ,·,mdurti\·ity of the blod dl'~:r,·;t'-C'- These lt:'i .. t;uKc bloch are calibrated in sire­"J'l'l'ific 'oil af:~insr a range nf knov. n •oil-\\ ;ater cont~.·nts. Rc~istance blocks have hccn u-<d in the a~rkuhural all'Oa fur nwny ~ears hl·..-;~u.,c th1.·y arc rdalivcly inexpensive and ca!l)' to u~. Ho\\c\'Cr. they do have "l'H'ral dr;t\\ha1.:h induding a limited life span lappruximatdy rwo )car~). ,j~nifi~.-anr hph:n:sis during ~o·alihration and field use, and ,,.n.,itl\·iry co ~II nmn·ntratinns. tl·mpt·raturc c:fft·cts, and proper soil contact. Additionally limit<"d opcratinnal filllfl'' rnJun.· margin01l an·uracy.

Srulron Probe: The ll\'Uiron prohe, when l'illihratcd. ran yidd very guod indirect tnt'tl'urcn~t.•nl of .. nil "at,·r nmh.·nt. The prohc i~ inl>-l'rtt'd into a n1scd access borehole where reading .. "'c cakt~n ac 'arious <kpths. The l·a-.ing matl'rial is generally aluminum or PVC pipmg. The prindplc: is bawd upon the nt·utron lhcnnalization process. wherein a radin;Kihc .. oun:c cmit!i high-cnctgy twutnms into the .. oil. These neutrons are then rt·dun·d w a lower energy 'tate upon l'nlliding with hydru£t.'n atoms associated with soil "atc:r cG;udncr JfJ87). lfi~hcr rnok~·ular wcifht clt'l11l'llts .. uch as oxygen also slow the Ol'Utrt•ns. hut fur (l'wer mJii,iuns arc ll'tJUirt•d ''ith hydrogen ro slow the rca~.·aion to thnmal t•ncr~y lc"el". The 'ourrL' of the higtHncrgy n,·utrons in most commercially "'ailahlt' nt·urron prnhl'!» i!l :1 r;rdioal·tiH• ••nwril·ium and h,·ryllium mix. The amcridum

' '·

:

, L

( .......

Draft Dorurncnt

n1111' ,lfl OlfJ'hd r•tf1idl~ !hat homh;arJ, lhL· l'l'l ~ !Jtlllt! .I! Pill'. \\ ltidt 1ft ltlrn. t'lllit a nl"Uiron . Tht· f;,,, m·uu"n" ;ul· l'fllil1t'd apprn\ im;:rd~ r;sdsall~ ;snd f11tt11 a ,pfwrc around the 'ourc~ "tthin "hid1 tht· rwut'""' arc ;tllt'mt;sh:d Tlw 'Ill' 11f rhi' 'l'lwri~o·al influence 'aries im~·r .. d) \\ ilh tht· rnoi,tmt• tnnlnlt. Tiw ,pJwrc j, .sb,•ut 70 ,·m fur dry 'oil!io while ahout lfl lm fot 'alii! ated 'oih.: 'rhnr di;tlnrtct '' unottfnlrd h~ the 'IH'ngth of the radioal:live o..nmn: Hl;udra~r I 9Ri ). Tilt' numher of rk\'llll .. sl puht'' , "lllllcd hy the prohc dt~tcctor i!' prnportinnal 10 the numht:r of \)ow th'lllr~>n' rnlourllt·r,·d. If hydrogen i.s the only 'ariahk .tfft·l·tin,; the tkn,ity of''"" or thnrnal n,·utron,, tltl'fl •• ,·alibration t·urve c;.m he dL'\t'h1pc:d tn,·orrdah: l·e~unt r<~tc \\ith 'oil ,,_Jfl·r Lonr,·nt. \Vhik the probe's manufacturer lNtally 'upplic' ctlihr;llinn ,·urH'"· l alibr ;1tion for l'arh applkatinn is recommended. C";tlihrati~>n inH,J\C, t~kin,g multiple rradinp in a gi,cn ... oil against a range of ftil\ ltnl'lft(;Jlly ,f~·tl'fmllw<l ";tlt•r tnnll'nl'>. S~>il lll'll"tOfCildty :md org<mic matler can haH· OJd"-.'1\l' ;tfk~·to.. nn art"ura(·y of lll'llltnn prohe rc:tdings. lm:gularities in the borehole ,·a:-inf or ~·unt:Kt "ith the '-oil ;tround the pniml.'tcr of the horchole can also produce l.'nor in "otll·r ~.·onrcnt ';tlue., ohraitK·d. A major di ... ad' ant age to the usc of a neutron proht: j., the fact that a radioarti\e ~nurt·c ;., prc ... l.'tll, thl'tl·hy po~ing a potential hazard for the op..·rator a' wdl a" impn,inr diffin1lty in ir.. u .. c and maint.:nance (i.e. regulatory ronMraints ).

