African Nations The Growth of the Religion. African Nations Rick :You know what I want to hear. Sam: No, I don't. Rick: You played it for her, you can.

African NationsAfrican Nations

The Growth of the ReligionThe Growth of the Religion


Rick Rick :You know what I want to hear. :You know what I want to hear.

SamSam: No, I don't. : No, I don't. RickRick: You played it for her, you can : You played it for her, you can play it for me! play it for me! SamSam: Well, I don't think I can : Well, I don't think I can remember... remember... RickRick: If she can stand it, I can! Play : If she can stand it, I can! Play it! it!


CasablancaCasablanca Bogart who played Rick never said Bogart who played Rick never said

“play it again Sam” the way you see “play it again Sam” the way you see it was the way the dialog went.it was the way the dialog went.

So when someone says play it again So when someone says play it again Sam tell them they are wrongSam tell them they are wrong


During Islam’s expansion during the During Islam’s expansion during the 600 and 700 C.E. Islam reached Africa 600 and 700 C.E. Islam reached Africa very quicklyvery quickly

Slowly after this Islam began to spread Slowly after this Islam began to spread over the Sub-Sahara area.over the Sub-Sahara area.

While most areas of Sub-Sahara Africa While most areas of Sub-Sahara Africa would convert to Islam areas such aswould convert to Islam areas such as– The Nubian Kingdoms of Kush and AxumThe Nubian Kingdoms of Kush and Axum

Ethiopia Would remain ChristianEthiopia Would remain Christian


The spread of Islam in AfricaThe spread of Islam in Africa– Islam was brought to Africa by Muslim Islam was brought to Africa by Muslim

traderstraders– Muslim and African traders engaged Muslim and African traders engaged

in trade through overland caravan routes or in trade through overland caravan routes or by sea trade from the Indian Oceanby sea trade from the Indian Ocean

ConversionConversion– Most of the conversion was peaceful Most of the conversion was peaceful

because it was brought by tradebecause it was brought by trade– By the 1100’s many coastal cities of Africa By the 1100’s many coastal cities of Africa

were large Muslim communitieswere large Muslim communities


While conversion was brought by While conversion was brought by trade the conversion of the Sub-trade the conversion of the Sub-Sahara was slow.Sahara was slow.

Overland trade through the desert Overland trade through the desert was harsh at bestwas harsh at best

Muslims who did bring the Islamic Muslims who did bring the Islamic religion and traditions to the bilad al-religion and traditions to the bilad al-sudan “land of the blacks” brought sudan “land of the blacks” brought more than religionmore than religion


TradeTrade– What were Muslims What were Muslims

trading with Africatrading with Africa SaltSalt IvoryIvory Animal skinsAnimal skins GlassGlass PotteryPottery MetalworkMetalwork

– SlavesSlaves


Goods were not the only things Goods were not the only things exchangedexchanged– Africans and African leaders found Africans and African leaders found

meaning in the teachings of Mohammedmeaning in the teachings of Mohammed– The Muslims brought The Muslims brought

Administrative (government)Administrative (government) Legal (laws) especially found in the Qu’ranLegal (laws) especially found in the Qu’ran Economic practicesEconomic practices

– CreditCredit– contractscontracts

African NationsAfrican Nations The Berber StatesThe Berber States

– The Western parts of Africa The Western parts of Africa were the first to adopt were the first to adopt IslamIslam

– Nomadic desert warriors Nomadic desert warriors known as Berbers accept known as Berbers accept IslamIslam

– Berber warriors based in Berber warriors based in what is today Marrakesh what is today Marrakesh Morocco began to take Morocco began to take over areas of western and over areas of western and southern Africasouthern Africa

– Their empire stretched Their empire stretched from Morocco to Mali and from Morocco to Mali and so did the Islamic Religionso did the Islamic Religion

– Once again warriors Once again warriors carrying religion and carrying religion and forcing it upon the people forcing it upon the people they controlledthey controlled


The Muslim Berbers spread Islam The Muslim Berbers spread Islam – In the southIn the south

cause the collapse of the Ghana Empirecause the collapse of the Ghana Empire

– In the eastIn the east Caused the collapse of Christian Nubian Caused the collapse of Christian Nubian

