Adobe & Bamboo Techniq

8/3/2019 Adobe & Bamboo Techniq

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CONSTRUCTION

TECHNIQUES

M AN PR EE T K AU R

8 7 1 5 1 6

I X -S E M

WITH ADOBE & BAMBOO



INTRODUCTION

y Adobe mud blocks are oneof the oldest and most widely used buildingmaterials. Use of these sun-dried blocks dates back to

8000 B.C.y The use of adobe is very common in some of the world¶s most hazard-proneregions, traditionally across Latin America,

Africa, Indian subcontinentand other parts of Asia,Middle East and SouthernEurope.



World Distribution of Earth Architecture



CONTI««««««««

y It is evaluated that about 1.7 billion people of the worlds population live in earthen houses: About 50 %of the population in developing countries, and at least20% of urban and suburban populations.

y The worlds oldest earthen building still standing isabout 3,300 years old. The Ramasseum, made of adobes, was built around 1,300 BC in the old city of Thebes.

y In India, the oldest earthen building is TaboMonastery, in Spiti valley - Himachal Pradesh. It wasalso built with adobe and has withstood Himalayan

winters since 996 AD.



Ramasseum, on the

left shore of the Nile

Tabo Monastery, in Spiti valley

Worlds oldestearthen buildings



Definition

y Adobe is a technique which consists in makingmud bricks using moulds but without compactionand letting them dry insun.

y Adobe is a natural building material madefrom sand , clay, water,and some kind of fibrous

or organic material(sticks, straw, and/ormanure), which is shapedinto bricks using framesand dried in the sun.



SOIL SELECTION

y It is easier to excavate thesoil from pit where there areno large stones, root or topsoil.

y Soil made up of sand, silt

and clay in the followingproportion are the bestsuited to making adobe.

SAND:55 to 75%

SILT :10 to 28%

CLAY :15 to 18%ORGANIC MATTER :

Less than 3%



About the soil

y There is too much clay : cracks will appear in the brick during drying. This is due tothe volumetric instability of clay when exposed to water which makes them vulnerable

to erosion.y There is too much sand: the particals are too numerous to all adhere together

sufficiently. There will be inadequate cohesion and the bricks will crumble.

y There is too much organic matter: it makes it porous and of poor durability whenexposed to water.

Cracks in brick Cracks in wall

Soil which is to be used for any kind of construction, must have a standardcomposition of silt, sand, gravel and clay. It cant be used directly for constructionother wise problems may appear.



SOIL TESTING FOR ADOBE

y A quick way to test if the earth is suitable foradobe production consists in rolling in the palmof the hand a sausage of the earth in a plasticstate.

y It is carefully flattened between the fingers toform as long a ribbon as possible. The length of ribbon is measured from the point where it breaks.

y If it breaks at between 5-15 cm long, the earth is

suitable for adobe.y For less than 5 cm, clay must be added.

y If it breaks at more than 15cm, sand must beadded.



V arious steps before preparation of Adobe bricks.

y Excavation.

y Sieving.

y Preparing the earth.

y Stabilization .



Excavation: Earth suitable for adobeproduction can be excavated from asingle location or mixed from several, but they should be as close as possible tothe building site.

Top soil is set aside for possible later use.The volume occupied by loose earth is30% higher than that of mud bricks.

Sieving: Sieves with mesh diameters of 6to 12 mm should be used, the finest being for stabilized brick production.Sieving is normally done at the point of excavation.




Preparing the earth: The object of traditional preparatory hydration is tosaturate the clay particles with water and break down all the small clods of earth.For adobe production soaked earth isallowed to rest for 24 hours. This makes iteasier to mix, improves the quality of the bricks and lessens the likelihood of crackscaused by shrinkage. The amount of water needed is quiteconsiderable and the proximity of water isone of the considerations to be taken into

account in choosing the brick productionarea. As the mixture is made up of one third water, a daily production of 500 bricksmeasuring 30 x 15 x 10 cm (by a team of 4)requires 650 liters of water.