Time·Donmin Reflt•t:tometry: ·n,c prol·css of ~l.'nding pubes through a cable and nh,en ing the rcfl~·l·tcd wa,cform j., ~.·ailed lirne·domain refil·rtometry (TDR). The type of matl·rial ~unounding the ronductors influt·rtccs a wa\ eform traveling down a coaxial '-";1hlc or waH·guide. If the dickrtril· nm!-tant of the rnatcri<.~J or rnl"dium surrounding the l·ondut·tors. is high. the ckl.'lronk ~ignal propag;Jtes slower. Because the dielectric nm!-tant of "atcr is much hirhcr th;m rnost materials. a ~ifmll within a wet or moist medium propat,:ates !')ower than in the -.arne rm·dium when dry. Ionic conductivity affects the ;unplitude of the -~ignal hut not the propagation time. Thus, lnoisture content (·an he dt•tcrmincd by mc:.~~uring lhe propagation over a fixL·d length probe embedded in the 'oil medium being measured.

TOR cquipnwnt fCncrally nm:-i,ts of :1 l·ahle ,,.,tcr (C.I; .• Tektronix model J502b) or a spcl'ially dcsi£ncd l·ornmcrdally TDR unit. multipkxor units (assuming multiple probes arc u~ed). probes and as!\odatcd n':1xial l·ablc. A £l'llcric calibration equation developed by Topp el al. (I 980) l'ltn he U'l'd. lfowcvcr. tf1e probes ~hould be calibrated for their !»JX·'-·ifi<.' applkt~tion (e.g., soil tntur<.· and density and c1hle kngth) to yield accurate soil rnoi~turc mt·<~~urcmcnts (Lopez. Dwy(:r I 997).

A major adv;mtafe to the use of TDR for 'oil moi,ture content ll1l'U!'Urcment is the ability to fully illltornatc the system. i\ddition:1lly. orKc in ... wllcd the system can have a long life span. Al'l'Ufacy in many ~oil type!» il> \Cr} good. A TDR sy~tcm's accuracy in general is ahout the !-arne as th;ll for neutron prohl·s 1Sdwfidd ct. al.. 1994). TOR however. is yuitc: l'XJX'nsin.· tn usc. Bc~ides thc gr~.·atcr l'XPl'll'-e. a major dis:~dvantage ofTDR is the fa~o:t that an·ur;Ky decreases "ilh innl·ascd ethic h:nt;lh between the probe and the cable tcqcr: gt•rwrally a m;rximum rallft" of ahout 6() m is rcrormnl'ndcd. Soils with a high water runll~nl knt;then the propaf;ttion time llf the ckctriral pulse and this phenomenon i!' rcfil'(h'd as an apparent inl·re&~"l' inlhc I ravel diqancc. Snil~ with a high water content

37

.. ..

Dr~nfl D(l~:urncnl

;m~J .tlurh cJ~,·,tll,.tl•""'lu.tl\11~ '·'I'''"~ .. rr,-n,Lah· tht·,·k,trh.JI pu! .. c. If the ;1th:nua11un 1~ fh';Jt \'IIP\Ifh thnL' \\!II h~· lin ll'llollll '':'"·'' .md till' protht• Lannol Jxo U't.~d. fft>\\t.'\l"f. I''' •h<.·' ' .all h· , n<ttnJ to hdp r nlu, \' thr ·t·r r 111' , H' .Jit•d t, \ 1 .11' pr ohkm.

R,·,,·nt ,kq·Jopm•·nt' b) C.unpht:ll '\, tt'lllrfil h.J\l' .•llrmptl'd to minimize the ,- ... hie kn~·th P'""''''" •• nJ tnh·h.t·tht· '""'' oltht· TDR •:•tt·m Ttw '"''''' de,eJopmcnl i'l ,-... lied "CStd~ \\'<ilt'f Cnnlt'nl Rdln·tnllll"lt'l. Thi' prnhl' dot'' nnl tt'tjllirc <tl'Ltblc te:-1er ur TDR umt t--ut r.1tlwr ~«•nn~.·~.·t, dun tl) to •• "·'''• l"t:fcr C.l1hr;llwn ,jmilar ro the trLtditional TDR ') ''l'ln i~o u·,~uirnf fnr ,._,.,, fl''lllt' lltc C'S615 \\' atcr Content Rt.·Oct.·turncter ,·•m''''" of'" n ''"ink" 'It'd rod' , nunn tnlto ~· pr lllll'd t illuit hoard. A five-nmdudor , al->1&.• i' ,·omlt'dt·d In the: , ih·uit l'l(•;ud In 'lii'Jll) pct\\c.'T. al'li\ ale the probe and monitor pul'-l· <>ulput The.· l'iH·uit t'l(•;ud ;, pnllnl•n ;,n l'pt•xy block. With tht.>~c advantafCS come '••lnl' '•t:nif•cmt di ... uh •• ntafl'~. h••'H'' .:r Tlw rn;Jjor di, .... d, ;mt;tgc is thai rhe electronic~ ,Jf<.' m th1.· cpt'-Y·l·o;tft•d ht."ad th;•l is hlllil·d 10 tht.· -.oil. [kctrnnicY> me U!,ing the weak kalo. "ilh rq.•;Hd tu the: TDR data ;u.tfui-.ition ')'ll'rn. If fnr in..,t:mcc the !'tile recei\'cd a lirhtc:ning 'tnke that wa-. larrc l'rwurh to d;slll'-lfl' the ckctnmics in the CS615. the '~'~<'rn w••uld bc \\orthl<''' -.mel" it ;, hull\'d. In ;1 "Y'Il'lll lhal used abovefrnund d<·drnnin•. i., ... a 1:ahk lt·~tl'r. th•'"l' part., '"uld he. ;~JthP11fh cxpcn..,ive. replm:cd.

