Ajay Practical File

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FOR MANAGERS

PRACTICAL FILESubmitted for partial fulfillment for the award of the

Degree of:-

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

(MBA 2011-2013)

Under the supervision of

MS Ranjeeta Popli

Submitted by

AJAY JAIN

ENROLLMENT NO. 075

GITARATTAN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL

(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha

University)

Madhuban Chowk, ROHINI, DELHI - 110085

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topics Page No.

1. MS-DOS 03 - 18

2. HTML 19 - 28

3. SPREADSHEETS 29 - 48

4. SQL 49 - 62

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MS-DOS

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Disk Operating System (DOS)

DOS was developed by Microsoft Primarily as a single user operating system

working on Personal Computers. From 1981 till now many versions starting

version 1.0 till 6.2 have been released. Each successive version had itsenhancements aimed at improving the management of the computer resources

available to the users.

Components of MS-DOS

MS-DOS consists of four essentials programs and a set of additional utilities. Fourmain programs are:

Boot Record

IO.SYS

MSDOS.SYS

COMMAND.COM

DOS Commands

A DOS command helps you to give instruction to the operating system in

Character User Interface (CUI) environment. Using DOS commands, you canperform various tasks, such as creating and managing files and folders andmonitoring your system resources.

To create and manage files and folders, perform the following steps:

1. Click the Startbutton, and then select Run.2. In the Run dialog box, type cmd in the Run box.3. Click the OKbutton.

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The Command Prompt window is displayed.

In the Command Prompt window, the command is given after the commandprompt and the enter key is pressed to execute the command.

As the drive displayed is the user directory, change the drive to D: drive by giving

following command at the command prompt.

C:\Users\user>D:

Directories

In the DOS, each disk is organized into directories. Each Directory holds file. Thedefault directory is the Root Directory and contains the minimum DOS files.

The Root Directory cannot show more than 132 siles in its directory listing.

Create Directory

MD or MKDIR command is used to make direcotry.

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Syntax:

MD [drive:] [path] [directory name]

Or

MKDIR [drive:] [path] [directory name]

Example:

To create new directory names Tom under C: drive, give following command:

C:\>MD Tom

Or

C:\>MKDIR Tom

Changing Directory

You can change your working directory by issuing the CD command.

Syntax:

CD [drive:] [directory name]

Example:To make Tom current directory, give following command:C:\>CD Tom

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Deleting Directory

RD command is used to remove a directory.

Syntax:RD [drive:] [path]

Example:

To remove Tom directory from the C: drive, give the following command:C:\>RD Tom

Displaying Contents of a Directory

DIRcommand is used to display the contents of the directory.

Syntax:

DIR [drive:] [path] [/option]

/option stand for various options that can be used with DIR command which aredisplayed in the following table:

Option Description

/p Pause after each screenful/w Uses wide list format

/s Also look in subdirectories

Example:

To list the files and directories present under C: driveC:\>DIR/p

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Creating text File

COPY CONcommand is used to create a text file.

Syntax:

COPY CON [filename]

After the command is given at the command prompt, the cursor goes to the nextline. Write the text and press Ctrl+Z key together to save the contents in the file.Then, press key.

Example:

To create a file client.txt under the current folderTom, give the command.C:\Tom>copy con Client.txt

Now, write

Hi,

How are you?

Then press Ctrl+Z and then, Enter key.

Displaying the Contents of a File

TYPE command is used to display the content of a file.

Syntax:

Type [drive:] [path] [filename]

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Example:

C:\Tom>type Client.txt

Renaming File

REN command is used to change the name of a file.

Syntax:

REN [drive:] [path] [filename] [new filename]

Example:

To change the name of the file Client.txt to Client1.txt, give following command:C:\Tom>REN Client.txt Client1.txt

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Copying Files

COPY command is used to copy one or more files to an alternate location.

Syntax:

COPY [source] [destination]

Source Specifies the path of the file or the files to be copied.Destination Specifies the path of the destination directory.

Example:

To copy Client1.txt the current Tom directory to giBS directory, give followingcommand:

C:\Tom>copy Client1.txt C:\giBS

Deleting FilesDEL command is used to delete file or files from the disk.Syntax:

DEL [drive:] [path] [filename]

Example:

To delete Jacob.txt from the giBS folder, give following command:C:\giBS>DEL Jacob.txt

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Displaying Current Date

DATE command is used to display the current system date and prompt for enteringnew date.

Syntax:

DATE

Example:

C:\> Users>date

Displaying Current Time

TIME command is used to displays the current system Time and prompt forentering new time.

