Advancing the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of ... · Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER Jacob Leachman, Associate Professor ... drogen roperties

Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER

Jacob Leachman, Associate ProfessorSchool of Mechanical & Materials Engineering

[email protected] (509)335-7711http://hydrogen.wsu.edu

HYPER

drogenroperties fornergyesearch

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Advancing the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of cryogenic hydrogen systems


HYPER lab: Advancing H2-TRLs

• Only cryo-H2 university lab in US

• Risk, expense, and development timeline are challenging.

• Goal is to progress hydrogen technology from TRL 1-6 as efficiently as possible.

• Necessitates a lean-production philosophy with a continuous design-build-test progression.

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TRL Definition

7-9 Actual System Testing (Industry)

6System/sub-system model or

prototype demonstration in a

relevant environment.

5Component and/or brassboard

validation in relevant environment.

4Component and/or breadboard

validation in laboratory

environment.

3Analytical and experimental critical

function and/or characteristic proof

of concept.

2Technology concept and/or

application formulated.

1Basic principles observed and

reported.


HYPER Lab: Design-Build Facilities

3


HYPER Lab: Testing Facility

4


5

Engineering Applications


Significance of ortho-para manipulation

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“Because of the entropy difference between ortho- and parahydrogen, it is tempting to think of some external force which could change the equilibrium concentration at some

temperature. Practical levels of electric field gradients or magnetic fields would have only a minor effect on the equilibrium concentration, though further studies may be useful.” ~ Ray

Radebaugh 1982

“Partial ortho-para conversion.. Offers the greatest opportunity for reduced liquefaction power consumption.” ~C. Baker 1979


Applications: Catalytic pressurization of liquid hydrogen fuel tanks

7

0 100 200 300 4000

1

2

3

4

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

Time in Flight [hr]

Mass

Flo

w R

ate

[k

g/h

r]

mreq[i]

mout[i]

Mole

Fracti

on

Orth

oh

yd

rogen

, y[i

] [

-]

y[i]Additional fuel required

Excess fuel vented

Addition of catalyst

Fuel supplemented by catalyst

Orthohydrogen depleted

Leachman et al., Advances in Cryogenics (2011)


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Total energy absorbed (per mole H2)

A theoretical increase of 50% in

cooling capacity is possible

Applications: Vapor-cooled shielding of Centaur LOx


9

Applications: Cryocatalysis Hydrogen Experiment Facility (CHEF)

10 20 30 40 50 600

10

20

30

40

50

60

Vspace [1/min]

Co

oli

ng

Ca

pa

cit

y G

ain

[%

] Activated CatalystActivated Catalyst

Non-Activated CatalystNon-Activated Catalyst

14

Bliesner et al., AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (2012)


Applications: Liquid Hydrogen Fueled UAS

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• Funded $20,000 on June 30th 2012

• Mission From Dean: Be the first university team to design, build, and fly an LH2 fueled UAV.


Applications: Design - Build - Test

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Applications: World’s 1st 3-D Printed Cryogenic Tank

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inner duct

inner insulation

outer duct

outer insulation

pressure load

distribution pins


Applications: World’s 1st 3D printed cryogen tank

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• 74% reduction in heat load compared to no-flow condition


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• Low cost – current H2 stations are $2- 4 million each• Hydrogen delivered for $7/kg• Fuel 2 vehicles simultaneously, 25 vehicles per day• 5 minute fill time for 700 bar, 5 kg fuel tank• Transportable• Low maintenance• Operated and monitored remotely• Hydrogen storage should withstand 48 hr shutdown

DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN FOR A DROP-IN HYDROGEN FUELING STATION TO SUPPORT THE EARLY MARKET BUILD-OUT OF HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Key Rules and Guidelines:

Applications:


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Compare to 120 kW “fast” EV superchargers

2-4 MW charge rate


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Applications: Low-cost liquefaction

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1) Technology Transition Corporation (TTC), H2 & Fuel Cells Market Report (2010)2) Elgowainy, A., Tecnoeconomic Analysis of H2 Transmission & Distribution, DOE Workshop (2014)

• 80-90% of non-pipeline H2 delivered via liquid tanker truck.1

• LH2 will propel the early H2 economy.2

• Only 8 LH2 plants in North America-Only 1 is carbon free (Niagara)

-Smallest is 30 tonne/day (>50 MW)

-Can only ramp 30%/day

• Production cost: $5-5.60/kgLH2

• Delivery cost: $4-12/kgLH2

Efficient, small (<1 MW), modular H2 liquefiers will increase

renewable value and enable H2 economy.