f'rt·qut•m·y Oomain Rt'nt't'lomt'lr)·: r-rl'lJlll'lll') domain a·OL•t:tom.:try <FDR) methods of o,oil water <:ontcnt ffil'it'-UH'rnt.'nl~ ;m• ;1l.,o ~"''" n a~ radio frequency (RF) capacitance h'l'hniqttt'!i. Thn~c fl.'l'hni4ucs arlually mra,urc ""ilt·apacil<tnl'C. A pair of ele<:trodes is ill'l'rl<'d inln the .. oil and the ~oil tlll'n at·ts a~ the didl·l·tri<.' nu·dium completing a ,·ap<u:if<IIKC ,·irruit ,·nrnpri~ing pan of a fn·dhal'k loop of a high frequency transistor oo,dllator. A~ hiEh frcqut.'rKy radio waH'~ f ahnut 150 MHz) arc pulsed through the ,.-apadtaru:e du.·uitry. a n;llural rc~onant frn1ucnt'y dependent upon the soil capacitance is l'~labli~hcd. Tile ~oilt·••paritancc is rl'lall'd to the dielectric ,·on .. t<llll by the geometry of the ckctric field l'"''J~Ii~hcd Ltrnund the dt·drndl's. Tt~rrc arc currently two commercially av<.~ilable in~trunll'nt!\ U!•ing this tt.·l·hnique: the Troxler Scrllry 200-AP probe and the Aquaterr probe.

The Troxler prnhc uscs an a,·,·c~s IUhc ka ... l'd hoa·ht,kl .. imilar w the neutron probe for rnl'a~ouring \·olumetric soil wat&.·r nmtt·nr at ,·ariou~ <kpths. The probe is in~ertcd into the a~o:n·M• ruhc an(f,thc natural rc~onam frcqut·ncy or the probe measures frequency shift tx-1\U.'&.'n the &.·min~.·d and Jl't·chcd frl'I.JUL'IH:y. The an·css rube must consist of 2-inch dian~ter Sdu~dulc' 40 PVC pipe. Thi~ ~ill' and wall thkknl·ss of pipe ensures tight fit of the prohc in,ide the <ll'CC!'>S tube. thl'TL·by minimizin!_! annular air gaps that greatly affect the tr;n·d of the de&.:rnnic sigrual into the "nil: installation of the access rube requires 'IX"t.'ial alll'ntion to l'nsurc.• l·nmpktc ~nil rontact with th1.· t·asing within the augured hole. Annular air gaps or !-oil rr:Jfks around !ht' out ... idc of the tuhc produce erroneously low r&.· .. ding~.

Tht> rnanufal.·turer's l'<tlihration of rhe ptohc is for ~and and yields !_!cncrally high "'lumeuic soil water pl'H·cnla!;CS on other ~oil lt.'XIua·s. Calibration of the probe for soils 11thcr than sands is dwrcfnrc rt'tjuircd. Rulk dt:n-.ity diffcrt.·nces in soil profiles also fl'ljtrirc :•dditional ,.,,Jihration. With pro~r r:tlihralion and us(', the FOR's accuracy for

j J:

l)raft l)ocutncJll

lllt'<I~IIIJOE! ._.,II v. ·'"" ~ nnknt 1~ H't)o !'• •od \\'11h tilt~ n.n·prion of the: t:onl·crn~ asstx-iatcd "tlh lhl· pH''t'On.· nf a r ;l,fiPadJ\ l" •.ourn· pt nl'rKl'. FDR limitations ;1rc .. irnilar to those 3"·nri;ll('tl "1th the rn.·utrnn pwbe ..

1. Antkt~on. C. E. IIJIJ7. AIIY,10 I:\IIY\10·'J7J Computer Pro!!r<~m User's Manual. Alhu~.jucrque. NM.

2. Anderson. C. E .. <tnd J. C. Stormont. I'J97. PH·dil'lion of Long-Term Ero~ion for Landfill C'O\c:r!l in the Southv.,~st. Pton•t•,!ings: Jntt·mational Containment Tt>~·hnoletn \nnfch·ncc. St. Pc1cr~hurl!. Fl. Pp. }89-395.