Syntax:TIME

Example:

C:\> Users>time

Clearing Command Prompt Screen

CLS command is used to clears the cluster screen.

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Syntax:

CLS

Example:

C:\> CLS

Displaying the Path of the Directory

PATH command defines a list of directories DOS Searches for externalcommands.

Syntax:

PATH (Display the current Search Path)

Example:

C:\Users>path

External Commands

Copying Files

XCOPY command is faster than Copy Command and allows you to copyentire directories/disk including all the sub directories and files to destination.

Syntax:

XCOPY Source [Target] [/Y] [-Y] [/P] [/E]

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Switches:

/-Y : Prompts before copying over existing files.

/y : Overwrites existing files without prompting.

/p : Ask before copying each file.

/e : Copying empty directory also.

/s : Copying subfolders.

Example:

XCOPY C:\tom D:\bob /S/E

Moving Files

MOVE command is used to move a file or files from one location to another

location.

Syntax:

MOVE [drive:] [source] [drive:] [target]

Example:

To move media.txt file from Tom to the directory giBS, give following command:C:\Tom>move media.txt C:\giBS

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Comparing Files

FC Stands for File Compare. If you wish to compare two files or two sets of files

then you may use this command. This command has the capability to differentiatebetween the files and display the difference

Syntax:

FC [/a][/b][/c][l][/n]

Switches:

/a : This switch displays only the first and last line of each group.

/b : Compare the files in library mode ( byte-by-byte)

/c : Ignore the case of letters.

/l : Compare the files in text mode.

/n : Displays the line number for lines that are different.

Example:

FC first.txt second.txt\n

DOSKEY

Dos can remember only the last command you had entered. But in order tomake DOS remember all the commands you enter you will have to load aDOSKEY utility. Also Used To Create Macros

Syntax:

DOSKEY and Press

Display message on the screen.

DOSKEY Installed.

NOTE: - To display all commands from the history list on the screen.

Example:

DOSKEY / History or /h

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DELTREE

This command used for deleting an entire directory whether in that directorycontains files or subdirectories and also it will delete hidden files.

Syntax:

DELTREE [drive:] [path] directories [/y]

EXAMPLE:

C:\> DELTREE my.txt

BATCH FILES

It is a collection of DOS commands to perform a certain task. or A batch file isnothing but sequence of commands to perform sequence of operations step by step.

Look at the following commands you give step by step to perform an operation.Suppose your job is

First - Check the directory TomSecond Make a new directory JobThird - Change directory to Job

If you do all this steps daily after your hour, then the commands you give wouldbe:

i) C:\tom> DIR ii) C:\tom> md jobiii) C:\tom>cd job

Instead of heating up your head daily giving the same set of commands you can doit in a much simpler manner. All you do is put all the commands in a Batch file.

How to create a batch file:

C:\tom> COPY CON A.bat Note:Here Con means Console that is Keyboard, A the file name and .bat is extension.

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You will find the cursor below A now type

C:\tom> DIR C:\tom>md job C:\tom> cd job^Z

EDIT

This is the DOS Editor, which you can use to edit the text file and also creatingnew file.

Syntax:Edit [drive:] [path] [filename]

Example:

C:\tom> EDIT jack.txt

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HTML

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Introduction

Hypertext markup language (HTML) is a markup languagethat web browsers use

to interpret and compose text, images and other material into visual or audible web

pages. It is developed by World Wide Web consortium (W3C).

It is not a programming Language. HTML is the set of markup tags.

Extension of HTML files is .htm or.html.

HTML Tags

HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like HTML tags normally come in pairs like and The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

HTML Element Syntax

An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag

An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag The element content is everything between the start and the end tag Some HTML elements have empty content Empty elements are closed in the start tag Most HTML elements can have attributes

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes Attributes provide additional information about an element

Attributes are always specified in the start tag Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Getting started with Examples.

HTML Headings

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Headings are defined with the to tags.

defines the most important heading. defines the least importantheading.

Save this file in [filename].html.

HTML Lines

The tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.

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Output

HTML Text Formatting

tag is used forbold the text.

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tag is used foritalic the text.

tag is used for underline the text.

Output

HTML Fonts

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Output

HTML Style

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Output

HTML Links

is used for HTML link.

