Air Defence System Upgrades

Last Updated: Tue Jun 12 09:47:46 UTC 2012

Legacy Air Defence System Upgrades

Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0601

by Dr Carlo Kopp, AFAIAA, SMIEEE, PEngJune, 2009

Updated July, 2009Updated May, August 2011

Updated April, 2012Text © 2009-2012 Carlo Kopp

Background

Technical Note #1 Hybridisation of Surface to Air Missile SystemsTechnical Note #2 SAM Seeker RetrofitsTechnical Note #3 Agat Active Radar Seekers for SAM UpgradesTechnical Note #4 Anti-Radiation Seekers for SAM Upgrades

Legacy System UpgradesHQ-2A/B / CSA-1 / S-75 / SA-2 Guideline SAM System Upgrades

Almaz-Antey S-75-2/S-75M3 Volga-2 UpgradeTetraedr S-75-2T Volga-2T UpgradePLA HQ-2/H-200 HybridisationPLA HQ-2B WXZ204 Tracked TEL UpgradeCuban SM-90/T-55 Tracked TEL Upgrade

S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa SAM System UpgradesTetraedr S-125T/2T Pechora 2T/2TM UpgradesDefence Systems S-125-2M/2K Pechora 2M/2K UpgradeAlmaz-Antey S-125-2A Pechora 2A UpgradeCenrex Newa C/SC UpgradesCuban T-55 / 5P73 TEL

S-200VE Vega/SA-5 Gammon SAM System UpgradesAlmaz-Antey S-200 / S-300PMU1/2 Hybridisation UpgradeTetraedr/Almaz-Antey S-200VE Vega/SA-5 Gammon SAM SystemUpgrades

2K12 ZRK Kub/Kvadrat/SA-6 Gainful SAM System Upgrades

Iraqi 3M9/R-60 Hybrid Heatseeking Gainful RoundKvadrat Air Defence Missile System Modernisation (1st stage)Tikhomirov NIIP Kub/Kvadrat Upgrade

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Hungarian Army UpgradeCzech Republic Army SURN CZ Upgrade

9K33/9K33M2/M3 Osa/Romb / SA-8 Gecko SAM System UpgradesJSC Kupol Osa-AKM UpgradeTetraedr Osa-1T Upgrades

9K35M4 Strela 10M4 / 9K35A Gyurza / SA-13 Gopher Upgrades9K35M4 Strela 10M4 TELAR Upgrade9K35A Gyurza 9A34M3/9A35M3 TELAR Upgrade

ZSU-23-4M4 Shilka SPAAGMAnnexes and Supplements

Annex A Defence Systems S-125-2M Pechora 2M [IMINT]

Introduction

Air Defence Weapons were one of the primary exports of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pactduring the Cold War era. They were supplied as often as commercial products to wellmoneyed nations unfriendly to the West, as they were supplied as subsidised military aid todeveloping nations and Soviet satellite nations. Vast quantities of the S-75 Dvina / SA-2Guideline, S-125 / SA-3 Goa, 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful, 9K33 Romb/Osa / SA-8 Geckoand 9K31 Strela 1 / SA-9 Gaskin were manufactured and exported.

When the Soviet Empire collapsed at the end of the Cold War, the global inventory of formerSoviet SAM systems, and associated radars and support equipment, became an importantsource of revenue vital to the survival of the enormous military-industrial complex spreadacross former Soviet Republics and former Warsaw Pact nations. Both manufacturers andoverhaul depots competed for business in providing spare parts, as well as radar, missile andequipment repairs and overhauls.

The massive drawdown of the former Soviet and Warsaw Pact military machine also produceda surplus of equipment and warehoused warstocks of missiles and spare parts, much ofwhich appeared on the global arms market at often bargain basement prices.

A decade after the Cold War, technology insertion programmes and upgrades began toappear in the market. There were partly driven by market demands for better capabilities intheir air defence systems, but also partly driven by increasing difficulties in manufacturingobsolete technologies in a dramatically downsized industrial base. A prominent feature ofmany upgrades has been the complete replacement of hardwired analogue electronics withnew digital software based equipment, using COTS technology from the global marketplace.

Two decades after the Cold War, the upgrade business is booming, and presents a majorcompetitor to sales of new build air defence systems. This should not be surprising, as asurvey of disclosed sales of the S-300PMU / SA-20 Gargoyle series SAM system puts the costper battery at US$100 million to US$200 million, depending on configuration and reloadstock quantities ordered.

For many users the additional lethality and coverage footprint of new generation SAMs likethe S-300PMU1/2 and S-300VM becomes less attractive given the price tag, and they opt forupgrades to often substantial existing national investments in Soviet era air defencehardware.

In terms of direct upgrades to legacy systems, the most prominent have been the variouspackages developed for the semi-mobile S-125 Pechora/Neva / SA-3 Goa and its SNR-125Low Blow engagement radar. Upgrades are also available for the S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna /SA-5 Gammon and its 5N62 Square Pair engagement radar, as well as the 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat/ SA-6 Gainful, the 9K33 Romb/Osa / SA-8 Gecko, and the 9K35 Strela 10 / SA-13 Gopher.

These upgrades parallel a very similar trend observed in widely deployed legacy Soviet era early warning, search and acquisition radars. Upgrade packages are on offer for the P-14 TallKing, P-15 Flat Face, P-18 Spoon Rest, and P-35/37 Big Bar / Big Mesh / Bar Lock series.

The more sophisticated upgrades increase the capability of these systems, with manyexamples increasing radar performance, jam resistance and track capabilities, and someexamples improving either mobility of the system, or the kinematic range of the missiles.

From a Western perspective, the global proliferation of upgrades presents new and oftendifficult challenges. Western nations have an enormous material and intellectual investmentin electronic warfare equipment, and emitter databases, crafted around the idiosyncrasiesof legacy Soviet era SAM system and radar designs. Replacement of the original electronicswith new digital technology will more than often instantly obsolete much of thisinvestment. Jamming techniques which may have been effective against an SNR-125 LowBlow emitting a narrowband carrier with manual channel selection are apt to be entirely




ineffective against a digital rebuild of the same radar using automatic wideband pseudorandom frequency hopping and digital signal and data processing.

For convenience APA has defined the following nomenclature for upgrades of legacy Cold Warera systems:

Class 1 Upgrades will involve the replacement of Soviet era electronic, electrical, electro-explosive and mechanical components which are obsoleted and no longer supportable, withcurrent production equivalents. Such upgrades retain the capabilities and limitations of theoriginal design, but extend its service life over the effective service life of the newcomponents.

Class 2 Upgrades will involve the replacement of Soviet era electronic, electrical, electro-explosive and mechanical components which are obsoleted and no longer supportable, withcurrent production equivalents, plus the replacement of key functional components such asradar receivers, transmitters, signal processors and data processors with modern digitalequivalents. Such upgrades expand the capabilities and performance of the system, andmore than often impact key EW parameters such as jam resistance, and radar detectionrange. As the original antennas and scan formats are retained, the design may still retainmany of the electronic vulnerabilities of the original.

Class 3 Upgrades are mobility enhancements of Class 1 or 2 upgrades, where the launchersand often engagement radars are rehosted on new trailers, or rebuilt as fully self propelledunits on new built chassis. Such upgrades alter the fundamental regime of deployment andvastly enhance survivability, especially where the mobility upgrade replaces cables withdigital radio datalinks, and digital automation shortens deployment and stow times for thesystem, or the missile battery as a whole.

Class 4 Upgrades involved hybridisation, where an entirely new engagement radar, andoften new acquisition radar, is introduced to fully supplant the legacy Soviet era radarscharacteristic of the weapon system. A Class 4 upgrade may be performed in parallel with aClass 1, 2 or 3 upgrade on the remaining system components.

Table 1 shows some examples of legacy systems and available upgrades:

System Class 2 Class 3 Class 4

SA-2 Guideline TBD HQ-2B/J / SJ-202 Possibly H-200 integration

Polish Newa-SCAlmaz-Antey Pechora 2ATetraedr Pechora 2T/2TMDefense Systems Pechora 2/2M

Polish Newa-SCTetraedr Pechora 2TMDefense Systems Pechora 2/2M

TBD

SA-5 Gammon Tetraedr S-200 N/A Almaz-Antey S-300PMU2Almaz-Antey S-400

SA-6 Gainful Czech RETIA N/A TBD

SA-8 Gecko Kupol Osa AKMTetraedr Osa-1T

N/A TBD

SA-11 Gadfly Tetraedr Buk MBAgat 9B-1103M-350

N/A TBD

Hybridisation will present a major issue in coming years, exacerbating challenges indefeating digital variants of Soviet era systems. A sophisticated long range phased arrayengagement radar such as the 30N6E2 Tomb Stone or 92N2E Grave Stone when mated with alegacy missile system such as the SA-2, SA-3, SA-5 or SA-6 completely transforms thecapabilities of the legacy system. While the legacy missile round might be a stone axe bycontemporary standards, it becomes a stone axe hurled with high precision by a highlysurvivable and jam resistant state-of-the-art sensor system.

In a sense, this development emulates the long established Western practice of matingsmart digital seekers to legacy unguided munitions to transform their capabilities. Theavailability of modern active radar seekers for legacy SAM rounds in the 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat /SA-6 Gainful system in fact directly follows the Western technology insertion pattern, withsimilar transformational impact.

Upgrades to legacy air defence weapons are changing the air power game, as the Russianslearned in Georgia during their 2008 adventure. A good number of Russian aircraft were shotdown by Georgian SAM batteries, as their electronic countermeasures proved ineffective.What the Russians confronted in Georgia were legacy systems covertly upgraded with newhardware by Ukrainian defence contractors, active players in the global upgrade market.

The Russian experience in Georgia is a lesson which remains to be understood by Westerndefence bureaucracies.