l. An<krsnn. J. E .. k. S. !'\nwak. T. D. lbt1laff. and 0. D. Mmkham. 1993. Managing Snil ~1oi:o.tuu.· nn Wa~tc Burial Sites in Arid Regions, in ltmmal of Envirmmlt'lltal Q.,,,/i~·. Vol. 12. pp. 62-69. 4. Bcnl'-nn. C. H. 1997. A Rni,·w of :"fnllarive l..mu!fill Cover Dnnonsrrarions. [n, irnnmt.·nta) Gl'ntc'-·hnics Rl.'pnn No. 97- I. Gt·ntt·,·hnil-a) Engineering Program, Dt:p;lnml·nt of C'i"il & [11\ iron me nla) En1;inening. tTniversity of Wisconsin­Madil>on. 5. Birhland. P. W. 19R4. Soils ;md Gc,>nwrphology, in Oxford University Press, pp. 138-140. 6. Sowders. J. J., J. P .. Tan, ;md D. E. Daniel. 1997. Expanded Clay and Shale Al;~rt·ratcs for Leachate Colkction Sptnns. in loumal of Geoteclmic:al and Gntrtn·ironnlf·ntal Engillt'ning, Vol. I D. No. I I. pp. 1030-1034. 7. Ca~scl. D. K .• and D. R. Nicbcn. 19X6. Field Capacity and Available Water rapacity. Methods of Soil Analysis, Pan I. Phy.,ital and Mineralogical Methods. Agwnomy Monogwph No. 9. 2"d Edition. Soil Society of America, Madison,

Wi~onsin. 8. Daniel. D .• Hamihon, J. , and Obon, R. I 981. Suitability of Thermocouple

Psychmmcters for Studying Moisture Movement in Unsaturated Soils, in Permeability and Groundwater Cont;uninant Transport, ASTM STP 746. Zimmie, T.F .. and Riggs. C.O., Eds., ASTM, Philadelphia, PA. 9. Dwyer. S. F. 1997. Large-Sc<tle Field Study of Landfill Covers at Sandia National

Laboratories, in Conjam1 e Proa£•dings: l.llnclfi/1 Capping in tht Semi-Arid West: ProM'ms, Paspt>ctil'es, tmd Solurions, edited by T.D. Reynolds and R.C. Morris. htld in Grand Teton National Par)c, Wyoming, May 1997. Sandia National Laboratories. Albuquerque. NM, pp. 87 ·I 07. 10. Dwyer, S. F. 1998c. Construction Costs of Six 1.-tmdfi/1 Cover Designs. SAND98-19R8. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque. NM. II. Dwyer. S. F. /998d. Con!'tnJl'lion Oven·iew of Six Landfill Cover Designs. SAND99· 1988, Sandia National Lattonnories, Albuquerque, NM. 12. Dwyer, S. F. 2001. Finding a Beller Cover. in Ci\·if En8inuring. Published by ASCE, Rc~ton, VA. Pp. 58-63. Januury 2001.

39

I< •;;

I 4 n" ~,.,, 'r. J {" 'iiPiflll•lll. (. L ·'''!!~·r,,·n I'Jq'' \1i,nl w .. ,,l' Luu.lfill Dnign Rq•"rt ~.etuf1.1 fh-p .. n '\.\\1)'1'1 :~<. 14 ~ .• ndl,l '·''"'"·•II ;•nor;Jinru:-.. t\lt-uym'HJUC. ~M

1·1 I:IJ\IIolllllt'lli;JI Proth'•ll"ll :\prh:. (Jift,l' ol \nhd \\·,,,,,. J11XX. Ca.\t •trt,ftt'.\ ofl

,._.,"ul/11 htlff'f •illd •tu'f,ll ,. ~~"/' 1, ""ltillilllllft••ll fr••lll 11:1111111f'"' '"l1d IIII.Ht' lo11d{il/.\. EI'A/~iO-SW XIHJ..tf).

I~ fn\ l!nlliU\'111.11 J,r···~·· Iron :\f\'IK~. Stlllll/tll /'uhtr. dt/1111 n ..• i,.:ll .md Coll.\11111 lion tif R< R:\!CI.RCIA I'"'''(',.,'·' EP:\Ih:~/4 1))/02~. \1ay I'.J91.

Ill i.Pr\ I'JX9 TcdJnh.sl Cuid;,nn~ J)n,unwnt: hn;•l C••h·r~ nn Hazartlnu., \Va,lc l .• mdfJII• and ~urf.s,T lrnpnufldlllcnl,. EPA/~~0-S\\' X'J-047.

17 Lt~t'f. \t J ..• md (i W fin:. I'J'J7 IJ~drnlofll' rncodd ,,.,, .. for landfill..:mcr-. u'i"l! frdd tbla. in Prot n .li11g• •1/.tm./fifl ( ·,,1'/'ing 111 rlu· S• 11/i-And Wnt. ,·dilcd hy T .D. Hqrw!tf, ;UHf R. c \forri-..l:rnllttlllll•:lllal s~il'll~l' ;md ~~~·'l'<Jrl·h foundation. Idaho Falll>.