Empires located in the upper Nile regionEmpires located in the upper Nile region

TradeTrade

Trade greatly influenced African nations.Trade greatly influenced African nations.– Most wealthy and large African nations were Most wealthy and large African nations were

located on the east side of Africa or below located on the east side of Africa or below the Sahara Desertthe Sahara Desert

– Prior to Islamic traders moving into Africa Prior to Islamic traders moving into Africa many people did not cross the desert and many people did not cross the desert and only traded with coastal townsonly traded with coastal towns

– Islamic traders kept pushing into the interior Islamic traders kept pushing into the interior of African to trade with countries like Ghana, of African to trade with countries like Ghana, Mali and SonghaiMali and Songhai

African NationsAfrican Nations What did Islamic What did Islamic

Traders want?Traders want?– Ghana and Mali had Ghana and Mali had

vast amounts of goldvast amounts of gold What did African What did African

nations want?nations want?– Islamic traders brought Islamic traders brought

salt which was needed salt which was needed by these interior by these interior nations of Africa.nations of Africa.

What was created was What was created was the Salt Routes in the Salt Routes in Africa.Africa.

Class QuestionClass Question

Why would salt be worth the value of Why would salt be worth the value of gold to Kingdoms of the Sub-Sahara gold to Kingdoms of the Sub-Sahara Africa?Africa?

African NationsAfrican Nations Trade brings Cultural Trade brings Cultural

Diffusion.Diffusion.– Islam was spread through Islam was spread through

this trade routethis trade route Ghana (800 to 1000 Ghana (800 to 1000

C.E.)C.E.)– In Ghana the infusion of In Ghana the infusion of

Islam lead to a Holy War Islam lead to a Holy War – Muslim converts wanted to Muslim converts wanted to

convert the entire empire of convert the entire empire of Ghana and those that would Ghana and those that would not convert would be killednot convert would be killed

– The military of Ghana was The military of Ghana was able to stop the Holy War able to stop the Holy War

– However Ghana was However Ghana was weakened as an empire and weakened as an empire and began to fall into declinebegan to fall into decline


What natural resources assist in What natural resources assist in conducting trade? conducting trade?

What effect does control of these What effect does control of these natural resources have on trade for natural resources have on trade for that country or empire?that country or empire?

African NationsAfrican Nations Mali (1250-1460)Mali (1250-1460)

– Mali was different in that Mali was different in that most of the people in the most of the people in the region had converted to region had converted to Islam before the Kingdom Islam before the Kingdom became powerfulbecame powerful

– This made the transition This made the transition to Islam a peaceful to Islam a peaceful transition because the transition because the king was already Muslimking was already Muslim

– The Mali Kingdom was The Mali Kingdom was located along the Niger located along the Niger River Basin which was a River Basin which was a north south north south transportation and trade transportation and trade systemsystem


MaliMali– Depended on a strong agricultural base Depended on a strong agricultural base

to surviveto survive– Mali also controlled the rivers, Niger Mali also controlled the rivers, Niger

and Senegal and thus controlled the and Senegal and thus controlled the trade along these riverstrade along these rivers

– Mali also controlled the Salt trade Mali also controlled the Salt trade routes in the Sub-Sahara regionroutes in the Sub-Sahara region

African NationsAfrican Nations Mali and IslamMali and Islam

– Because Mali was Muslim Because Mali was Muslim and lead by Muslim kings and lead by Muslim kings this politically allowed this politically allowed Mali to develop and Mali to develop and maintain good relations maintain good relations with Muslim/Arab with Muslim/Arab countriescountries

– This contact with the This contact with the Muslim/Arab world also Muslim/Arab world also allowed for a cultural allowed for a cultural growth of Maligrowth of Mali Introduction of schools Introduction of schools Use of a central currency Use of a central currency Development of laws Development of laws

according the Islamaccording the Islam System of weights and System of weights and

measuresmeasures WealthWealth


Goods from MaliGoods from Mali– Gold Gold – IvoryIvory– Animal SkinsAnimal Skins– SlavesSlaves

Goods to MaliGoods to Mali– SaltSalt

African NationsAfrican Nations TimbuktuTimbuktu

– Chief trading post Chief trading post because of its central because of its central locationlocation