Technical Note #1 Hybridisation of Surface to Air Missile Systems


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Technical Note #2 SAM Seeker Retrofits

Most of the known upgrades to legacy SAM systems involve replacement of analogueengagement radar, and often supporting acquisition radar, modules and components withmodern technology COTS based digital replacements. Often thermionic technologytransmitters and receivers are replaced with modern solid state components. This in itselftypically provides significant gains in jam resistance, clutter rejection and detection range[sensitivity] for low signature targets. Moreover, improved clutter rejection typically improvestracking capability against low altitude targets, a particular weakness of most Cold War eraSoviet designs. Improved control laws in command link guided weapons have also producedsignificant range envelope improvements.

To date seeker retrofits have been less common. This is for several reasons. The first andforemost is that most upgrades to date have been performed on SA-2 and SA-3 systemswhich are command link systems without terminal homing seekers, and the desire was topermit reuse of existing warstocks of missile rounds. The second reason has been cost, as adigital upgrade to an engagement radar incurs costs only against a small number of suchdevices, compared to hundreds or thousands of missile rounds in warstock. The additionaloperational flexibility and lethality gained has evidently been considered less important.

T h e Iraqi program to retrofit the R-60 Aphid infrared seeker to the 3M9 / SA-6 missileresulted from a very different imperative, which was lethality in an intensivecountermeasures environment. The 3M9/9M9 missile has also been the target of Agat'sseeker upgrade effort, with similar objectives to the Iraqi effort.

The 3M9/9M9 is an attractive candidate for retrofits, not only due to its wide installed base,but also because integration of a replacement for the existing 1SB4 semi-active homingseeker is a straightforward if not minimal effort. An adaptor must be produced to providesignal outputs which emulate those produced by the 1SB4, and inputs to the 1SB4 from theautopilot, and a power supply adaptor is required to condition the power supply intended forthe 1SB4 to the new seeker. Only if the new seeker drew significantly more power would itbe necessary to replace the existing missile internal power supply.

A more sophisticated replacement seeker design would contain an embedded modern FOG orRLG inertial module, possibly a GPS/Glonass receiver, a modern digital command linkmodem, but also replace the legacy autopilot and its embedded control laws.

Replacement of the legacy 5G22/5G23/5G24 CW semi-active homing radar seeker in the5V21 and 5V28 / SA-5 Gammon missiles would follow a similar pattern and is also a low riskand low development cost effort.

The low cost and technological risk involved in performing a seeker block upgrade of thiskind raises other issues, as it is conceivable that it could be performed covertly and presenta "strategic surprise" scenario in combat.

Retrofits to legacy command link guided missiles are more challenging, insofar as both theS-75 / SA-2 and S-125 / SA-3 missile rounds would require more radical surgery, with thecomplete replacement of the radio proximity fuse, command link receiver, and autopilot.Whether the replacement seeker is infrared or active radar, the missile nosecone would needto be replaced and nose mounted hardware repackaged. Such an upgrade would however notonly improve the lethality of the weapon, but also significantly extend its viable service life,with periodic relifing of solid propellants and pyrotechnics. Given the declining globalinventory of the S-75 / SA-2, the S-125 / SA-3 is a more viable candidate.

In summary the technical risk and effort involved in seeker retrofits varies from low tomodest, and given the significant lethality gains which result, we should not be surprised toencounter them in future conflicts.

Technical Note #3 Agat Active Radar Seekers for SAM Upgrades




The 9B-1348 family of active radar terminal / inertial/datalink midcourse guided seekersdeveloped for the RVV-AE / R-77 / AA-12 Adder AAM has produced important spinoffs.These are the 9B-1103M series of seekers, offered as new build or retrofit active radarseekers for AAMs or SAMs. The Agat 9B-1103M-200 is intended for the R-27A/AE / AA-10Alamo, and is directly derived from the R-77 9B-1348E seeker. The latest subtype of thisseeker is claimed by Agat to use the Texas Instruments TMS-320 digital signal processingchip, widely used in Western radar equipment.

The 9B-1103M-350 is a variant which is specifically designed as a replacement retrofitseeker for existing new build or legacy semi-active homing SAM seekers, with the 3M9/9M9(SA-6) and 9M38 (SA-11/17) cited as specific targets for such upgrades.

Active radar homing seekers offer numerous tactical advantages absent in 'conventional'semi-active seekers, where the engagement radar is committed to illuminating the targetuntil missile impact. W ith an 'AMRAAM-like' seeker the missile can be launched in severalmodes:

Active post launch, where the SAM goes active once off the launch rail and homes toimpact. This mode is limited to short ranges.Inertial midcourse with active terminal homing, where the SAM flies out to apreprogrammed box and autonomously acquires the target.Inertial midcourse with datalink updates and active terminal homing, where the SAMflies out under datalink control and autonomously acquires the target.

The latter two modes are especially of interest since the engagement radar may beoperating in a track while scan mode and the victim may not know it is under attack unlessit can detect the missile uplink transmissions, in the latter of the two modes. The lattertwo modes are also compatible with third party tracking where the engagement radar is notemitting search or track signals, launching and guiding the missiles against an aimpointprovided by another sensor such as an Emitter Locating System or other radar.

Other than flexibility in guidance modes and reduced warning time, active radar seekersalso present opportunities to engage multiple and separated targets concurrently within asector covered by the engagement radar.

Since Agat first displayed the 9M1103M-350, the company has developed an enhanced 240mm diameter seeker for the R-37 / AA-13 Arrow AAM, which is capable of acquiring a 5 m2

target at 70 km range.

The range of derivative seekers produced by Agat present upgrade opportunities for anumber of SAM types other than the SA-6/11/17 initially targeted by the company'smarketing effort. There are respectable inventories of the legacy SA-3, SA-5, SA-8 and SA-10 in many nations, which if retrofitted with modern active radar seekers becomesignificantly more lethal and survivable.




Agat AAM seekers. Left to right: 9B-1101K dual plane monopulse semi-active homing seeker used in R-27R1/ER1,9B-1348E active radar homing seeker used in R-77 variants, and 9B-1103M active radar homing seeker for R-27EA (Agat).

Technical Note #4 Anti-Radiation Seekers for SAM Upgrades




Avtomatika L-112E anti-radiation seeker. This family of seekers employs a characteristic gimballed multiplebaseline interferometer design which uses a cluster of seven wideband hemispherical spiral antennas, providing forpitch/yaw steering outputs and ambiguity resolution in both axes. The design is a credible candidate for largerSAM airframes such as the 48N6E series and 5V28 series (© 2009 Vitaliy V. Kuzmin).

The installation of anti-radiation seekers in SAM airframes is not a new idea. The PLA's FT-2000 anti-radiation SAM was built with a wideband anti-radiation seeker. Narrowband Home-On-Jam (HOJ) capability has been installed in a range of semi-active and active homingradar missile seekers, primarily intended to discourage active jamming of the missile seeker.The MIM-104B ASOJ Patriot variant is credited with such a capability.

There are no open source reports of dedicated anti-radiation seekers being installed inrecent Russian SAM designs. A narrowband passive anti-radiation capability is likely in morerecent semi-active and TVM capable seekers, as this capability exists in supersonic anti-shipping missile active radar seekers of similar size.

There are no fundamental technical obstacles to the retrofit of a wideband anti-radiationseeker to larger Russian SAM airframes, such as the 48N6, 9M82, 9M83 or legacy 5V28.Existing seekers such as the Avtomatika L-111E/112E/113E series used in subtypes of theKh-31 / AS-17 Krypton anti-radiation missile are geometrically and volumetrically compatiblewith these SAM airframes. Guidance adaptations would not be particularly challenging wherethe missile employs midcourse command link / inertial guidance, the principal aim being tofly the missile into a viable acquisition basket for the seeker, and cue the seeker to acquirethe intended emitter. Modern anti-radiation missile seekers are usually capable ofautonomous target acquisition, or re-acquisition should an emitter go silent transiently.

The technology is certainly available to inexpensively equip any number of recent RussianSAM airframes with anti-radiation seekers. Passive targeting capability via emitter locatingsystems such as the 85V6 Vega / Orion or Kvant 1L222 Avtobaza presents no difficulty, bothdesigns have been integrated with the S-400 / SA-21 fire control system. The CONOPS forsuch a system would involved passive angle tracking and ranging on an emitter, with theSAM round flown out under command link control to a geometrically optimal position, uponwhich the anti-radiation seeker would acquire the target and terminal homing would beperformed. Existing control laws for terminal homing in HOJ modes would be viable.

Until terminal homing is initiated, a defending aircraft will have no easy means ofdetermining whether an inbound SAM is fitted with an anti-radiation seeker. This willcomplicate defensive countermeasures scheduling and defensive tactics. A salvo of twoSAMs, one with an anti-radiation seeker, and one with an active or semi-active homingseeker, will present similar difficulties to those seen with the use of mixed seeker types inBeyond Visual Range (BVR) AAM attacks.

Legacy System Upgrades

HQ-2A/B / CSA-1 / S-75 / SA-2 Guideline SAM System Upgrades




Most upgrade packages offered for the S-75 / SA-2 Guideline involve technology insertion for the SNR-75 Fan Songengagement radar, which is otherwise highly vulnerable to Western countermeasures (Czech Army image).

The ubiquitous S-75 / SA-2 Guideline can claim the distinction of being the most widelyexported area defence SAM system of all times. While now regarded to be obsolescent, itstill remains widely used, with China still operating ~60 batteries. Each six launcher batteryuses a single SNR-75 Fan Song / Gin Sling engagement radar. The missile round uses a liquidpropellant terminal stage with a solid propellant first stage booster.

The PLA reverse engineered the Soviet V-75/S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Guideline SAM system duringthe 1960s, including the SNR-75 Fan Song radar, the SM-90 launcher and the PR-11AMtransporter/transloader. Since then the PLA developed a significantly improved HQ-2Bvariant. China is reported to still be supplying spare parts for a number of operators, and isknown to have supplied the system to Iran.