IN. Fa)l'l. M. J .. <lfld T. L Jonl''>. 1'1110. l'.\'S:\T-11 \l'nion 2.0: l.'ma/Wtlft•d .\oi/Hata and /11 ,If f7uu mmld. R,·pnn P:\L-h7~'9. pll'p;ltl'd t'l) Pal ifi~· ~orthwc'>l Lahm;Jtury for till' t: S. Dl·p;1r1nwntof Fn&:r!!Y·

I 'l. fln·nnr. W. f.. alld I. P. King. I'J!J) hkmif~ lllf limilatinn'> on u~c nf the HELP nu'llld. in t;, otn /mit •II Spn i11/ f'l,hf,, tiT I"'' So. 53. Lm.~fi/1 Clo.\llft'.'i, cditcd hy R. J. Dunn .md t ~- P Singh. ASCE. !'lew Ynrk.

:'0. Gardnl'T. W.R. I'Hs7. \\'a1cr Cc•rll\'111: :\n OH·n il·w. in lnh:rnational Confcrl·ncc on Ml"<t'un·rncnt of Soil ;md Pl;ml \\'.,l.:r Slalu~. Volume I. Soils. tlt<th Stare Unin:r .. ity, Ulgan. l 1t;ah. p. 7.

~I. Gwr;m. W. P. ;md Jnhn ... on, W. G .. I'N..t. "SI;Jhilizarion of lli~h Pla~ticity Clay ;md Silty s.md hy lndu .. ion of Fitwrpid ... (Ji fur l' ... c in P;IH'Jnt'lll SlruCIUTCs," CPAR-GL-~4-2. t 1

. S. Army Corp" nf Enginn·r ... :\1ay 1994,45 pgs. 22. tf:r~omnn. T. E. 1986. Evaluation of Gl'ologit· :vlatnials to Limit Biological

lntru-.ion into Low-Lc:wl Ratlio;Kii\1.' Wa .. te Di .. pn ... al Siln. Rcpon LA-102R6-MS. Lo~ AhtmO!'> National Lsh.lralory, Loo; Al;tmos. NM.

B. Ha~nn ... on. T. E .• K. 1... \1ainc~. R. W. Warren. K. V. BPqirk. G. Trujillo. J. S. Kent, A!\'D L. J. Lane. 1994. Hydrolngil· E\;tlu;tlion of four Landfill Cover Dcsi~n" at Hill Air force Ra..c. t'tah. Rqxm LAt !R-9~--l469. Los Alamo~ National laboratory. Los Alamos. NM.

24. Hakonson. T.E .. LJ. Lmc. E.P. Springer. Pron.'s'>CS. in Dt·.,t·ru a.~ l>umpJ :'. l'dill'd t.:ni"c:n.ity of t-:ew Mcxi•;o Press.

I 992. Chapter 4: Biotic and Ahiotic hy C. C. Rl'ith and B. M. Thomson.

25. Harper. J.L 1987. The Hcurbtic V;tlUl' of E(olo~ical Rnloration. Pp. 35-45 in W.R. Jordan Ill, M.E. Gilpin, ;md J.B. Ahcr. l'ds., Rc~lmarinn Ecology: A Synthetic Approach to El·oloFkal Rl•.,earl·h. Camhridgc Univt.'r~ity Press. New York. NY.

26. Hauser, V.l.. Shaw, M.A.. WL•;md. B.L. 1994. Effl'ctiH·ncss of Soil-Vc~ctative Cover:; for Wa,tc Sites. In SUPERFl'!'JD XV: 15'11 Ern iwnmcntal Conferl·nce and E,.hihirion for the Hazardous Marniab/Hatardou-. \Va,te Management lndusrry. Wa!>hin~Jion DC. Dec 1994, pp. 368-374.

27. Hillel. D. 19KO. Fwulam,·nta/.'1 of Soil Ph_nic'i. Al·adl·mk Pn·ss. Inc .• San Diego. CA.

28. Hilld. D. 1998. Em·irommmal S,if Phnio. Al·;llkmk Prt·s!l.. San Diego. CA.

40

i: II

'··J.

~9 JnN"Il. '' F. ~. () Bmlll.lfl. .lfld ~ c; :\lkn. l'11tf). l:taJIOIWil.'fnftl/lon and hlll'•ltwn n;,,, r Rttlill'•m• •tt' . . \'>CF \1.ttllt.tl' .md Rcr .. n~ on Fnrinccrin!! Pr;Kticc. ~n 70. :\nw•••·m S'"'l't~ "' C'ntllurlltl't·r ... ~Y. pp I· H2.

iO 1m~. W A. W R C.ndrwr. .1nd \\' II Ci.n,frll'r I'J'JI. Sot! PhniC.~. 5'~ Edition. John \\'ik) A: S"n'. In~·. ~t·" Yori... ,y

.if t\tmc \1. JCJI)~_ ridd lf~d'"'").'' .• nd \\';tll'f B.tLIIll'l' \1ndding uf Earthen final Cmn~ for \\' .... tc f".·nl;lllllltrnt. l'h () Dt"l'rLtiJnn. t 'ni\cr .. iry nf \Vi.,l·on~in­~bdt,nn .

. l~ f<hin·. \f. V .. C. If Bt'll'""· ,,nJ P J BP"> hn I 'J'J7. \\'atn B;tlance !\1odding of E.ttftwn final ro\l'f'. Ill :\S('/:' .louflltll ,, (;, ,,, 'llllit a/ illld Geoordroiiiiii'IIIU/ D1xiw aifl~. \'ol. 1.2.1. ~o. 8. pp. 7~-t-754 .