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Output

HTML Images

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Output

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HTML Tables

A table is divided into rows (with the tag), and each row is divided into data

cells (with the tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data

cell. A tag can contain text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Output

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SPREADSHEETS

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INTRODUCTION

Spreadsheet applications (sometimes referred to simply asspreadsheets) are

computerprograms that let you create and manipulate spreadsheets electronically.In a spreadsheet application, each value sits in a cell. You can define what type of

data is in each cell and how different cells depend on one another. The

relationships between cells are calledformulas, and the names of the cells are

called labels.

Some examples of spreadsheet usage:

Spreadsheets act like a calculator by automatically doing calculations.

Spreadsheets are used for tracking personal investments, budgeting,invoices, inventory tracking, statistical analysis, numerical modeling,address books, telephone books, printing labels, etc.

Spreadsheets are used in almost every profession to calculate, graph, analyzeand store information.

Spreadsheets are used for What-if calculations. Change one number in aspreadsheet and all the calculations in a large spreadsheet will re-calculate,will automatically change.

There are a number of spreadsheet on the market, Lotus 1-2-3 and Excelbeingamong the most famous. The more powerful spreadsheet applications support

graphicsfeatures that enable you to produce charts and graphs from the data.

Here we will discuss about MS-EXCEL.

Microsoft Excel is aproprietarycommercialspreadsheet application written and

distributed by Microsoft forMicrosoft Windows and Mac OS.

Excel forms part ofMicrosoft Office. The current versions are 2010 forMicrosoft

Windows and 2011 forMac OS X.

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Step of Opening Ms-Excel

Start All Programs - Microsoft Office Microsoft Office Excel

Or

Start Run type excel and press OK

The first page of Microsoft Excel 2007

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Worksheets

Microsoft Excel consists ofworksheets. Each worksheet contains columns and

rows.The columns are lettered A to Z and then continuing with AA, AB, AC and

so on; the rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576.

The Formula Bar

If the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address of the cell you are in displays inthe Name box which is located on the left side of the Formula bar. Cell entriesdisplay on the right side of the Formula bar.

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The Status Bar

The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and provides suchinformation as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum value of selectednumbers. You can change what displays on the Status bar by right-clicking on theStatus bar and selecting the options you want from the Customize Status Bar menu.You click a menu item to select it.

Excel Formulas

A formula is a set of mathematical instructions that can be used in Excel toperform calculations. Formals are started in the formula box with an = sign.

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There are many elements to and excel formula.

References: The cell or range of cells that you want to use in your calculationOperators: Symbols (+, -, *, /, etc.) that specify the calculation to be performed

Constants: Numbers or text values that do not changeFunctions: Predefined formulas in Excel

To create a basic formula in Excel:

Select the cell for the formula Type = (the equal sign) and the formula ClickEnter

Calculate with Functions

A function is a built in formula in Excel. A function has a name and arguments(the mathematical function) in parentheses.

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Common functions in Excel:

Sum: Adds all cells in the argumentAverage: Calculates the average of the cells in the argument

Min: Finds the minimum valueMax: Finds the maximum valueCount: Finds the number of cells that contain a numerical value within a range ofthe argument

To calculate a function:

Click the cell where you want the function applied Click the Insert Functionbutton Choose the function ClickOK

Complete the Number 1 box with the first cell in the range that you wantcalculated

Complete the Number 2 box with the last cell in the range that you wantcalculated

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Function Library

The function library is a large group of functions on the Formula Tab of theRibbon. These functions include:

AutoSum: Easily calculates the sum of a rangeRecently Used: All recently used functionsFinancial: Accrued interest, cash flow return rates and additional financial

functionsLogical: And, If, True, False, etc.Text: Text based functionsDate & Time: Functions calculated on date and timeMath & Trig: Mathematical Functions

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Sort and Filter

Sorting and Filtering allow you to manipulate data in a worksheet based on givenset of criteria.

Basic Sorts

To execute a basic descending or ascending sort based on one column:

Highlight the cells that will be sorted Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab Click the Sort Ascending (A-Z) button orSort Descending (Z-A) button

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Custom Sorts

To sort on the basis of more than one column:

Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab Choose which column you want to sort by first ClickAdd Level Choose the next column you want to sort ClickOK

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Filtering

Filtering allows you to display only data that meets certain criteria. To filter:

Click the column or columns that contain the data you wish to filter On the Home tab, click on Sort & Filter Click Filter button Click the Arrow at the bottom of the first cell Click the Text Filter Click the Words you wish to Filter

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To clear the filter click the Sort & Filter button ClickClear

Charts

Charts allow you to present information contained in the worksheet in a graphicformat. Excel offers many types of charts including: Column, Line, Pie, Bar, Area,Scatter and more. To view the charts available click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon.