There are at this time a number of known upgrades on offer, and two known fully mobile TELdesigns for the S-75, one developed by the Chinese and one by the Cubans.

Almaz-Antey S-75-2/S-75M3 Volga-2 Upgrade

Almaz-Antey launched in 2001 the Volga-2/2A package of technology insertion upgrades forthe legacy S-75/75M designs, using digital components previously used in the S-300PMU1/2/ SA-20 Gargoyle.

Russian sources claim the following enhancements to the design via the use of new digitalcomponents: improved countermeasures resistance for the missile uplink and radar;automatic tracking modes for targets, extended kinematic range via better control lawdesign, and cope with adverse ECM environments.

Specific claims include:

1. The ability to acquire and track targets, and guide missiles, when subjected to noisejamming intensities of 2000 W/MHz produced by a standoff jammer at 100 km range.

2. Increased clutter and chaff rejection performance.3. Extended missile kinematic range to 60 km.4. Maintain target tracks in the event of temporary signal loss.5. Automatically acquire targets.6. Reduced automatic target tracking error to 0.02 mrad.7. Estimate target altitude relative to horizon to improve Pk against low flying targets.8. Reduced crew complement.9. Reduced power consumption by 40%.

10. Improved MTBF.

Russian sources also claim 90% commonality with the Almaz-Antey S-125 / SA-3 Goaupgrade package.

ХарактеристикаCharacteristic

ВолгаVolga

Волга-2Volga-2




Зоны пораженияEngagement Envelope

Диапазон высот,кмAltitude Range [km] 0.1-30 0.1-30

Максимальная дальность на высоте 0.5кмMaximum range at altitude of 0.5 km 24 км 27 км

Максимальная дальность на высоте 5-25кмMaximum range at altitude of 5 to 25 km 40-55 км 45-60 км

Максимальная дальность на высоте 30кмMaximum range at altitude of 30 km 50 км 55 км

Максимальный параметр на высоте 0.5кмMaximum performance at altitude of 0.5 km 22 км 26 км

Максимальный параметр на высоте 5-25кмMaximum performance at altitude of 5 to 25 km 38-50 км 40-50 км

Максимальный параметр на высоте 30кмMaximum performance at altitude of 30 km 34км 45км

Вероятность поражения цели одной ракетойSingle Round Pk

на дальности до 50кмat ranges of up to 50 km 0.4-0.97 0.56-0.98

на дальности 50-60кмat ranges of 50 to 60 km - 0.41-0.98

Характеристики помехозащищенностиCountermeasures Resistance

Помеха, уводящая по углу:угловые ошибки сопровождения(с ГШВ)angular tracking error (with -) 2.5'-4' 1.5'-2'

угловые ошибки сопровождения(без ГШВ)angular tracking error (without -) 6.0'-12' 1.0'-2'

Селекция движущихся целейMoving Target Indicationугловые ошибки сопровождения целей на фоне отражений от местных предметов и в пассивныхпомехахangular tracking error in th presence of clutter and chaff

3'-5' 3'-4'

угловые ошибки сопровождения целей в "МВ"angular tracking error до 15' 3'-4'

пролонгация сопровождения целей на фоне отражений от местных предметовtracking of targets against clutter

нетno

естьyes

работа в АШП по фону ДНА (Rn=100км), Вт/МГцNoise jamming resistance 100 2000

Ответно-импульсные помехи (вобуляция периода повторения по псевдослучайному закону)ECCM against deception repeaters

нетno

естьyes

Время автозахвата цели на АС,сTime to acquire target [sec] 8 2.5-3

Прибор пускаLaunch Modes

режим работыoperating regime

полуавтоматsemiautomatic

автоматautomatic

время выработки данных,сdata output interval [sec] 7 2

точность оценки координат точки встречи,кмlocation error [km] 2.0-5.0 0.5

индикация гарантированной зоны пораженияLaunch Acceptable Region indication

нетno

естьyes

индикация формуляра цели (азимут, угол места, дальность,высота, скорость, параметр,текущийпромах)target parametric display (azimuth, elevation, range, altitude, velocity, performance, -)

нет есть

Работа ТВК А3 и АС цели (2 канала) нетno

естьyes

Текущий функциональный контроль нет естьСистема внутристанционных измерений и боевого документирования на базе РСmission recorder

нетno

естьyes

Table: Almaz-Antey brochure S-75M3 air defense missile system cited at http://www.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/c75m3/c75m3.shtml

Tetraedr S-75-2T Volga-2T Upgrade

In 2003 Tetraedr in Belarus announced the development of the S-75-2T Volga-2T upgradepackage for the S-75 / SA-2 system. This upgrade draws upon the technology basedeveloped for upgrades of the S-125 / SA-3 system. It is not currently detailed on theTetraedr website.

The upgrade package on offer is to provide a comprehensive technology replacement of allkey components in the SNR-75 Fan Song engagement radar. Cited improvements include a


http://www.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/c75m3/c75m3.shtml



reduction of the system down to two trailers, digital data and signal processing, new missilecontrol laws to extend range, and a mobility upgrade with a 20 minute stow/deploy time.

Tetraedr also offer overhauls and zero timing of 20D and 5Ya23 missile rounds for thesystem.

PLA HQ-2/H-200 Hybridisation

The H-200 phased array engagement radar was developed to support the new HQ-12/KS-1A SAM system.Hybridisation of the H-200 radar and the existing HQ-2B/J missile system would transform the capabilities of theHQ-2, and open up a large export market for the H-200 and other Chinese radars (Chinese internet images).

Some evidence has emerged, albeit inconclusive as it is not supported by public disclosures,that the PLA may be hybridising its new HQ-12/KS-1A SAM system with the legacy HQ-2B/J /CSA-2 Guideline SAM system. The PLA remains the world's largest single user of the SA-2,with domestically re-engineered missile rounds and SJ-202 Gin Sling series engagementradars. The PLA has also deployed a fully mobile HQ-2 TEL on a tracked chassis. In practicalterms the PLA has a large material and intellectual investment in the SA-2 family ofweapons. Hybridising the HQ-2 and HQ-12 would therefore make sense economically as itwould allow exploitation of the HQ-2 inventory and warstock until the type is wholly replacedby newer technology weapons.

As the HQ-2 is a simple command link guided missile, hybridisation with a newer missilesystem involves only the installation of software and hardware in the engagement radarwhich cues and commands the HQ-2B TELs or static SM-90 launchers, permits tracking of themissile, and which generates uplink commands to the missile during flight. W ith the FanSong / Gin Sling operating at X-band (G/E/F depending on subtype), and given the robustantenna bandwidth available with a transmissive space feed PESA arrangement as used inthe H-200 engagement radar for the HQ-12/KS-1A, there would be no fundamentaltechnological obstacles to adapting the H-200 to provide a midcourse tracking and commanduplink guidance capability for the HQ-2 / SA-2 missile round. It is worth observing thatChinese sources claim the predecessor to the KS-1A, the KS-1, employed the same Gin Slingengagement radar as the HQ-2B/J. If this is true, then the degree of commonality in missileelectronics and waveforms between the KS-1A and HQ-2B/J could be very high, facilitatinghybridisation.

A HQ-2B/J missile battery equipped with a modern frequency hopping H-200 engagementradar and a JY-11/JY-11B, YLC-18, JYL-1 acquisition radar becomes an entirely different




proposition to the legacy article, in terms of its engagement envelope, tactical mobility, andits resistance to jamming.

Given the large number of existing users of the S-75 / SA-2 and HQ-2 / CSA-1 on the globalstage, China could well have a major commercial motive to develop a hybrid domestically,since it would open a significant export market for the H-200 radar, and its competitor, theSJ-231, as well as replacement JY-11B, YLC-18 and JYL-1 acquisition radars.

PLA HQ-2B WXZ204 Tracked TEL Upgrade

WXZ204 HQ-2B TEL in deployed configuration.

A tracked TEL, the WXZ204, was developed to replace the cloned SM-90. The PLA remainsthe single largest user of the S-75 globally, even though the weapon is being progressivelyreplaced. The tracked TEL chassis appears to be a unique design, but evidently usingcomponents from the Type 63 light amphibious tank, itself a derivative of the Soviet PT-76[Click for more ...].

Cuban SM-90/T-55 Tracked TEL Upgrade


http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-IADS-SAMs.html#mozTocId499312



Cuban SA-2 TELs on parade in Havana, 2006 (via Vestnik-PVO).

Cuba has developed and deployed an indigenous TEL based on the Soviet SM-90 launcherand the obsolete T-55 tank chassis. The total number of conversions is unknown, butmultiple TELs were publicly displayed during the 2006 Havana parade, and TELs have beendisplayed in two very different camouflage patterns suggesting multiple units equipped withthe design. This design shares features with the Cuban SA-3 TEL design, and differs in manyrespects from the PLA HQ-2 TEL.

This image shows the wheeled support frame for the nose of the missile round, in stowed position for transport.This frame is removed from the TELs used for the street parade. This is a fundamentally different designapproach to the WXZ204 HQ-2B TEL, where the launch rail was extended.




This image shows the cable spool mounted on the aft of the tank hull. This suggests that during deployment ofthe battery the TEL is used to lay the interface cable from the Fan Song. A similar arrangement is used on theCuban SA-3 TEL (via Vestnik-PVO).

S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa SAM System Upgrades

As with the S-75 / SA-2 Guideline, most upgrade packages offered for the S-125 / SA-3 Goa involve technologyinsertion for the SNR-125 Low Blow engagement radar, which is otherwise highly vulnerable to Westerncountermeasures (Czech Army image).