. n Kc'll."fllt'f. 1. T. Y. Soonp. <llld R \1 1\~tt·rncr. I'J<JX. f11r1h Ro·t,lining Wu/1 (,_,,_ .. ill tht·l'SA. <iRI Rl-port ~o . .20. Philaddphia. PA. ?t7 PJ!~-

.~.J. Kuann. R . .\1 h·ditnJ hy ). I 'N2. fi~·o~~ nthl·tit·:-. in ri It rat ion Drainage and Ero~aon C'untrol. [l,n il·r Sl-it·nt·c Puhli~hcr~ Led. Enghmd.

~~- K·•crnt·r. R.~. 1()94. Dc~irning \\ith f'~t·o~)ntlwric:-.- .Vd Edition. Pu:ntin:-H:11lln~.:. En~kwoud Cliffs. NJ .

. ~h. LignrJ..e. M. W. 1994. Control of Fnli;m Soil Ero~inn from Wa.,lc:-Sitc Surface B;sni(·rs. in ln-Siw R,·m,·diotinn: S( inztifi, H11.'is for Currnrr tmd Future l"u ,,.,,Jogtt'J. t•dircd hy G. W. Gn·. G. W. ;md ~. R. \\'inf. Battelle Press. Ril·hland. \\';•"hinftnn, pp. 545-559.

n. Link. S.O .. W.J. Wau~h. ;md J.L. Downs. 1994. Tht· Role of Plants in J.,oJ;ttion B<~rrit·r Sy"tt·ms. pp. ~61-592 in G.W. Gl't~ and N.R. Wing. eds .. In-situ renwdialion: St-il.'ntifi(· has is for t·urrcnt and future tn·hnoh>fies. Batdlc Press, Richland. W A .

. ~H. l.opc7. Jt•sus. Stt·pht·n f. Dwyer. I CJ97. TDJ< Ctlihration for I he Altcrnarivc Lmdfill t·on:r Dt·mnnslratinn {:\LCD). Sandia !'\ational L;~horatories documcnl SAJ':D97-2317 -lJC-2040.

~9. ~1t-rriJI. S.D .. and R;l\\'lins. S.L 1972. Fidd ;\1l·••"utt'IIH:nt of Soil Warcr Polcntial "ilh Thnrnnt·••uplc Psyduonwtcr~. Soil Science. I 13. p. 102.

40. Miller. J. F .. R. H. fH·derick. and R. J. Tracy. 1973. NOAA Atlas 2. Precipitation Frn/llf'IIC,\' Aria.\ of thr Wt'.H« m United Statt'.'i. Vol. IV -New Mexico, U.S. Dep<trtmcna of Cnmm(•rt·e. National On·anic ;md Almo~phcric Administration, !\!ational Weather Scrvil·c. Silver Spring. Maryland.

41. Morri~. C. E., J. C. Stormont. I'J97. Numeril·al Simulations of Capillary Barrier Tc:sts. in Conjt•rt·llce Proat'l!inKs: lntanational Comai11mt•lll Tecltnology Coll/t'lt'lll't'. hdd in St Petersburg. A_, pp. 275-281. Fchruary 9-12.

42. Morri~nn. Rnht•rt D. 1983. Ground Wain Monitoring Tl'<:hnology. Timco Mfg., Inc., Prairit• du Sac, Wisconsin. p. 2-31.

43. Mulder. J. H .• E. L. Haven. 1995. Solid Wa.llf' Al.\'1'.\.\llll'lll Tt•st "SWAT" Program. Do(.·umc.•nt No.: 96-ICWP. Rl·port lo 1he lntq~ratcd Waste Management Board, Di\'hion of Ckan Water. Wah:r Rn.llurces Control Board. California Environmental Protection Agency.

44. Mu~:-.ellcr, R. A., P. F. Lagussc, M.D. lbrvcy. 1994. S(.•dimcnt and Erosion Design Guide. C. E. Anderson rontrihuting Editor. Alhuqucryuc Mctropoliran Arroyo Flood C"onrrol Authnrity, AlbuqucHJUe, NM.

41

~ "·" '•• > 0 :A:: • 0

j

';r:''• ,:~ !

i·

Draft DocLJ.tlL'Ill

J:'i "hhnl'. \\' J•tt)f C"l"/'11111/llt '~"11,/11111'!1' ,.f rtlur• f,lln·ft~ndji/1 h11rru·r IOIIIK the Ill.//'' • 1 ''"" ."' fl,lll,f I'.\'.\·\/ II' 1, 1 ''"":! 11, •·":f•lll•' , ,,j,.,_ Rq,ort ~n.: I'~L-7~X3. pH·p.unJ t't~ fl;•nfil· :"t~Jthv.l''l Lahnt.t111t~ f111 tltl· ( · S Dq1.trltlll'llt of Enl"rgy .