Applications: Kinetic para-ortho manipulation via vortex tube

• Vortex tubes separate faster (higher T) from slower due to flow geometry

• Enables para-ortho conversion to drive bulk cooling

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A.Hydrogen inlet from precooler

77 K & 50 psi50-50 o-p

E.Hot, ortho-rich H2

recycled

B.As hydrogen flows along tube, faster molecules migrate

to outside

C. Catalyst along tube wall causes endothermic conversion of hot

parahydrogen to orthohydrogen

F.Cold H2 outlet

To 2nd vortex tube or J-T valve

D.Insulation on tube wall

forces endothermic reaction to cause bulk cooling


Applications: V-T CFD Performance

20

0

1

2

3

4

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Co

ld T

emp

Dro

p [

K]

Cold Fraction

Comparison to Experiment

Experiment

CFD with Normal Hydrogen

CFD with ParaHydrogen

CFD modeled in both COMSOL & Ansys


Applications: Heisenberg Vortex Measurements

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Applications: Heisenberg Vortex Measurements

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38-57%

improvement

with catalyzed

tube.


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Community: The HOW of a Hydrogen Organized Washington


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Community: Electricity grid wind woes-BPA

BPA Installed Wind Capacity

Curtailment limit reached in

2012

2http://transmission.bpa.gov/Business/Operations/Wind/WIND_InstalledCapacity_PLOT.pdf


Community: BPA Balancing Reserves

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1http://transmission.bpa.gov/Business/Operations/Wind/reserves.aspx

Curtailment limits exceeded


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Community: H2-Flo: Containerized liquifierSupported by:

Paul Laufman

Doug Orr

The Hesterberg’s

Washington Research

Foundation


Community: H2-Flo – Container Safing

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Where we are going:

Cryogenic refueling technologies both on this

planet – and off!

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Kraken Mare on Titan

Cryo Load

Cycling


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Thank you!

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http://hydrogen.wsu.edu

http://hydrogen.wsu.edu/


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Hydrogen Safety: DOE H2 vs gas car

60 sec

3 sec0 sec

90 sec

0 sec


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Hydrogen Safety: AFRL lightning & incendiary tests


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Hydrogen Safety: Hindenburg vs. Graf Zeppelins

http://heshydrogen.com/the-hindenburg-myth/


Foundations: World’s 1st <77 K PVT-x measurements

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Conducted first ever liquid He-H2, He-

Ne, H2-Ne PVT-x measurements.

Developed first mixture EOS.

Rubotherm Isosorp 2000 magnetic suspension microbalance modified for cryogenics.


Applications: World’s 1st Diagnostic Twin-Screw Extruder for H2

Validated predictive model for H2, D2, and Ne extrusions.

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2. Storing H2: Geological & Gaseous

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1) Lord et al. Sandia Report SAND2011-6221

• Gaseous at 700 bar (10,000 psi) and 295 K is 39.7 g/L

• $700/kg above ground vs. $7/kg below ground

c


1) Making H2: NREL’s Wind-to-H2 Project

• 100 kW turbine direct coupled to 33 kW alkaline & 6 kW PEM stack

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1) K. Harris, NREL to Wind hydrogen project, presentation to DOE (2009)

2) Courtesy of Monterey Gardiner/DOE FCTO (2014)

Proton Exchange

Membrane Electrolyzer


2. Adding Value: By the numbers

Cost of Conventional:

Electricity = $0.07265/kW-hr Natural Gas = $0.05/kW-hr

Cost of H2:

LH2 = $5-18/kg Production = $5/kg Delivery = $2-4/mile Dispensing = $2/kg

3.3 kW-hr = Energy in 1 kg H2 = Energy in 1 gal gasoline

H2 = $1.2-4.10/kW-hr

LH2 is worth 20-40 times more as an energy product.

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Advancing the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of ... · Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER Jacob Leachman, Associate Professor ... drogen roperties

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