Following the end of the Cold War, a number of upgrade packages have emerged for the S-125 / SA-3 Goa, mostly involving digital upgrades to the radar and guidance package, butsome involving rehosting on vehicles to provide a mobile rather than semi-mobile capability.The S-125 / SA-3 Goa has been a more attractive target for upgrades compared to the S-75 /SA-2 Guideline, as the missile is newer by design, and less cumbersome to support as bothstages uses solid propellant motors.

Tetraedr S-125T/2T Pechora 2T/2TM Upgrades




Tetraedr's upgraded UNV-2T Low Blow for the Pechora 2T system.

Tetraedr have developed two upgrade packages, the Pechora 2T and further enhancedPechora 2TM. These upgrades involve redesign of key radar components, a new upperantenna aperture, and revised autopilot software. For the Pechora 2T the cited improvementin jam resistance is 2700 W/MHz (AWGN) vs 24 W/MHz for the legacy design, suggestingthe use of a frequency hopping design with a better than 100:1 spreading ratio. The Pechora2TM uses an new trailer for the UNV-2TM Low Blow. A CPTЗ-125 seduction decoy is packagedinto the upgrade. Deployment time is 20 minutes.




Tetraedr are offering a heavily upgraded UNV-2TM Low Blow on a new design towed chassis as part of thePechora 2TM upgrade (© 2011 Michael Jerdev).

Above, below: Upgraded Tetraedr 5P73-2TM four rail launcher (© 2011 Michael Jerdev).


http://www.ausairpower.net/Milex-2011/UNV-2TM-Low-Blow-Upgrade-M.Jerdev-MILEX-2011-1.jpg



5V27 Goa missile launch (Tetraedr).

Tetraedr Data Pechora 2T

Characteristics "Pechora" ADMS "Pechora-2T" ADMS 1. Channels capacity, target 1 2 2. Channels capacity, SAM 2 2 3. Maximum target detection range, km 80 100 4. Maximum speed of targets engaged, head-on/receding, m/s 700 / 300 900 / 300 5. Minimal altitude of target engaged, km 0.02 0.02 6. Maximum altitude of target engaged, km 18 25 7. Range to near boundary of engagement zone, km 3.5 3.5 8. Range to remote boundary of engagement zone, km 17 26.5 9. Maximum slant range of engagement zone, km 24.8 35.410. Maximum course parameter of the target engaged, km 16.5 2511. SAM guidance methods HL , TP KDC , MTP12. Jamming protection of SAM System: spectrum density of the jamming (W/MHz), equivalent distance 100 km

24 2700

13. Kill probability of target by one SAM: а) tactical fighter б) helicopter в) cruise missile г) maneuvering target

0.45 - 0.870.17 - 0.670.04 - 0.480.20 - 0.50

0.85 - 0.960.40 - 0.800.30 - 0.850.70 - 0.85


http://www.ausairpower.net/Milex-2011/5P73-2TM-Goa-Launcher-Upgrade-M.Jerdev-MILEX-2011-1.jpg



S-125 / SA-3 and S-125-2T Pechora 2T block upgrade firing trial results. The Pechora 2T is a characteristic ofcontemporary digital block upgrades to widely used Soviet era SAMs. The improved autopilot algorithm in theupdated SNR-125 significantly extends the engagement envelope of the weapon system. The best range achievedwas 16 NMI. Provisional data - Tetraedr JSC.

Defence Systems S-125-2M/2K Pechora 2M/2K Upgrade

Launch of the upgraded Pechora-2M from an MZKT-8022 TEL (Defense Systems).

Russian and ByeloRussian industry via a joint company, Oboronitelnye Sistemy, developed the Pechora 2M upgrade package using a wheeled TEL, and the system was exported toEgypt in 2006. The system is designed to deploy and stow in 25 minutes. The upgraded




5V27D and 5V27DE missiles feature new fuses and warheads, and the electronics have beencomprehensively upgraded with digital hardware, an electro-optical tracker has been added.An interesting feature of this design is that the 5P71 launcher has been transplanted on to a6 x 6 MZKT-8022 truck, as has the SNR-125 Low Blow engagement radar. Egypt is cited asthe first export client.

Rosoboronexport Description (Cite):

The modernisation programme for the S-125 Pechora air defence missile system developedby the Kuntsevo Design Bureau, involves two variants: self-propelled Pechora-2M (S-125-2M)and containerised Pechora-2K (S-125-2K).

The S-125 Pechora ADMS upgrades are designed to protect administrative, industrial andmilitary installations against air strikes by aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles (includingstealth ones) in simple and complex jamming conditions.

The upgraded systems feature improved performance:

combat efficiency is improved thanks to employment of the 5V27DE upgraded surface-to-air missile w ith expanded kill envelope;enhanced survivability is provided by introducing advanced electronic, optronic andECCM equipment;tactical mobility is increased for the Pechora2M ADMS by mounting its principal units onthe wheeled chassis equipped with autonomous power supply units, satellitenavigation equipment;into/out-of-action time is reduced considerably due to fewer cabin-to-cabin cable links;enhanced reliability and prolonged service life are obtained thanks to wide applicationof modern electronic components in basic units;operational and maintenance characteristics are improved by reducingmaintenance/servicing time thanks to the introduction of automated test equipmentand providing smooth spare parts supply.

Upgraded Systems Composition

SNR-125M-2M(K) missile guidance radar, comprising: UNV-2M antenna post (selfpropelled wheeled variant), or UNV-2K antenna post on a semi-trailer w ith a tractor(containerised variant), upgraded UNK-2M control cabin on wheeled chassisSM-RB-125-2M(K) missile battery, comprising:

up to 8 5P73-2M launchers with two guiding rails each (self-propelled wheeledvariant), or up to 4 launchers with 4 guiding rails each on semi-trailers w ith atractor (containerised variant);up to 8 transporter-loader vehicles on the ZiL-131 or Ural-4210 chassis (self-propelled variant), or PR-14AM on ZiL-131 automobile chassis (containerisedvariant);5V27D/5V27DE SAMs;power supply system, consisting of the RKU-N distributive cabin and 5E96A diesel-electric power station, KU-03T cable layer (containerised variant).The PRM-NM1A mobile repair shop with a single SPTA set, sets of cables, and anECCM system are offered optionally.

Thanks to the introduction of the second UNV-2M antenna post, the upgraded ADM systemsenjoy enhanced channel capacity: two target channels, and up to four missile channels.

On customer request, the ADM system delivery set can be changed to include foreign-madeequipment, chassis, materials, software, components, etc.

Наименование техническиххарактеристик ЗРК Печора ЗРК Печора 2М

Дальняя граница зоны поражения

Верхняя граница зоны поражения

25 км

до 18 км

Дальняя граница зоны поражения на высоте5-20 км - 32 км (при применении ЗУР смодернизированным стартовымдвигателем).Верхняя граница зоныпоражения - до 20 км.

Зона обнаружения цели- на высоте 7 км- на высоте 0,35 км

69 км30 км

По результатам испытаний установлено:- дальность обнаружения цели с ЭОП = 2 м2более 100 км.- дальность обнаружения цели с ЭОП = 0,15м2 более 50 км

Вероятность поражения целей На дальности до 25 км = 0,5 На дальности до 20 км - 0,72-0,99На дальности до 25-30 км - не менее 0,51

- максимальная скорость поражаемых целей;- минимальная ЭОП

700 м/с

0,5 м

- более 700 м/с

- (ЭОП) - 0,1 м

Используемые шасси Перевозимый комплексПеревод средств ПУ, УНВ и УНК наавтомобильные шасси МЗКТ высокойпроходимости (V мах. 60 км/ч)




Модернизация ЗУР 5В27Д Не модернизированные ракеты

- модернизация боевого снаряжения (БЧ и РВ)- модернизация стартового двигателя

Наличие оптических средств Телеоптический визир'Карат'.

Введена двухканальная оптико-электроннаясистема (ТВК, ТПК) с обеспечениемавтосопровождения (АС) цели в дневных иночных условиях.

Время развертывания и свертывания ЗРКна позиции Более 90 минут

Сокращено за счет применениягидравлических и гидромеханических систем.Время свертывания и развертывания до 25мин

Число целевых каналов Один целевой каналПредусмотрено повышение 'канальности' поцели за счет возможности подключениявторого антенного постава УНВ.

Количество пусковых установок До 4-х ПУ Предусмотрено подключение в ЗРК до 8-ми ПУ

Живучесть ЗРК:- расстояние между кабиной управления иантенным постом, м- максимальное расстояние от ПУ до кабиныуправления, м- наличие радиотехнической защиты отпротиворадиолокационных ракет (ПРР)- наличие средств борьбы с помехами- наличие беспроводных средств связи- наличие автономных средствэнергопитания

До 20

До 70

Нет

Нет

Нет

Нет

В ЗРК значительно повышены живучесть засчет:- увеличения расстояния между УНВ и УНКдо 200 м.

- увеличения между УНВ и ПУ до 150 м.

- введение комплекса радиотехническойзащиты (КРТЗ) от ПРР

Обеспечивается защита от организованныхактивных и пассивных помех с помощьювведения новой аппаратуры:- автокомпенсатора помех;- квазикогерентного накопления;- цифровой 4-х канальной системы СДЦ.

- введение комплекса средств связи,обеспечивающего передачу телекодовойинформации как по полевому кабелю, так ипо беспроводному радиоканалу УНВ-ПУ

- введение на УНК-2М, УНВ-2М, ПУ средстваавтономного энергоснабжения (САЭС)

Наличие цифровой аппаратуры 4-5поколения:- кабина УНК- антенный пост УНВ- ПУ

нетнетнет

Предусмотрена замена аналоговойаппаратуры на цифровую 4-5 поколения:- кабина УНК - 100%- антенный пост УНВ - 80-95%- ПУ - 100%

Наличие аппаратуры ориентирования итопопривязки нет

Введена аппаратура ориентирования итопопривязки, что позволит применять ЗРКбез инженерной разведки

Комфортность кабины управленияБыла предусмотрена

применительно к комплексу'Печора'.