Stabilization: V egetable or animal fibers are often added. It varies region to region.

Peru: Grass which grows on upper plateaus (ichu-fesuca) is used.Trinidad: A plant with a strong durable fiber chopped into pieces is used.India: straw, husk, animal hairs Africa: millet husks.Iran: Rice husks, small palm leaves as well as goat and camel hairs are used toimprove the bonding.Mexico: pine needles. Fibers makes up 20 to 30% of the volume of the bricks. Australia: 56 to 67kg of straw are required to produce 1000 bricks measuring 45 x30 x 10 cm.

Egypt: in Building the village of Gourna, Hassan Fathy used 20kg of straw forevery 660 bricks measuring 23 x 17 x 7 cm, equivalent to 1 cubic Meter of bricks.The vegetable fibers are normally mixed into mud and left to soak for quite a longtime to allow the non-fibrous matter to decompose.USA: Conventional stabilizers like cement, lime bitumen.




Dimensions for Adobe Bricks Shapes practically in use



MOULD AND HOW TO USE THEM

Moulds are generally made of wood butcan also be made of metal.

They can be reinforced at the cornerseither with metal strips or using any

other system.

V ery smooth internal surfaces preventthe earth from sticking and give the bricks a neat finish, as well as makingthe moulds easier to clean.



Moulds in various shapes and layout



Laying pattern for rectangular bricks Laying pattern for square bricks



Treatment methods for corners to provide strength against earthquake



Detailing for strengthing corners and in wall against earthquake



TYPICAL DAMAGE TO ADOBE STRUCTURE



Guidelines for earthquake resistant in Adobe construction



V arious Low Cost ConstructionTechnique In Bamboo



y Bamboo Belt.



y World Bamboo Production and Consumption map.



y Bamboo has a long and well established tradition for being used as aconstruction material throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.

y With the rising global concern, bamboo is a critical resource as it is very

efficient in reducing carbon and helps in reduction of Green House gasemissions.

y In the modern context when forest cover is fast depleting

and availability of wood is increasingly becoming scarce,

the research and development undertaken in past few decades have established and amply demonstrated that

bamboo could be a viable substitute of wood and several

other traditional materials for housing and building

construction sector and several infrastructure works.

Bamboo properties- Great advantage for housing :-



y Its use through industrial processing have shown a high potential for production of compositematerials and components which are cost-effective and can be successfully utilized forstructural and non-structural applications in construction of housing and buildings

y Main characteristic features, which make bamboo as a potential building material are its hightensile strength and very good weight to strength ratio.

y Tensile strength = 1000-4000kg/cm2y Compression strength = 250-1000kg/cm2y Bending strength = 700-3000kg/cm2y Modulus of elasticity = 100000-300000kg/cm2y Density = 500-800kg/m3

y The strength-weight ratio of bamboo also supports its use as a highly resilient material againstforces created by high

velocity winds and earthquakes.

y Above all bamboo is renewable raw material resource from agro-forestry and if properly treatedand industrially processed, components made by bamboo can have a reasonable life of 30 to 40

years.




y Though natural durability of bamboo varies

according to species and the types of treatments.

y V aried uses and applications in building construction

have established bamboo as an environment-

Friendly, energy-efficient and cost-effective

construction material.

y The commonly used species in construction are :-

Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa bambos,

Bambusa tulda,endrocalamus giganteous,

Dendrocalamus hamiltonii,Dendrocalamus asper, etc.




Low cost Bamboo Houses :-

y Low cost bamboo houses are a cheap and safe alternative to the shelters of traditional buildings material.

y They are produced from natural materials that are abundant in tropical andsub-tropical regions and are safe in adverse weather conditions and earthquakeprone areas.

y They can be produced in arrange of standard sizes and can be adapted todifferent terrain. The low production cost make them available to poor peopleand a good option for various govt. and non govt. agencies concerned withsocial housing programs.