– Depended on the sale Depended on the sale of saltof salt

– Salt was sold in the Salt was sold in the markets and then markets and then transferred down the transferred down the Niger River trading Niger River trading system and sold in system and sold in various marketsvarious markets

– Also became a center Also became a center for Islamic religion and for Islamic religion and scholarshipscholarship


How Mali was different from GhanaHow Mali was different from Ghana1st1st– Mali was a larger country and controlled larger Mali was a larger country and controlled larger

portions of the trade routesportions of the trade routes– Mali also controlled the gold fields of the Niger Mali also controlled the gold fields of the Niger

riverriver

22ndnd

– Mali was able to make contracts with Muslim Mali was able to make contracts with Muslim traders and enforce those contracts ensuring Mali’s traders and enforce those contracts ensuring Mali’s prosperityprosperity

– Mali controlled large gold and copper reserves, Mali controlled large gold and copper reserves, some of which were the largest in the world some of which were the largest in the world


In what ways do Kings/Queens and In what ways do Kings/Queens and Empires show off their wealth and Empires show off their wealth and power? power?

African NationsAfrican Nations Mansa Musa (1312-Mansa Musa (1312-

1337)1337)– One of the greatest One of the greatest

African leadersAfrican leaders– Built Timbuktu to show Built Timbuktu to show

off the wealth of Malioff the wealth of Mali– Was known throughout Was known throughout

Africa, the Middle East Africa, the Middle East and Europeand Europe

– Created a centralized Created a centralized government government

– Set up and appointed Set up and appointed royal family members as royal family members as governors of different governors of different areas of Maliareas of Mali

African NationsAfrican Nations In 1307 Mansa Musa In 1307 Mansa Musa

made a pilgrimage to made a pilgrimage to MeccaMecca

The pilgrimage was The pilgrimage was more to show off the more to show off the wealth of Musa and Maliwealth of Musa and Mali– Hundreds of servantsHundreds of servants– Gold carrying camelsGold carrying camels– Warriors and government Warriors and government

officialsofficials For those who saw the For those who saw the

pilgrimage many saw pilgrimage many saw Musa and Mali as a Musa and Mali as a powerful and rich powerful and rich empireempire


Results Mansa Musa’s PilgrimageResults Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage– When Musa returned to MaliWhen Musa returned to Mali

Began a strong promotion of Islamic Began a strong promotion of Islamic religion and culturereligion and culture

Built new mosquesBuilt new mosques Opened Islamic schoolsOpened Islamic schools


Ibn BattutaIbn Battuta– When the Muslim scholar and traveler When the Muslim scholar and traveler

visited Mali he described Mali asvisited Mali he described Mali as An empire that instills the Islamic ways in An empire that instills the Islamic ways in

their childrentheir children Having a government that assures complete Having a government that assures complete

safetysafety Traders were not afraid to walk the roads Traders were not afraid to walk the roads

with their goldwith their gold The empire of Mali was as rich and vast as The empire of Mali was as rich and vast as

any empire that Battuta had seenany empire that Battuta had seen

African NationsAfrican Nations After the death of Musa Mali began to fall into After the death of Musa Mali began to fall into

declinedecline Rulers were not as able as MusaRulers were not as able as Musa Overextension of the Mali empire caused Overextension of the Mali empire caused

rebellions among diverse people that Mali rebellions among diverse people that Mali controlledcontrolled

Mali came under constant attack by other Mali came under constant attack by other African nations looking for wealth and by 1400’s African nations looking for wealth and by 1400’s Mali was taken over by the Songhai EmpireMali was taken over by the Songhai Empire

By the 1500’s the center of Muslim culture and By the 1500’s the center of Muslim culture and religion shifted out of Sub-Sahara Africa and to religion shifted out of Sub-Sahara Africa and to eastern Africa and Egypteastern Africa and Egypt


By the 1400’s By the 1400’s Africa began to Africa began to come under the come under the influence of influence of foreign powers like foreign powers like EuropeEurope

Many countries Many countries began to exploit began to exploit the natural the natural resources of Africaresources of Africa