Улучшена обитаемость и комфортностькабины управления УНК (введены двапроизводительных малошумящихкондиционера).

Число проверяемых параметров притехобслуживании Более 400

Предусмотрено сокращение количестварегулировок при эксплуатации при всех видахтехнического обслуживания до 150

Продление сроков эксплуатации немодернизированных средств Не предусматривалось

Предусмотрено продление сроковэксплуатации модернизированных средствболее 15 лет

Наличие цифрового тренажера иаппаратуры документирования

Иммитатор на старойэлектронной базе

Введен цифровой тренажер и аппаратурадокументирования

Наличие аппаратуры автоматическогофункционального контроля нет

Введена аппаратура автоматическогофункционального контроля и поисканеисправностей

Номенклатура запчастей (в ЗИП-1 и ЗИП-2). Более 3000

Предусмотрено обеспечение поставок ЗИПна весь период эксплуатационного срокаслужбы как модернизированной, так и немодернизированной аппаратуры. Запасныечасти - 300.

Наработка на отказ 50 часов30% вновь вводимой аппаратуры имеетнаработку на отказ 20000 часов, остальные- 2000 - :. 10000 часов

Table: Defense Systems at http://www.defensys.ru/proizvodstvo21.html


http://www.defensys.ru/proizvodstvo21.html



Pechora 2M operator stations using COTS LCD displays.

The Pechora 2M upgrade includes a fully mobile Low Blow offered on alternative MZKT-8022 truck chassis.




Above: The Pechora 2M TEL is based on a 6 x 6 MZKT-8022 chassis and uses the two round 5P71 launcher. Below:The Low Blow is also carried by the same vehicle (© 2011 Michael Jerdev).





MZKT-8022 Characteristics:Масса снаряженного шасси, кг: 10000Полная масса шасси, кг: 16000Масса перевозимого груза, кг: 6000Допустимые осевые массы, кг:передняя ось: 8000задняя ось: 8000Максимальная скорость шасси полной массой, кг: 60Минимальн. радиус поворота по оси след передн. наружн. колеса, м: 12Двигатель дизельный: ЯМЗ-236БЕ2-Т-6Мощность двигателя, кВт (л.с.): 184 (250)Гидромехан. передача с отбором мощн. для привода оборуд.: Allison MD3560PЗапас хода по контр. расходу топлива, км: 800


http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Legacy-SAM-Upgrades-A.html



Шины: Michelin 525/65R20,5XS TL

Almaz-Antey S-125-2A Pechora 2A Upgrade

Almaz-Antey are offering the Pechora 2A technology insertion upgrade for the legacy S-125 /SA-3 Goa design, using digital components previously used in the S-300PMU1/2 / SA-20Gargoyle. There is 90% commonality w ith the S-75-2 / SA-2 upgrade package.


The upgrading of the S-125 Pechora system envisages:

extension of ADMS engagement zone by introducing improved missile guidancemethods;enhancement of target kill probability (including low-altitude targets) by improving SAMguidance accuracy;augmented capability to detect and track air targets in conditions of intensive jammingand passive interference, including meteoghosts and background clutter;improved ADMS performance in the TV/optical mode thanks to introduction of automatictarget acquisition and tracking into the TV channel;improvement of operational characteristics, including partial automation of combatwork; substitution of some units w ith up-to date hardware; upgrading of the crewtraining facilities; reduced volume and duration of scheduled maintenance works;enhancement of operational reliability; prolongation of service life; reduction of powerconsumption.

Composition

SNR-125M-2A missile guidance radar comprising UNV antenna post, upgraded UNK-M2Acontrol cabin and mobile repairs workshopair defence missile battery including up to four 5P73 launchers and up to 8 PR-14AMtransporter-loader vehicles on wheeled chassis5V27D SAMselectrical power supply system consisting of the RKU-N distribution cabin, 5E96Adiesel-electric power station and 5E74M-230 mobile transformer unitThe KU-03T cable layer w ith a set of cables can be delivered additionally.

At customer request, delivery set of the S-125-2A Pechora-2A ADMS can be supplementedwith foreign-made equipment and facilities.

Cenrex Newa C/SC Upgrades




Polish designed Cenrex Newa SC S-125M upgrade package CTM-2/T-55 TEL in the foreground, and SNR-125 LowBlow in the background (Tetraedr image).

The Polish Army pursued an extensive upgrade, part of which involved converting the S-125system to a fully self-propelled design, under the Newa-C and -SC effort. Initially, it wasintended that the SNR-125 Low Blow and 5P73 be carried on a CTM-2 (T-55) tank chassis,but the vibration and size of the vehicle proved incompatible with the radar.

The second iteration was to rebuild surplus 9P117 Scud TELs, to carry both the SNR-125radar and 5P73 launcher. The latter proved technically successful but the supply of local ScudTELs was not sufficient to support the Polish Army program, and a compromise using thetank chassis for the TEL and Scud launcher chassis for the radar was adopted. Polishsources claim the marketing of this upgrade to India was blocked by the Russiangovernment.

The upgrade involves replacement of all legacy electronic hardware with digital COTShardware and software.

The Polish Newa-SC WNO-125SC upgrade sees the hitherto towed SNR-125 Low Blow carried by a MAZ-543 8 x 8"Kashalot", salvaged from retired 9P117 Scud TELs. Upper image with C2 cabin removed. Additional images [1],[2] (Cenrex images, Tetraedr image below).


http://www.ausairpower.net/PVO-S/SNR-125M-MAZ-543-Chassis-1S.jpg

http://www.ausairpower.net/PVO-S/SNR-125M-MAZ-543-Chassis-2S.jpg



Cenrex Description (Cite):

100% digitalization of all electronic components;increased resistance against Electronic Countermeasures;the new Command and Control station (The original C2 station is scrapped);introduction of state of art computer technologies and components off the shelf (COTS)which are easily available on international market (so the device cannot be subject tointernational trade restrictions and limitations);new transmitters, w ith low peak power and less radiation, due to which the system isless detectable by an enemy;increased target hit probability resulting from the above mentioned improvements –more than 0.95;high mobility due to application of either tracked or wheeled chassis as an host vehicle(mode A/B);very short egress time – less than 15 minutes;very short setup time in a new location – less than 17 minutes;interfaces to higher level radar early warning systems available;guarantee by the Polish party to deliver the spare parts for replaced components for theperiod of next 10 years;technical assistance and support during modernization process and introduction intoservice;option of conducting the modernization in a client’s military overhaul depot w ith theinvolvement of a small group of the Polish experts and technicians;

Cenrex offers three modes of Pechora modernisation:

Wheeled/Tracked;Wheeled;Modernisation of the Command & Control Cabin with 125-SC Command System;







Uplink transmit/receive labelled as "Rocket", radar transceivers labelled as "Target".

Test launch of the Newa SC, note the installed cabin on the WNO-125SC Low Blow.




Newa-SC missileer console using LCD panels and COTS hardware (Cenrex).




Polish designed Cenrex Newa-SC S-125M upgrade package CTM-2/T-55 TEL (Cenrex images).

Polish MAZ-543 TEL demonstrator rebuild from a 9P117 Scud TEL. The wheeled 5P73 TEL configuration remains onoffer. Additional image [1].

Cuban T-55 / 5P73 TEL


http://www.ausairpower.net/PVO-S/5P73-TEL-MAZ-543-Poland-3S.jpg



Cuban SA-3 TELs on display (via Vestnik-PVO).

Cuba has developed and deployed an indigenous TEL based on the four rail 5P73 launcherand obsolete T-55 tank chassis. The total number of conversions is unknown, but multipleTELs were publicly displayed during the 2006 Havana parade. This design is sufficientlydifferent from the Polish Ankol/Cenrex design to be safely considered unique.

This image shows the large aft mounted cable spool and empty outboard launch rails well. No images havesurfaced to date showing all four rails loaded.




SA-3 TELs in foreground, SA-2 TELs in background (via Vestnik-PVO).

SA-2 TEL, SA-3 TEL and SA-13 Gopher on display.

S-200VE Vega/SA-5 Gammon SAM System Upgrades

5N62 Square Pair 'Illumination and Guidance Radar'. This FMCW long range target illuminator uses separateparaboloid sections each for the transmit and receive paths, with the central body used to prevent spillover. The




radiating elements from the antenna feeds are mounted on the central body.

The legacy S-200 family of 160 nautical mile range class long range SAMs has been largelyreplaced in Russian service by more recent variants of the S-300PMU family of systems.Nevertheless the system is of some interest as it was exported to a number of Soviet clientstates, including Belarus, Uzbekistan, Bulgaria, the Ukraine, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,Poland, India, North Korea, Libya, Syria, and more recently Iran. Much of this proliferationoccurred after the 1998 fire sale of former PVO-S warstock and inventory, as the S-200 wasphased out of Russian service.

Upgrades are on offer, include a facility to hybridize the SA-5 with the SA-20 Gargoyle.

The semi mobile 5P72 series launchers used with the SA-5 are often installed in permanent revetments. Thisimage shows a 5P72 and a late model transporter/transloader.

Almaz-Antey S-200 / S-300PMU1/2 Hybridisation Upgrade




The S-300PMU2 30N6E2 Tomb Stone engagement radar (Said Aminov, Vestnik PVO).

Interfaces and software are available for the S-300PMU2 Favorit / SA-20 Gargoyle and S-400Triumf / SA-21 to control the S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna / SA-5 Gammon and its 5N62 SquarePair engagement radar. In this arrangement, an SA-20/21 system with its high poweraperture and highly jam resistant acquisition and engagement radars prosecutes anengagement, but rather than launching its organic 48N6 series missile rounds, it uses theSA-5 Gammon round instead.