.l(l ~~h;m. J. W .. T. E. lb~'''''"n .• nd B J IJr,·nt~••n. l'J'XI. A \\'atl"r (btHKC Swdy of Tv.o Lmtlfill '''''-"f f>r,rrn'- for Sl'llll;,rid l~l'~i"n'. 111 luti/'11411 af Emirot~mo·flhll QualifY. Vol. 19.pp. :'KI-2XX.

J7 Rl·ith. C C.. J. :\. C'alth,dl. I'J'J:\.1',,,, ,,,,,., '""1/'rt~tri. ,. ,1 lVII,\Il' Du ap.\11/urion. JJ<. Sd10fil'ld. T,;,~ ~ G .. Ciar) J. Lmt•hnN. (irnr )-'t: Trujillo. Knuwth Bo~til-k. Wayne

lbn,t·n. IIN.l f't~mp;Hi,on of :"t·utrPII Ptt •lw ;and Time: Domain Rt:Ol"l'Wmctr)· Tt·(·hnitjUt''- nf Sorl ~1oi-turc A11al~'i'. I"" /\lamn'- ~ational Lahor;llory JncUilll'nl LA·l'R-9~-981.

J9 Sdlll>t'dl"r. P. C. Llo~d .111d P. 7;appi. I1J94. Jl,,·J"dmlo~ic Em/uario11 of /_,mdji/1 P.-rfomr.mt ,. r 11/:LP 1 Mr~df'l I'·'' r .5 ( ;"'d,·Jut \ ·, '·' '"n 3. o. EPA/600/R-9411 68a. l!.S. En' irPilllll'lltal Ptotc:,·tion Agcn('y. Cinunnati. OH.

~0. Stcp!wn ... D<.tnid B. JIJ'J6. Vadmt: Znllt.' ll)drolofy. CRC Press. Bo~:a R<tton, Fl. p.5~. 203-260.

~I. Storm•'lll. J. C. 1'195. The 1\·rfonnann· of T\\O Capillary lhrricrs During Constant Infiltration. in R. J. Dunn and l :.P. Smgh ~:d!>. /_ondji/1 Clmures. G(·otalmii'CII Spniall'uhlil'aTion. Amt•ri,·;m Sodt:ty nf Civil Engirll'crs. NY, No. 53, pp. 77-92.

52. Stormont. J. C. 1()96. The Efft·ltin-nl''·' of Two Capillary Harriers on a lOth frade. in G.·ol•'t lmi, a/and Gn1/o~iwf En~inn rinx. Vol. 1-t pp. 243-267.

5~. StoTlt.llflt, J. C. May 1~97. Jncorporating C.tpillary Barriers in Surface Cover Sy-.tt.·ms. in Confi•n·twc• Procndin~.\ · Lmdjill CiJJpinx in rht• Sc·mi-Arid Wt•st: Proh/;·ltu, !'tnpc·c rin·.~. ond SolurionJ. edited hy T. D. Rt.·ynolds and R. C. \1orris. hdd in GrandT l'ton !\'atinn:tl P:trk. Wyuming, pp. 39-51.

54. Stormont. J. C. and C. E. Morris. April 199H. !\kthod to E"timate Water Storage Capacity of Capillary Barrier!'. in )ounwl of Gt·ornhnical tmd Gt·ot·m·riom·mma/ Engint't'ring. Vol. 124, No.4, pp. 297-l02.

55. Stormont. J. C.. K. S. Ht.·nry. and T. M. [\ans. I'J'.J7. Watl'r Retention Funftions of Four Nonwoven Polypr.,pylenc (il.'ott.·xtill's, in Gt·w_,nrlu·ric:; /manational, Vol. 4, No.(,, pp. 661·672.

56. Suter. G. W .. R. J. Lu~moore. and E. D. Smith. 1993. Comp<tctcd Soil Barriers at Ahandoncd Landfills will Fail in the L~111g Tnm. in Journal of Em·ironmt·lllal QualiTy. Vol. 22. pp. 217-226.

57. Thd~n. M.S .. G.N. Ri~·hard,on. 1998. (ll'll') ntlwtil· Ero:--ion Control for Landfill Final \mw!>. Gcotechnk<~l Fahril- .. Rl·port. \-1ay I'J9R. Volume 16. Number 4. Pp. 22-27.

5K. Thnrnp!-on, F. and S. Tyler. I 9R4. \ornpari,nn of Two Groundwater Aow Models (l!NSATID and IIELP) and Tlll'ir :\pplit.'<tlion to C'on-rt•d Ay A~ Disposal Sites. EPRI Donmlt'nt Snl'iu. Elct·tric Po\\cr Rt·scarch Institute, Palo Alto, CA.

~9. Topp. G.r.. Davis. J.L. ;rnd Annan. A.P. I'JXO. Ekrtromagnctic Determination of Suil Water \ontt.•nt Mea .. url'mt:nt: \ka~urt·rnt·nt in Coaxial Tr~;nsmission Lines. Water Rc!tourccs Res., 16. p. 579.