African NationsAfrican Nations SonghaiSonghai

– Sonni Ali conquered the Sonni Ali conquered the entire region of Malientire region of Mali

– Askia Mohammed Askia Mohammed Songhai’s most famous Songhai’s most famous ruler expanded the ruler expanded the cultural and scholarly cultural and scholarly study while ruling study while ruling SonghaiSonghai

– Askia Mohammed made Askia Mohammed made Timbuktu the cultural Timbuktu the cultural center to the empire and center to the empire and built a university at the built a university at the citycity

– In 1590 Songhai was In 1590 Songhai was invaded by Morocco (with invaded by Morocco (with help from the Portugal)help from the Portugal)

– The fate of Songhai would The fate of Songhai would lie in the slave trade lie in the slave trade which we will discuss which we will discuss later.later.


Oral TraditionsOral Traditions– Oral literature was very important to Oral literature was very important to

African NationsAfrican Nations– Stories of kings and empires were passed Stories of kings and empires were passed

down from one generation to anotherdown from one generation to another– These oral traditions were played out These oral traditions were played out

with dancing, music and crowd with dancing, music and crowd participationparticipation

– From these oral traditions we can learn From these oral traditions we can learn about the history and culture of Africa.about the history and culture of Africa.

SundiataSundiata

The EpicThe Epic

An epic is a long, narrative tale that An epic is a long, narrative tale that reflects the totality of a culture. reflects the totality of a culture.

By reading the epic you know how the By reading the epic you know how the people in this culture live, honor their people in this culture live, honor their dead, dress, eat, worship, build their dead, dress, eat, worship, build their homes, design their government, laws homes, design their government, laws they make and how they enforce them, they make and how they enforce them, and how they interact with other cultures and how they interact with other cultures

Reading an epic is like seeing a cross Reading an epic is like seeing a cross section of a culture - all layers are bared. section of a culture - all layers are bared.

The EpicThe Epic Epics are vast in terms Epics are vast in terms

of time, scope, and of time, scope, and geographical space: geographical space: conflicts are bigger conflicts are bigger than normal: than normal: – GOOD versus EVIL GOOD versus EVIL – The Epic hero represents The Epic hero represents

GOOD GOOD – The hero's antagonist, The hero's antagonist,

always has qualities always has qualities morally and culturally morally and culturally repulsive to the subject repulsive to the subject culture. culture.

– Therefore, the epic hero's Therefore, the epic hero's victory over his foe is not victory over his foe is not a personal victory: it is a a personal victory: it is a cultural triumph! cultural triumph!

Homer's Odyssey and Homer's Odyssey and Iliad (Greek)Iliad (Greek)

Virgil's Aeneid Virgil's Aeneid (Roman)(Roman)

Beowulf (Britain: circa Beowulf (Britain: circa 900 AD) 900 AD)

The Song of Roland The Song of Roland (France: circa 1100 (France: circa 1100 AD) AD)

King Arthur (England: King Arthur (England: circa 1400) circa 1400)

The EpicThe Epic

All epics present All epics present supernatural wonders supernatural wonders beyond our human beyond our human understandingunderstanding

Epic heroes generally Epic heroes generally do what we cannotdo what we cannot

Receiving the help of Receiving the help of a divinity or otherwisea divinity or otherwise– supernatural entity, supernatural entity, – using magic to protect using magic to protect

himself from the laws himself from the laws that govern that realm that govern that realm

The EpicThe Epic

Genealogy is also particularly Genealogy is also particularly highlighted in epics. highlighted in epics.

The overall purpose of an epic is to The overall purpose of an epic is to validate/celebrate/perpetuate the validate/celebrate/perpetuate the cultural identity of a people by cultural identity of a people by making them a part of something making them a part of something bigger than what they are as bigger than what they are as individuals.individuals.

A recitation of an individual's A recitation of an individual's genealogy serves a similar purpose genealogy serves a similar purpose


Read the synopsis of Sundiata and Read the synopsis of Sundiata and answer the questions that go along answer the questions that go along with the reading.with the reading.

African Nations The Growth of the Religion. African Nations Rick :You know what I want to hear. Sam: No, I don't. Rick: You played it for her, you can.

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