The 5N62 Square Pair is effectively slaved to the 30N6E2 or 92N6E phased array engagementradar and acts as a specialised Continuous Wave illuminator, rather than long range targettracking and illuminating element of the battery. This model is analogous to the S-300V/SA-12 scheme, where the 9A82/83 TELARs with their CW illuminators are slaved to the 9S32Grill Pan phased array engagement radar. The notion that any part of the cumbersome, slowand electronically vulnerable acquisition and tracking function of the Square Pair would beretained in the hybrid system makes no sense, and indeed it would nullify many of thebenefits of using the hybrid in the first place.

This has important implications for future combat against users of this hybrid system. In thelegacy SA-5 system, a search radar such as a Tall King or Bar Lock would cue the Square Pairengagement radar, which would search the area of interest with a narrow pencil beam in anautomated spiral or raster pattern, or manually, until the target was acquired and tracked,upon which the SA-5 missiles with CW homing seekers were tuned to the CW carrier (in earlyvariants) and then launched. As the 1980s skirmishes between the US Navy and Libyan airdefences illustrated, US EA-6B Prowlers with their ALQ-99 jamming equipment were able tosuccessfully disrupt tracking by the Square Pair and render the SA-5 missiles unusable.

In a hybrid SA-5/SA-20/SA-21 system, attempts to jam the Square Pair will be ineffective asit is functioning as a simple open loop CW illuminator and missile command uplinktransmitter. Because the SA-5 is a static system, operators can precisely calibrate theSquare Pair in azimuth and elevation, and given the availability of Glonass, GPS andsatellite imagery, this calibration is neither expensive in time or resources. Once this hasbeen performed it presents no difficulties for a Glonass/GPS equipped autonomous SA-20/21battery to issue over a radio datalink launch and cueing commands to the SA-5 battery, andonce the missiles have been launched, precision elevation and azimuth commands to theSquare Pair to control illumination and missile uplink functions. Indeed, once suchintegration has been performed, it is an open question whether it would be even economicallet alone operationally viable to retain the full SA-5 battery package of K-1, K-2, K-3 and K-9trailers, as a rack of digital equipment installed in the Square Pair K-1/1M radar head trailerto provide interface and control functions would be cheaper to run and more effective in




combat.

The challenge which a hybrid SA-5/SA-20/SA-21 system presents is considerable. The SA-20/21 battery is highly mobile, and with modern digital frequency hopping radars, will bedifficult to jam. Soft kill and hard kill become problematic. In terms of defeating the SA-5component of the hybrid, the only option is to jam the missile CW homing seeker, theeffectiveness of which will depend entirely on the vintage of the 5G24N series seeker andthe capabilities of the jamming equipment. If the customer opts for an upgrade to theseeker electronics, the seeker may be digital and very difficult to jam.

The hybrid SA-5/SA-20 option is available to nations using both of the SAM systems - aknown instance being Iran.

Tetraedr/Almaz-Antey S-200VE Vega/SA-5 Gammon SAM System Upgrades

Tetraedr are offering a technology insertion upgrade for the S-200VE, in addition to theoverhaul and zero timing of the 5V28VE missile round. It is not known whether this upgradeproduct has been exported to date.

The digital technology insertion upgrade is intended to increase the capabilities andreliability of the system. Specific improvements claimed are in countermeasures resistanceand kinematic range, indicating the upgrade includes the 5G22/5G23/5G24 CW semi-activehoming radar seeker.

Almaz-Antey are offering a similar upgrade package but have not disclosed any specificdetails to date.

2K12 ZRK Kub/Kvadrat/SA-6 Gainful SAM System Upgrades

3M9ME Gainful SAM launch from 2P25 TEL (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

The Kub/Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful system remains one of the most widely used legacy SAMsystems. It is best known for its initial success during the 1973 Yom Kippur conflict whenthis system earned the nickname "three fingers of death". The system was used by theSoviet PVO-SV, most Warsaw Pact armies, and a wide range of export clients in the MiddleEast, Africa, with India becoming the biggest user in Asia.

Deployed initially during the late 1960s, the SA-6 has been subjected to a wide range ofupgrades, as a result of which many different configurations exist, including hybrids with the


http://www.ausairpower.net/CV-MG-2008.html



subsequent 9K37 Buk series. In Soviet service it was replaced primarily by the 9K37/M/M1Buk/Buk-M/M1 (SA-11 Gadfly).

Numerous upgrades exist for the 2K12 SAM system. Some users have fitted optical trackersto the Straight Flush. Agat have developed the 9B-1103M-350 active radar seeker, based onthe RVV-AE / AA-12 "AMRAAMski" seeker, as a retrofit for the 9M9 SAM round. The largerantenna permits acquisition of a 5m2 target at 40 km range.

The proposed Czech Army RETIA upgrade to the 1S91 includes COTS digital hardware andsoftware, a solid state exciter for the magnetron transmitters, a fully digital coherentreceiver with 75 dB dynamic range, and an optical tracker.

Egypt is reported to have procured an SA-6 upgrade replacing the legacy boosted ramjet 3M9rounds with the SA-17 9M317E Grizzly round.

Iraqi 3M9/R-60 Hybrid Heatseeking Gainful Round

An Iraqi 2K12 Kvadrat / SA-6B Gainful SAM system captured by US troops in 2003, in storage near Baghdad.Standard 3M9 CW SARH guided rounds are loaded (US DoD image).

Perhaps one of the most interesting finds during the 2003 OIF invasion of Iraq wereexamples of the indigenous hybridisation of the 3M9 SAM round with the seeker section fromthe Molniya/Vympel R-60 / AA-8 Aphid heatseeking air to air missile, procured during theCold War to arm Iraq's numerous Soviet supplied fighters. The motives for this developmenteffort were clear - Coalition jamming of the CW seeker on the 3M9 missile round duringOperation Northern/Southern Watch rendered the standard missile round ineffective. Theintent was to produce an electronic countermeasures resistant variant of the missile withinfrared terminal homing rather than CW semi-active radar homing. The basic 3M9/9M9Gainful round is flown through its midcourse phase by command link from the 1S91 StraightFlush, using a tracking beacon in the tail of the missile.

The most detailed public description of the design was produced by Doug Richardson, Editoro f Janes Missiles and Rockets, in his April 23, 2003, article “Iraqi heat-seeking Gainfulsfound”. Some imagery also emerged during that period.

It would appear that Iraqi engineers stripped down R-60/60M rounds from remaining post1991 warstocks to remove the OGS-60TI “Komar” / OGS-75 “Komar M” seeker section, whichwas installed in a re-engineered front section for the 3M9 fuselage, with a conical fairing andAphid nose replacing the original guidance section containing the 1SB4 series CW SARHseeker. Adaptor hardware would be required to match the analogue pitch/yaw outputs fromthe R-60 seeker. The R-60 OGS-60TI “Komar” , and OGS-75 “Komar M” seekers, built by




Arsenal in the Ukraine, are conventional single colour scanning detector designs with a cited±12° off-boresight capability, ±17-20° in the later OGS-75 “Komar M” variant, and a 35°/sectracking rate. The all aspect R-60M is credited with a 42 G capability. Overall the later modelKomar M seeker compares closely to the US AIM-9L Sidewinder “all aspect” seeker.

While the resulting heatseeking 3M9 round would retain similar susceptibility to flares ormore recently, infrared jammers, the missile engagement sequence would be devoid of theCW illumination for the terminal phase of the missile's flight, as a result of which aircraftunder attack only have the command uplink signals and terminal phase 1S91 tracking signalsto warn of an approaching missile. Where the defensive countermeasures suite relies on theCW signal to trigger angle/range jamming, the heatseeking 3M9 could be potentially veryeffective.

While multiple rounds were captured in Iraq, it is not known publicly how mature the designwas or whether any attempt was made to use this weapon operationally. The designpresents a good case study of how a nation even with a limited domestic technology baseand under embargo was able to develop an asymmetric capability. More advanced infraredseekers retrofitted to any legacy or current production SAM design would present similardifficulties to the use of mixed seeker types in AAMs such as the R-27 / AA-10 Alamo,especially if these are countermeasures resistant two colour or imaging array designs.

Captured Iraqi 3M9/R-60 hybrid heatseeking Gainful round. Note the Magnesium Fluoride nose window and ad hocremoval of the fixed nose strakes (US DoD image).




Vympel/Molniya R-60 Aphid AAM (uncredited Russian internet image).

Kvadrat Air Defence Missile System Modernisation (1st stage)

2P25 TEL with three 3M9 Gainful rounds loaded (Czech Army).


The modernised Kvadrat medium-range air defence missile system is designed to defendfriendly troops and installations against modern high-speed manoeuvring strategic andtactical aircraft, as well as against attack helicopters and cruise missiles, under conditionsof mass attack, in hostile electronic countermeasures and fire counteraction environment.

Scope of modernisation

The upgrading of the Kvadrat ADM system envisages modification of:

(a) the 1S91 Straight Flush surveillance and guidance radar post:




replacement of the analogue Moving Target Indicator system with a digital one,featuring increased clutter rejection of up to 28-30 dB;introduction of the tracked target classification system (aircraft, helicopter, cruisemissile and other classes of air targets);extension of the CW illumination channel bandwidth from 6 to 12 selectablefrequencies;replacement of vacuum tube RF amplifiers w ith solid-state ones, including substitutionof their high-voltage power units for low-voltage ones, as well as introducing newelectronic components;replacement of the cathode-ray tube displays with colour LCDs, which notablyincreases the amount of data displayed and extends service life (up to 10,000 - 15,000hours), and also reduces power consumption and the number of operating adjustments;

(b) the 2P25 self-propelled TEL vehicle:

introduction of testing and monitoring system providing real-time recording withsubsequent playback of all data on operation of the ADMS major elements includingradar, launcher and missiles.