60. Wau~h. W. J. 1994. Pall'odirn;rtil· Data Applil'ation: Long-Tern• Performance of Uranitrm \1irJ Tailinp Rt·positorit·'· in W.•rlohop Pr(lanlings: C 1imare Clumge in

\ I

.____!. --42 ~--J

!)raft Dorutncnt

llw r,.w c,,lllt'l.\ .md Adjw till R,· ,J.:it•/11. hdd Ill (ir.md .lulldlllll, CO. Sl:pll'mbcr 12-14. 1')1)4_

hi. '.\';lllfh. W. J.. <i. \1 S111ith. I'!')/· IJf,, /.1 uf 1\uol lntnoion ill /h(• Bunt'//, p, """'''miu. l ·,,11111on Jfd/'f.~tflllt:.' f.l,,,,,.,llf ,..;;,,._ < iJ() •J7.).T AR. GJO-LTSM-4.

h~. \\'hill;Jkcr. R. H. 11175. Cotlllllltllitu.l untl [_', ,,, ,_,/t/11.1. 2"'1 Edition. Maunillan Puhli,hin~ f'o .. Inc .. ~cw York, NY.

h.l \Villi;Hl1'i, J. R .. 1975. s,·dimt·nt· Yll'ld Ptl'dil'tiPrl \\ith I 'niH'r<.al Equation u~ing Runoff f.rwtgy r..,·ror. '" ,, ,,.,, .md f'I<I'J'• ,,;,,. r, I llllology .\f'dimt•nr YiddJ (Jruuc,/ing.\: The Sl'llirtl\:nt·Yidd \\'~tr!..•h~tp. Oxf,,rd. \1i"i:-.-.ippi. No\'. 28-30. 1972. ARS-S 40. 1 'SDA Apit·ulturc Rl'~l';Jrl:h Sen icc.

(~. \\'i,dmwicr. W.H .. D.O. S111ith. I'J7X. Pr,·di,·rinf Rainfall Ero~ion l...o~:-.es. Api,·ultlllal Rl'"t';nl·h St·n ld.' IJ.llldi'>Pn~ :'\n. ::'H2. \\'J,hington D.C. l 'nitcd States IA·p;•rtrm:nl uf Af,rin1hure.

43

.;.,;•.:•"· ,.,_,Qo. .. , ..

·" .;: ., .. ··~

' . '

·.i

Draft Docun1cnt

Appendix A

Sun1many of Penman Equation

Summ~ry of PE~'JA 'S"S Equations fur Polt·nt ial EntiJotran!iipiralion (Jensen et aL. 1990):

list of Svmbols Used: Name Value llnits ··--··-----·----- O.e..~~~~"-----~----·-·-·------~···· -·----·-·· --·-·--albedo

avpma mb avpmi mb cp 0.242 cai/"Ckm~ de1ta mbfCC

eJcv M eop mm/day gamma mb/"C hi cal/g potet ern/day pr Mb Rl -64.0 cal/cm2/day Rn cal/cm2/day Svpma Mb Svpmi Mb Tempav oc vpal mb

vpsl mb

windk km/da~

Equation for pressure when elevation is in meters: pr = 1013.0-0.1055 * elev

windk' =Win_ Vel* I .6093

reflection coefficient, 0.07+0.053*LAI maximum air vapor pressure minimum air vapor pressure specific heat of air ~lope of the saturated vapor pressure curve elevation penman potential evaporation psychrometric constant latent heat of vaporization penman potential evaporation air pressure. long wave radiaf.ion net radiation maximum saturated vapor pressure minimum saturated vapor pressure average temperature actual vapor pressure at mean temperature saturated vapor pressure at mean temperature wind sEeed

correct wind speed at 3.74m height to wind speed at 2.0m height: windk = windl(* (2.013.74)A0.20

tempav =(Max_ Temp+ Min_Temp)/2.0

44

(i .I

21 + ..

····.e

_-}

,.·1.

Draft Docun1cn1

·•r = 7.~· '"''-Tcmp/t ~1a\._ T•:mp+237.3) ~' prm =- 6.10!\ • I o.· .. ap a'pma =. ''Pmi"!\1in_llumiJit~/IOO. ••I' = 75• \1in_ Tt·mptav1in_ Tl·mp+137.3) "pma = 6. I 08 • 10 . ..,. ap ;1\ pma = '' pma .. ~1ax_Humidity/ HXJ. 'P~I = (~vpmi-Hvpma)/2.0 'l'al = (a,pmi+a,prn;H/2.0 alhedo = 0.21 hi = 595.0- 0.5 I *tcmpav

tol·;tkulate net radiation li:O.l' ;1 modified 'cr:-ion of the pl·nman l·yuation and a wind f;Ktor rcfcrcnn:d to water

m = 0.95'"( I .0-alht·do)"'Solar_RaJiation + rl ddta = )~.X6~9~cfJ.05904"10.007:~<J"tcmp<.~' +0.X072)*"'7- (>.0000342) p;unrna = cp•pr/t0.622*hl)

Penman cquation l·akulatc:-. the: putcnti;tl .._., aporation from ~urfan~ of well watered short grass.

ca = J:U6*1 U>+0.0062*windkl*t\'psl-vpal) eop::: ((dc:lta*m+ famma•l'<J)/(Jdta+parnrna)) I hi* 10.0

45