Create a Chart

To create a chart:

Select the cells that contain the data you want to use in the chart Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon Click the type ofChart you want to create

Modify a Chart

Once you have created a chart you can do several things to modify the chart.

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To move the chart:

Click the Chart and Drag it another location on the same worksheet, or Click the Move Chart button on the Design tab Choose the desired location (either a new sheet or a current sheet in the

workbook)

To change the data included in the chart:

Click the Chart Click the Select Data button on the Design tab

To reverse which data are displayed in the rows and columns:

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Click the Chart Click the Switch Row/Column button on the Design tab

To modify the labels and titles:

Click the Chart On the Layout tab, click the Chart Title or the Data Labels button Change the Title and clickEnter

Chart Tools

The Chart Tools appear on the Ribbon when you click on the chart. The tools are

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located on three tabs: Design, Layout, and Format.

Within the Design tab you can control the chart type, layout, styles, and location.

Within the Layout tab you can control inserting pictures, shapes and text boxes,

labels, axes, background, and analysis.

Within the Format tab you can modify shape styles, word styles and size of thechart.

Copy a Chart to Word

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Select the chart ClickCopy on the Home tab Go to the Word document where you want the chart located ClickPaste on the Home tab

Pivot Table

AnExcel pivot table is a special kind of table that assembles and summarizesinformation from a designated data source. That data source can be an external fileor it can be a selection of cells in a worksheet.

When creating the pivot table, you specify what fields need to appear and how toorganize the data in the table. Once created, you can change the way that the data issummarized to give you a different view of your information, and it is this feature

that puts the pivot in pivot table.

In this example the source data contains information about property insurancepolicies. Each row has the details about one insurance policy, such as the region,state, construction type and the value of the insured property.

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Creating a Simple Pivot Table

After your source data is prepared, you can create a pivot table. We'll create a pivottable that shows the total insured value in each of the four regions where we sellinsurance.

1. Select any cell in the source data table.2. On the Ribbon, click the Insert tab.3. In the Tables group, click PivotTable.

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4. In the Create PivotTable dialog box, the address of your source data tableshould be automatically entered in the Table/Range box. If not, click on theworksheet, and select the range manually.

5. Next, select New Worksheet or Existing Worksheet as the location for yourpivot table, and then click OK.

Adding Fields to the Pivot Table

An empty pivot table is created in your workbook, either on a new sheet, or theexisting sheet that you selected. When you select a cell within the pivot table, aPivotTable Field List appears, at the right of the worksheet.

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We want to see the total insured value in each of the four regions, so we'll add theRegion and Insured Value fields to the pivot table.

1. In the PivotTable Field List, add a check mark to the Region field. The

Region field is automatically added to the pivot table, in the Row Labelsarea.

2. Add a check mark to the Price field, and it will be automatically added to theValues area. You can now see the total price value in each region.

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Modifying the Pivot Table

After you've created a pivot table, you can add more fields, remove fields, or movethe fields to a different location in the pivot table layout. We'll remove the Regionfield, and add the Gender field, to see the boys sales compared to Girls.

1. To remove the Region field, click on its check box, to remove the checkmark.

2. To add the Gender field, click on its check box, to add a check mark.

The pivot table now shows the totals for Boys and Girls.

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SQL

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Database

A database is a structured collection of data.

The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data

structures, and not to the database management system (DBMS). The database data

collection with DBMS is called a database system.

Database Management System (DBMS)

Database-oriented approach of organizing data provides a set of programs to

facilitate users to organize, create, delete, update, and manipulate data in a

database.

All these programs together form aDatabase Management System (DBMS).

Database models

Database model defines the manner in which a database links its various data

element together.

There are three models in use:

Hierarchical

Network

Relational

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management

system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd,

of IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory. Most popular databases currently in use

are based on the relational database model.

Example: ORACLE, INGRESS, SYSBASE, Dbase 3+, DB2

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SQL Introduction

SQL stands for Structured Query Language and can be pronounced as SQLor sequel (Structured English Query Language).

It is a query language used foraccessing and modifying information in thedatabase. IBM first developed SQL in 1970s. Also it is an ANSI/ISO standard. Ithas become a Standard Universal Language used by most of the relational databasemanagement systems (RDBMS). Some of the RDBMS systems are: Oracle,Microsoft SQL server, Sybase etc. Most of these have provided their ownimplementation thus enhancing its feature and making it a powerful tool.

Few of the sql commands used in sql programming are SELECT Statement,UPDATE Statement,INSERT INTOStatement, DELETEStatement,WHERE Clause, ORDER BY Clause, GROUP BY Clause, ORDER Clause,

Joins, Views, GROUP Functions, Indexes etc.