The ADMS is equipped with a BIT testing and measuring equipment set providing integralcheck-up of radar/launcher electronic equipment.

A follow-on modernisation of the Kvadrat ADMS envisages considerable improvement of itscombat capabilities by introducing some of the elements of the advanced Buk M1-2 / SA-17Grizzly medium-range ADMS.

Tikhomirov NIIP Kub/Kvadrat Upgrade




The second stage NIIP upgrade involves replacement of the legacy 2P25 TELs with the 9А310-М1-2 TELAR fromthe late model 9K37M1-2 Buk M1-2 / SA-11 Gadfly system and the 3M9 series SAM with the 9М317 / SA-17 GrizzlySAM (upper image © Miroslav Gyűrösi, lower image Olli-Jukka Paloneva via Wikipedia).

Tikhomirov NIIP, the original designers of the 2K12 / SA-6 system, are offering a two stage technology insertion upgrade to the baseline design.

The first stage upgrade includes a series of subsystem replacements in the 1S91M1/M2Straight Flush engagement radar:

1. Replacement of the CW illuminator to increase the number of alternate frequenciesfrom 6 to 12, and to improve jam resistance and reliability.

2. Replacement of the legacy analogue MTI system with a DMTI to improve clutterrejection and jam resistance.

3. Add a Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR) capability against fixed wing, rotarywing and missile targets.

4. Replacement of the thermionic receiver chain with a fully solid state transistor design.5. Replacement of the legacy CRT displays with AMLCD panels.6. Replacement of the analogue fire control computer with a digital processor.




7. Addition of a modern digital wireless network connecting battery components andproviding access to external data sources.

The second stage upgrade involves the replacement of the 3M9 / SA-6 Gainful missiles and2P25M1/M2 TELs with the 9А310-М1-2 TELAR from the late model 9K37M1-2 Buk M1-2 / SA-11 Gadfly system and the 3M9 series SAM with the 9М317 / SA-17 Grizzly SAM.

Основные тактико-технические характеристики ЗРК "Квадрат" с СОУ ЗРК "БУК-М1-2"Principal tactical / technical characteristics of the Kvadrat SAM system with the Buk-M1-2 TELAR

Наименование параметровParameter

С ЗУР 3М9М3 (3М9М)With 3М9М3 (3М9М) SAM

С СОУ 9А310-М1-2 и ЗУР9М317With 9А310-М1-2 TELAR and9М317 SAM

Зона поражения аэродинамических целей:Engagement envelope for aerodynamic targets:- по дальности (км)- in range [km] 4 -25 3 -42

- по высоте (км)- in altitude [km] 0,03 -14 0,015 -25

Максимальная скорость поражаемых целей:Maximum velocity of defeated targets:- приближающихся (м/сек)- closing [m/s] 600 1200

- удаляющихся (м/сек)- receding [m/s] 300 300

Вероятность поражения цели одной ракетой:Single Shot Pk

- аэродинамические цели и вертолёты- aerodynamic targets and helicopters 0,8-0,9 0,8-0,95

- зависающие вертолёты- helicopters in hover – 0,4

Максимальные перегрузки поражаемых целейMaximum load factor of defeated targets [G] 7-8 10-21,5

Количество целевых каналовNumber of concurrent engagements 1 2 (1 цель- СОУ, 1 цель- СУРН)

1 by Straight Flush, 1 by TELARСтартовая масса ЗУР (кг)SAM launch mass [kg] 670 720

Вес боевой части ЗУР (кг)SAM warhead mass [kg] 57 70

Время развёртывания с марша (мин)Setup time [min] 5 5

Способ наведения ЗУРSAM guidance method

полуактивное самонаведениеsemiactive homing

Source: Tikhomirov NIIP

Hungarian Army Upgrade




Hungarian Army 1S91 Straight Flush. A Polish built WZU-2 day/night optical tracker has been retrofitted on the RHSof the illuminator antenna (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).





Hungarian Army 1S91 Straight Flush. Note the stacked feeds on the search radar (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).





Hungarian Army 1S91 Straight Flush illuminator and optical tracker (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).





Hungarian Army 1S91 Straight Flush operator stations. Note the retrofitted digital flat panel displays provided byHungarian contractor Arzenal (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

Czech Republic Army SURN CZ Upgrade

The Czech Army has performed a comprehensive rebuild of their 1S91 Straight Flush radarsunder the SURN CZ effort. The replacement RF stages are all fully solid state and theoperating frequencies have been changed. All systems are fully digital, and the crewcomplement is reduced to an operator, a commander and a driver.





SURN CZ Czech Army Straight Flush driver consoles (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

SURN CZ Czech Army Straight Flush commander and operator consoles (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

9K33/9K33M2/M3 Osa/Romb / SA-8 Gecko SAM System Upgrades

The 9K33 Osa/Romb / SA-8 Gecko was developed as a Soviet equivalent to the Franco-German Roland SAM series. I t was intended to provide point defence for Soviet armouredand all arms divisions, and was hosted on an amphibious BAZ-5937 vehicle to maximisecross-country mobility. The Gecko was widely exported, Russian sources putting the numberof clients at 20 nations. While the Gecko was limited in range and altitude performance, itwas and remains very popular as the design is completely autonomous and highly mobile,making it ideal for setting ambushes against low flying fixed and rotary wing aircraft. InSoviet service it was primarily replaced by the Tor M / SA-15 Gauntlet which was bettersuited to rapid reaction fire against tank-killing helicopters.

Given the large operator base, the Gecko is an attractive target for upgrades. JSC Kupol in






Russia offer the Osa AKM upgrade, and Tetraedr in Belarus the Osa 1T upgrade.

Agat have also proposed the miniaturised 9B-1103M-150 active radar homing seeker as aretrofit for the 9K33M3 / SA-8B Gecko missile round. The intent is to provide a salvoed fire-and-forget capability against multiple targets, supplanting the CLOS command linkguidance, and better jam resistance for the weapon system.

JSC Kupol Osa-AKM Upgrade

Osa AKM - an upgraded SA-8B Gecko (JSC Kupol images).


The Osa-AKM air defence missile system is designed to protect ground troops in all kinds ofcombat operations, as well as installations from attacks of aircraft, helicopters, cruisemissiles and unmanned aerial vehicles.

Osa-AKM is an autonomous self-propelled all-weather short-range ADMS. Each combatvehicle mounts radar, optical and computer systems, launching units w ith missiles, andpower supply unit on the amphibious chassis. Their integration assures autonomousoperation, including missile launches while on the move (one-two missiles against onetarget from a short halt).

A group of combat vehicles can be controlled by means of existing control posts such as PU-12M7 and PPRU-M1.

Composition

The combat assets include:

up to four 9A33BM3 (9A33BM2) TELARs in one battery;up to six 9M33M3 (9M33M1) SAMs in the transporter-launcher containers on eachTELAR.

The maintenance, support and training assets include:

transporter/loader vehicle on amphibious wheeled chassis (up to 12 missiles);TELAR servicing and adjustment means, automated integrated missile test andmonitoring, a group set of spare parts, tools and accessories, ground supportequipment set;autonomous simulator for TELAR operators.

The Osa-AKM ADMS can be transported by any types of transportation means.




The Osa-AKM ADMS can be transported by any types of transportation means.

Modernisation programme

Modernisation of the Osa-AKM ADMS aims to increase combat and information capabilities ofthe system by introducing:

telecoded datalink into the combat vehicle to automate control procedures, targetdesignation data reception and two-way data exchange with the PU-12M7 or PPRUM1control posts at a distance of up to 5 km on the move and in station;Mk-X/Mk-XII IFF interrogator on the TELAR;TV/optical viewfinder with an electro-optical system based on low-light/thermal-imaging devices;SAM’s warhead with 25% enhanced lethality;improvements of the crew's habitability conditions.

After minimal upgrading of the missile and combat vehicle equipment they can be used asthe Saman aerial target system.

Сравнительные характеристики ЗРК «Оса», «Оса-АК» и «Оса-АКМ»Comparative Characteristics of the Osa, Osa-AK and Osa AKMPrincipal Manufacturer Основной разработчик НИЭМИYear of ServiceAcceptance

Год принятия на вооружение 1972 1975 1980

Engagement Range, km Зона поражения по дальности, км 2-9 1,5-10 1,5-10Engagement Altitude, km Зона поражения по высоте, км 0,05-5 0,025-5 0,025-5

Курсовой параметр, км 4-6 до 6 до 6Single Shot Kill Probability Вероятность поражения одной ЗУР aircraft самолета 0,35-0,85 0,5-0,85 0,5-0,85 helicopter вертолета 0,3-0,4 до 0,45 0,6-0,85 cruise missile КР до 0,4 до 0,4 до 0,6 ballistic missile БР - - - UAV ДПЛА до 0,7 до 0,8 до 0,8Maximum target speed,m/s

Максимальная скорость цели, м/с до 420 до 500 до 500

Reaction time, sec Время реакции, с 26-34 26-34 26-34System weight, kg Масса БМ, кг около 1900 около 1900 18680Missile/warhead weight, kg Масса ЗУР/БЧ, кг 128/15 128/15 128/15Deployment/stow time, min Время перевода в боевое/походное

положение, мин3-5/3-5 3-5/3-5 3-5/3-5

Maximum road speed,km/h

Максимальная скорость движения, км/ч до 80 до 80 до 80

Tetraedr Osa-1T Upgrades




Tetraedr have developed the Osa-1T upgrade package for the SA-8 Gecko, exploiting earlierupgrade technology developed for the command link guided SA-3. The upgrade includesdigitisation of the legacy analogue Land Roll components, new control laws to improvekinematic performance.