Need Of Low-cost Bamboo-based Houses :-

y With millions of poor and homeless people in the world and the presence of extensive bamboo resources in many regions the need for low-cost bamboohouses is extensive.

y Such houses are an adequate and necessary solution for rural and urbandweller in need for an affordable, efficient and fast shelter and particularly incase of natural disaster and other emergencies.

y The potential to increase the manufacturing of low cost bamboo houses isenormous in countries that have bamboo resources



Construction technique:-

1. Pre- fabricated bamboo composite house

y Modular Building specifications of Pre-fab Housesy Structural : All structural components are composed rolled steel section.y Base : Steel grid framed structure of size 4¶ x 4¶ for interior support. The base

will rest on 16´ x16´ pillar type brick / stone foundation. If it is resting oncement concrete platform, steel grid base is not required. In that case, thestructural frame will directly be bolted above the platform.

y Wall Panels and Floor Panels : 8¶ x 4¶, 6mm thick BMB are attached tostructural member with fasteners (Exterior and interior). Flooring consists of one layer 8¶ x 4¶, 16mm thick BMB fixed on the steel grid

y Ceiling : 6¶ x 3.5¶ Bamboo mat corrugated sheet fixed purlins and rafters andtrusses.

y Doors and windows : Standard 16mm thick BMB has been used as door panels.Standard outfitted windows having char glass panes are used.Toilet and Bath : 4¶ x 8¶ attached toilet with a shower, wash basin and greaserfacility. Polyvinyl sheets are fixed to the interior wall to avoid water splashing.





Bamboo housing



Roof framework

Roof trusses Completed framework

Rafter-purlin connection





2.Design of the house with a solid foundation of reinforcement and rod inside the pillars to tie theroof.



Treatment of Bamboo: Bamboo can be treated mainly two ways)

y 1. Non chemical Treatment

y 2. Chemical Treatment

1. Non-Chemical Treatment:

y Traditionally the following treatment methods are adopted.

y a) Water immersion treatment

y b) Smoking

y c) Using diesel

2. Chemical treatment:

y Several permanent treatment method are available to protect bamboos andfrom insect attack and fungal attack.

y These methods are both preventive and remedial.

y For such kind of treatment many kind of chemicals are in use like creosote oil,Borax and Boric Acid.



y Fabrication: - cutting, joints and finishing:

y The dimension and size of the bamboo are mainly depends on

structural component and loading.

y While designing any shelter or house, the built up area as well

as the spacing between two partitions is more important. 11 feet

to 15 feet between two partitions generally are suitable withouthaving a support in between.

y In bamboo houses generally, the slant of the roof of GI or

corrugated bamboo roofing sheet are used so the height will

have to be maintained not more than 8 feet on lower side and

11 feet on top side.

Bamboo Column



y Only basic carpentry, Masonry tools and skills are necessary for the construction of bamboo houses.

y Figure below shows end profiles of bamboo poles for use in construction. For the jointsand other clamping points these kind of cutting or

y

fabricating is preferred. With clear instruction andproper workmanship we may get such a kind of joint

arrangement with using steel clamps and

nut arrangement.



In the proposed bamboo house the columns are constructed from whole bamboo poles.



The poles are fixed at the level of foundations/plinth. For this purposethe end 500 mm of the pole is injected with cement based mortar and

reinforced with a steel bar- see Figure .The bamboo should be reinforced in this way before mounting them inthe foundations.



y All bamboo columns are connected at the top to a timber or bamboo with somesteel plate.

y This beam has a rectangular cross section for timber and hooking arrangementof reinforcement from bamboo.

y The bamboo pole column is connected to this beam through an anchor bolt.

y The anchor bolt is embedded in the pole where cement based mortar isinjected- see Figure .





Thank You

Adobe & Bamboo Techniq

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