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AP WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 23 “INDEPENDENCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH” Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India
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Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Feb 26, 2016

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Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India. AP World History Chapter 23 “Independence and Development in the Global South”. Experiments in Political Order. Efforts to create political order across the developing world had to battle many conditions: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

AP WORLD HISTORYCHAPTER 23

“INDEPENDENCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH”

Experiments in Political Order:Comparing African Nations and India

Page 2: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Experiments in Political Order

Efforts to create political order across the developing world had to battle many conditions: Exploding populations High (and unrealistic)

expectations following independence

Lack of available resources to meet these expectations

Diverse populations that had little loyalty to the new central state

Large areas with widespread poverty and weak private economies

Page 3: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Experiments in Political Order

Wide range of political systems were established throughout the developing world: Communist regimes Multi-party

democracies One-party democracies Military regimes Personal dictatorships

and tyrannies

Page 4: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

India’s Political Evolution

In India = Western-style democracy practiced continuously since independence Regular elections Peaceful changes in

government Multiple political

parties Civil rights and

liberties

A woman voting in the 2008 state election in India

Page 5: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

India’s Political Evolution:Why Democracy Worked

Struggle for independence in India was much longer than struggles in Africa = gave Indian leaders time to figure out how they wanted to structure the new state

The British gradually gave power over to the Indians = over several decades prior to independence in 1947 Many Indians possessed administrative and

technical skills as a resultNationalist movement in India =

within one political party (Congress Party) Committed to democracy

Page 6: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Rejection of Democracy in Africa: Why?

Theory #1 = Africans just weren’t ready for democracy or lacked the “ingredients” for democratic politics Africa’s traditional culture =

based on communal rather than individualist values not compatible with the competitiveness of party politics

Lack of an educated electorate, middle-class, and strong capitalist economy

Page 7: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Rejection of Democracy in Africa: Why?

Theory #2 = Democracy was not an adequate system for developing a modern economy Competing political

parties (that don’t always agree) = would slow down the process of creating national unity and developing a modern economy

A little cell phone action…

Page 8: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Rejection of Democracy in Africa: Why?

The following conditions that existed within many initial democratic governments in Africa undermined popular support for democracy: Widespread economic

disappointment Class resentments due to

increased inequalities and competition for jobs, housing, education, etc.

Ethnic conflicts, which sometimes turned violent

Example: Genocide

in Rwanda in 1994

Page 9: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Alternatives to Democracy

Most common alternative = government by soldiers

By the early 1980s = the military actively governed about 15 African nations

These militaries: Took power during times of crisis Claimed the nation was in danger

and that only they could restore order

Got rid of old political parties and constitutions

Vowed to return power to civilians and restore democracy “at some point”

Military Leaders in Mali

Page 10: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Revival of Democracy in Africa: 1980s

Failure of authoritarian governments to fix disastrous economic situations became evident

Variety of grassroots movements began that demanded democratic change in order to better their lives: Disaffected students, religious

organizations, urban workers, women’s groups

Encouragement from world events End of apartheid in South Africa; fall of communism; etc.

Nigerian Voter in 2011

Page 11: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

AP WORLD HISTORYCHAPTER 23

“INDEPENDENCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH”

Experiments in Economic Development:Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes

Page 12: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Obstacles to Economic Development

Most societies = sharply divided by class, religion, ethnic group, and gender

Explosive population growthIn most places = colonial rule had

provided only the most basic foundations for modern development (if anything at all)

Low literacy ratesFew people with managerial

experienceWeak private economiesInefficient transportation systemsLittle leverage with the wealthy

nations of the Global North

Page 13: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

The Role of the State

Most people expected that state authorities would take responsibility for developing the economy Why? Private economies = weakly

developed Entrepreneurs = didn’t have

funds to invest Successful Soviet

industrialization under state direction = hopeful

State control = could protect people against the inequalities that came with capitalism

Page 14: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

The Role of the State

In the late 20th century, the support for state-directed economies faded and more people began to favor market economies Why? Collapse of the Soviet Union = the

world’s first state-dominated economy Evident failure, mismanagement, and

corruption of many state-run enterprises International organizations (like the

World Bank) = pushed developing countries in a capitalist direction

The switch to market economies led to rapid economic growth in many nations (ex: China and India), but it also created inequalities and social conflict

Page 15: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Issues with Economic Development

“Urban bias” = too much focus on city-based industrial development and neglect or exploitation of rural areas and agriculture

“Male bias” = encouraging men to work in modern industries and women to work in agriculture

Debate over capital and technology-drive projects versus investment in “human capital” Capital-driven projects = dams,

factories, etc. “Human capital” investment =

education, technical training, health care, nutrition, etc.

Page 16: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Issues with Economic Development

Benefits versus drawbacks of foreign aid, investment, and trade

Every economic decision (where to locate schools, factories, etc.) was political Always resulted in winners

and losers in terms of power, advantage, and wealth

Page 17: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Varied Results of Economic Experiments

Various reasons for such sharp differences in economic results: Geography and natural

resources Differing colonial experiences Variations in regional cultures Degree of political stability and

social equality State economic policies Population growth rates Varying forms of involvement

with the world economyDurban, South Africa

Cocoa Farming in Ghana

Page 18: Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India

Varied Results of Economic Experiments

Successful Economic Growth Little to No Economic Growth

East Asian countries ex: South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, CHINA!

Most of Africa

India growing high-tech sector and middle class

Most of the Arab world

Oil-producing countries especially since the 1970s when demand for oil skyrocketed

Parts of Asia

Several Latin American countries ex: Chile, Brazil