Tetraedr's Osa 1T upgrade recently underwent a redesign, to replace the legacy BAZ-5937TELAR with a lightened derivative of the new ByeloRussian MZKT-69222, previously used inthe latest Tor M-2/M2E / SA-15 Gauntlet variant. More affordable to operate and offeringbetter mobility than the legacy BAZ, the new MZKT-69222 based Gecko TELAR isredesignated the 9A6922-1T. As of the end of 2008 Tetraedr had three contracts for the Osa1T upgrade, one involving retention of the legacy TELAR chassis, and two involving rehostingthe system to the MZKT-6922, with the total quantity at 80 TELAR rebuilds. The Osa 1Tupgrade includes a revised crew station design and a new electro-optical targetingsubsystem.

Tetraedr Description (Cite):

The "OSA-1T" ADMS is intended for fighting contemporary and future aerial attack assetsunder complex jamming conditions. The "OSA-1T" ADMS enables efficient defeat of low-altitude and small-size targets under all types of jamming.

The principal distinctions of the "OSA-1T" ADMS from the base-line configuration of the"OSA-AKM" ADMS are as follows:

Enhanced combat capabilities of the ADMS: The "OSA-1T" ADMS owing to its innovativeeffective SAM guidance system, is capable of killing manned and unmanned air attack assetsat ranges of up to 12 km and altitudes of up to 7 km, flying at velocities of up to 700 m/s.

Combat operation automation: To automate the solution of the task related to thecomputation of kill zones of the target tracked in the real time and to reduce the system'sresponse time every combat vehicle of the "OSA-1T" is equipped with a combat crewcommander's automated workstation.

Enhanced ADMS reliability: 55% of the "OSA-1T" ADMS instrumentation has been convertedto new hardware elements as against the base-line "OSA-AKM". The ADMS equipmentreliability and service life have been increased; technical maintenance time and spare parts'nomenclature have been reduced. Training simulator 9F632, installed on a type ZIL-131automobile chassis, has been completely discarded from the composition of the "OSA-1T"ADMS. I ts functions are carried out by the training simulator, made as an independent unitand installed in every combat vehicle of the system.




Modernised Osa 1T rehosted on the new MZKT-69222 6 x 6 chassis (images © Miroslav Gyűrösi).





Modernised Osa 1T launch, hosted on legacy BAZ-5937 (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

Osa 1T updated Land Roll radar package (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).






Osa 1T crew station (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

Osa 1T electro-optical targeting system (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).






Osa 1T during live firing trials at the Domanovo range in October, 2005 (images © Miroslav Gyűrösi).








Comparative Characteristics of ADMS (Tetraedr data)

Characteristics "ОSA-АКМ" ADMS "OSA-1T" ADMS 1. Time out of action (deployment), min 4 4 2. Number of target channels 1 1(2) 3. Number of missile channels 2 2 4. Maximum speed of approaching / receding targets, m/sec 500 / 300 700 / 350 5. Minimal altitude of target engaged, km 0.025 0.025 6. Maximum altitude of target engaged, km 5 7 7. Range to remote boundary of engagement zone (tactical fighter / helicopter), km: 10.3 / 6.5 12 / 10

8. Maximum course parameter of the target engaged, km 6 8 9. Guidance methods Тhree points, Н, Fi, High trajectory KDC, MТP10. Kill probability with one missile: a) tactical fighter b) helicopter c) maneuvering target

0.5 - 0.70.4 - 0.70.2 - 0.5

0.6 - 0.80.6 - 0.80.4 - 0.7




Tetraedr Osa 1T legacy TELAR (Tetraedr image).

9K35M4 Strela 10M4 / 9K35A Gyurza / SA-13 Gopher Upgrades

9A34A Gryuza TELAR. Note the L-136 MAK-F IR sensor above the Snap Shot radar (all 9A34A and MAK-F images ©Miroslav Gyűrösi).

The capable heatseeking 9K35 Strela 10 / SA-13 Gopher SAM system is the successor to thewidely used 9K31 Strela 1 / SA-9 Gaskin. While not as widely exported as the SA-9, twoupgrades are available for this system, both offered by Rosoboronexport, in addition to newbuild systems from the manufacturer KBT, either on MT-LB TELARs or more recently, BTR-60PBM, BTR-70 or BTR-80 based TELARs. An upgraded 9M37MD missile round is on offer





since 2005.

9K35M4 Strela 10M4 TELAR Upgrade

9A35M4 Strela 10M4 TELAR on MT-LB chassis. Note the open flotation chambers and new EO sensor packageabove the RHS launchers (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).


The Strela-10 short-range ADMS is designed to provide close air cover for ground forces inall types of combat operations and on the march, as well as to protect installations againstlow-altitude airborne threats, including fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, cruise missiles,remotely piloted vehicles, under conditions of natural clutter and man-made optical(thermal) interferences by day and night, in restricted visibility conditions.

There are two modernisation options of the Strela-10 mobile short-range self-containedADMS, namely: [KBtochmash] Strela-10M4 and Strela-10A (9A35A Gyurza). The upgradedsystems can launch missiles from stationary positions, at short halts and on the move, bothagainst approaching and receding targets.

For its deployment in restricted visibility/night conditions, the system is fitted with a newnight sight w ith thermal imager and/or LLLTV camera.

Composition

combat assets, including: 9A35M2(M3), 9A35M2(M3) or 9A35M(9A35M) combat vehicleupgraded to ensure automatic target designation data reception9M37M1, 9M37MD, and 9M333 SAMs (four missiles per each TEL)night sight

Maintenance and training assets are common both for the basic and modernised ADMS.





Rosoboronexport table.

Strela 10M4 upgrade electro-optical tracking system with FLIR and LLLTV imagers, mounted above missile launchtube/container (Rosoboronexport).




9A35M4 Strela 10M4 TELAR (KBT image).

9K35A Gyurza 9A34M3/9A35M3 TELAR Upgrade

Azov L-136 MAK-F hemispherical infrared search / track sensor mounted on top of the TELAR missile launcher.


Modernised Gyurza is distinguished from the basic system by the combat vehicle outfittedwith all-round Azov L-136 MAK-F IR detection/acquisition system with digital computer,control and display panel. The Gyurza ADMS is operational round-the-clock, includingnighttime.

The modernised Strela-10M Gyurza system features:

automatic detection of aerial targets by day and night, beyond visual range;automatic selection of the most dangerous targets for engagement;




fully automated pre-launch combat procedures;indication of tracked target paths and air target bearings;automated control of the launcher's actuators to guide SAM homing head on target;remote combat management of the battery combat vehicles from one of the TELARsassigned as a commander's vehicle, or from a remote control panel at a distance of upto 300 m;display of technical status and operability of the TEL onboard systems;centralised operation when remotely controlled from the command post.

Basic combat performance data and maintenance assets are identical to those of Strela-10M4 AMDS.

Cтанция обнаружения воздушных целей Л-136L-136 MAK-F IRST

Зона обнаружения по дальности (цель типа F-15), кмDetection range versus F-15 type target [km] 10..15

Зона обнаружения по углу места, градElevation coverage [deg] 0..30

Зона обнаружения по азимуту, градAzimuthal coverage [deg] 360

Время обзора, сSearch duration [sec] 1.1

Ошибки измерения, минTracking error [min] 15..20

Вес, кгMass [kg] 50

Потребляемая мощность, кВтPower consumption [kW] 1.3

Боевая машинаTELAR

Максимальная скорость движения по шоссе, км/чMax road speed [km/h] 60

Максимальная скорость движения по воде, км/чMax speed in water [km/h] 6

Ventral MAK-UL IR sensor on Tu-95MS Bear H. This family of devices provide staring hemispherical IR coverageand have been used both as MAWS and aircraft threat warning systems in airborne applications, especially forbomber aircraft. The MAK-F variant employs an infrared transparent hemispherical window.




Relative placement of L-136 MAK-F sensor and Snap Shot antenna. Note the left upper strut with the waveguidefeed to the antenna horn.

Detail of L-136 sensor head and electronics enclosure.




Above, below, detail of L-136 installation and mounting.

ZSU-23-4M4 Shilka SPAAGM




The upgraded ZSU-23-4M4 incorporates a range of electronics upgrades as well as four MANPADS launchers.


The ZSU-23-4 Shilka self-propelled antiaircraft gun system is designed to provide airdefence of land forces in all kinds of combat operations, as well as that of installations. TheZSU-23-4 SPAAG system can detect and engage fixed-and rotary-wing aircraft (includinghovering helicopters) and other low-altitude air targets from stationary position, short haltsor on the move, as well as ground/surface targets.

Profound modernisation of the vintage ZSU-23-4 Shilka systems is proposed as ZSU23-4M4.Hit probability (with up to 300 rounds allowance) of the upgraded Shilka against one airtarget passing through its engagement envelope is increased by 0.6 approaching that of aclose-range ADMS.

ZSU-23-4 Shilka SPAAG system modernisation envisages:

replacement of the existing with advanced radar system featuring improvedperformance;replacement of the analogue with up-todate digital computer;introduction of equipment to receive external target designation data, ensuringautomated combat control of the AA gun from a command post of the unit;introduction of built-in test equipment, as well as a multi-functional simulator toprovide training at operators’ workstations;introduction of self-defence system elements: to protect the SPAAG system againsthigh-precision weapons, to reduce its IR signature, as well as fitting it w ith an airconditioning system.

Modernisation of the SPAAG systems by introducing up-to-date microcircuitry andcomponents providing digital data processing and exchange will ensure SPAAG system'srepairs and supply of spare parts, tools and accessories for another 10 – 12 years.

The Shilka modernisation programme is aimed at improving control, operational and lifesupport capabilities. I t includes upgrading of tracked chassis and primary power supplysystem. An economical diesel-electric power unit improves combat control and crew’sworking conditions.

At customer request, the SPAAG system can mount a set of control equipment with twoStrelets-23 launch modules, designed to carry and launch four Igla-type missiles, as well asan IFF transponder complying with customer's existing standards.




Annexes and Supplements


Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0601

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