In a simple manner, SQL is a non-procedural, English-like language that processesdata in groups of records rather than one record at a time. Few functions of SQLare:

store data

modify data

retrieve data

modify data

delete data

create tables and other database objects

delete data

Types of SQL statements

There are three basic types of SQL statements:

Data definition language (DDL) statements

Data manipulation language (DML) statements Dynamic SQL statements

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SQL Data Types

Every field or column in a table is given a data type when a table is defined. These

data types describe the kind of information which can be stored in a column.

Some of the common data types that we shall be using in this chapter are:

CHAR

VARCHAR2

NUMBER

DATE

LONG

CHAR(size)

A column defined with a CHAR data type is allowed to tore all types of characters

which include letters both uppercase and lowercase letters such as A,B, ..,Z, and

a, b, .., z, special characters like @ # $ %, etc and numerals that are perceived by

the system as letters.

VARCHAR2(size)

It is similar to CHAR but can store variable sized string having a maximum length

determined by size. Maximum value the size can have is 2000 characters.

NUMBER(p.s)

It is used to store variable length numeric data. The value ofp determines the total

number of digits possible to the left of decimal point. The second syllables,

determines the total number of digits possible to the right of decimal point.

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DATE

This type of data is used to store date and time information. Default format is

YYYY-MM-DD.

LONG

LONG data type stores variable length character strings containing upto 2

gigabytes size. But use of LONG data type has got the following limitations:

A table cannot have more than one LONG type of data field.

It cannot be indexed.

It cannot be used with SQL functions.

It cannot appear in WHERE, GROUP BY, ORDER BY clauses.

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Create a Table

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE

(,

,

.

.

.

);

Example:

Create table student

(Student_id number(2),

Student_Fname varchar (10),

Student_Lname varchar(10),

Student_address varchar(20),

Student_dob date);

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Insert values into Table

Syntax:

Insert into values (, , .);

Example:

Insert into student values (01, raj, kapoor, delhi, to_date(04-dec-1987,dd-

mm-yyyy));

Retrieving Data from Table

Syntax:

Select * from

Retrieve some specific data.

Select from where

Example

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Alter Table

To add a new column in table-

Syntax:

Alter table

Add

Example:

Alter table student

Add student_number varchar (20)

To drop a column from table

Syntax:

Alter table

DROP column

Example:

Alter table student

DROP column student_number ;

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To change datatype-

Syntax:

Alter table

MODIFY column_name datatype;

Example:

Alter table student

DROP column student_number ;

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Update Table

To change the content of column

Syntax-

UPDATE table_name

SET column1=value,column2=value2.. WHERE some_column=some_value

Example-

DELETE

Syntax:

DELETE from WHERE some_column=some_value

Example-

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Desc TABLE

To display the structure of table

Syntax-

DESC table_name;

Example-

Desc student;

Drop Table

To remove or delete the table

Syntax:

DROP table table_name;

Example:

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SQL Constraints

Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table.

Constraints can be specified when a table is created (with the CREATE TABLE

statement) or after the table is created (with the ALTER TABLE statement).

We will focus on the following constraints:

NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY CHECK DEFAULT

SQL NOT NULL Constraint

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values.

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a value. This meansthat you cannot insert a new record, or update a record without adding a value tothis field.

SQL UNIQUE Constraint

The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table.

The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints both provide a guarantee foruniqueness for a column or set of columns.

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SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table.

Primary keys must contain unique values.

A primary key column cannot contain NULL values.

Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only ONE primarykey.

SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint

A FOREIGN KEY in one table points to a PRIMARY KEY in another table.

Example:

Create table cust_orders

(

O_Id int PRIMARY KEY,

OrderNo int NOT NULL,

Cust_id varchar(20) REFERENCES customer(cust_id) );

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SQL CHECK CONSTRAINT

A CHECKconstraint is used to control the values entered into a field.

Example:

Create table student_detail

(

RollNo varchar2(3) PRIMARY KEY,

Name varchar2(20) NOT NULL,

Age number(2) CHECK (Age > 18)

);

SQL DEFAULT CONSTRAINT

A DEFAULT constraint is used to assign default values to a column, before any

value is assigned to it.

Example:

Create table Employee

(

Emp_code Number(4) PRIMARY KEY,

Emp_name Varchar2(25) NOT NULL,

Desig char(10) NOT NULL,

Basic Number(6,2) DEFAULT 0

);

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