1 Adaptation Strategy and Mitigation of Biological Resources Management of Local People in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve on Climate Change By Purity Sabila Ajiningrum 2012 MAB Young Scientists Award Winner MAB Young Scientist Award Research Report 2013 (October 2013)
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Adaptation Strategy and Mitigation of Biological Resources
Management of Local People in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve on
Climate Change
By
Purity Sabila Ajiningrum
2012 MAB Young Scientists Award Winner
MAB Young Scientist Award Research Report 2013 (October 2013)
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FINAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT
Project Title: Adaptation Strategy and Mitigation of Biological Resources Management of Local People in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve on Climate Change
By Purity Sabila Ajiningrum
Indonesia
October 2013
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1.0. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Climate change is a global phenomenon characterized by rising temperatures and
changing rainfall amount and distribution. Temperature changes have broad implications on
various aspects of socio-economic life of society and ecology. Due to changes in temperature, it
has a direct impact on preservation of ecosystems, biodiversity, food production, water supply,
the spread of pests and plant diseases also the spread of human disease vectors etc. Temperature
changes are caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere
caused by burning or using fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal), industrial sector, transportation, land
use activities (land use change) and deforestation.
Climate change will threaten Indonesia's efforts to achieve MDGs. According to the
UNDP report (Moediarta, 2007), the potential impact of climate change on Indonesia's efforts to
combat extreme poverty and hunger due to climate change will destroy the forests, wildlife
populations, grassland, and land farming that relied upon by the poor as a source of income.
Poverty is naturally a frightening specter of a nation and civilization.
The results of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) study in 2007 showed
that since 1850 there were 12 warmest years based on instrumental record of global surface
temperature. Eleven out of the twelve warmest years occurred in the last 12 years. Total
temperature increase 0.76oC from 1850-1899 to 2001-2005. Sea level and the global average
have risen by an average rate of 1.8 mm per year in the period between 1961 and 2003. Total rise
in sea level that was recorded in the 20th century is estimated to 0.17 m. The report also stated
that human activity contributes to global warming since the mid-20th century. Global warming
will continue to increase by higher acceleration in the 21st century if nothing is done to reduce it
(KMNLH, 2007).
The resulting global warming and climate change increases the frequency and intensity of
extreme climate. IPCC states that global warming could also lead to significant changes in
physical and biological systems. If there is no systematic and integrated effort from now on to
increase resilience to climate change and the improvement of local and global environmental
conditions, the impact caused by the presence of climate variability in the future will be even
greater and more difficult. It will influence on achieving sustainable development systems.
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Therefore, it is necessary for a fundamental change in development planning. Problem of climate
variability today and the next should be used as one important variable in determining the basics
of national planning development of short, medium and long term as well. Tackling climate
change requires effective management of climate variability, and at the same time, anticipating
its impact of long-term global climate change comprehensively. On the other hand, it requires
cross-sectoral approach at national, regional and local levels. Adaptation and mitigation
strategies are needed to reduce the risk of dangerous climate change by increasing robustness of
system in the community.
Adaptation strategy is an action of natural and social systems adjustment to face the
negative impacts of climate change, but those efforts will be difficult to effectively benefit if the
rate exceeds the ability to adapt to climate change. Therefore, adaptation strategies must be offset
by "mitigation strategy", namely to reduce the sources and increasing sinks of greenhouse gases,
so that the development process is not impeded and sustainable development objectives can be
achieved. Thus, future generations are not burdened more heavily by the threat of climate change
in the continuing process of further development. Adaptation strategies are developed by making
efforts "adjustment technology" used in the industrial, transportation and agriculture and forest
conservation and protection efforts in order to prevent the loss of carbon stocks contained in the
biomass of forest vegetation. Adaptation strategy is a living being that leads efforts in the
preparation or adaptation to the impacts of climate change or variation of the season.
Climate change is a global phenomenon that is characterized by rising temperatures and
changing rainfall amount and distribution. Temperature changes have broad implications on
various aspects of socio-economic life of society and ecology. Due to changes in temperature, it
has a direct impact on the preservation of ecosystems, biodiversity, food production, water
supply, the spread of pests and plant diseases and the spread of human disease vectors etc.
Temperature changes are caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the earth's
atmosphere caused by burning or the use of fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal); by industrial sector,
transportation and land use activities (land use change ) and by deforestation.
Climate change will threaten Indonesia's efforts to achieve MDGs. According to the
UNDP report (Moediarta, 2007) the potential impact of climate change on Indonesia's efforts to
combat extreme poverty and hunger due to climate change will destroy the forests, wildlife
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populations, grassland and land farming that relied upon by the poor as a source of income.
Poverty is naturally a frightening specter of a nation and civilization.
1.2. Research problem
Indonesia’s area has specific characteristics with geo-morphological patterns, biological,
and social distinctive which leads to extremely sensitive to climate change. The unique
characteristic of the Indonesia archipelago area as terrestrial ecosystems, coastal ecosystems,
island ecosystems and marine ecosystems and a wealth of high biodiversity are vulnerable to
climatic variables changes, including extreme weather and climate, rising sea levels and high
content of atmospheric carbon. Social conditions of the most people of Indonesia are living in
rural areas and highly dependent on the services of natural biological resources to meet their
needs through agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Besides that, the community residential system
is largely located on the coastal belt and plains area leads Indonesia to the precarious position in
the face of climate change.
Another issue in the era of economic development in Indonesia has led to social changes
that took part complicates the lives of people at this time, mainly due to development financing
model through depletion of natural resources and forest wealth. Economic development activities
that rely on the exploitation of natural resources lead to Indonesia as one of contributors to
carbon emissions through changes in land use and land economic activities particularly in
forestry and agriculture. Excessive activities of forest exploitation and forest conversion into
plantation areas and the other activities of illegal exploitation have closely relationship to the
deterioration of environmental quality in rural areas in the modalities of economic expansion.
Illegal activities of Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve such as appropriation of the biosphere
reserve’s core area have been crucial issues about preservation of biosphere reserve's core area.
The results of observations made by RAN (2002) showed that generally, the whole of
Indonesia will experience a temperature rise at a rate lower than the subtropical region. For
example, Jakarta has undergone a change in the temperature rate of 1.42 ° C every hundred years
for July, and 1.04oC on January. The southern region of Indonesia will decline in rainfall while
the northern region will experience an increased rainfall. Some researchs conducted at several
locations showed that, sea level rise in Indonesia has reached 8 mm per year. If Indonesia does
not take action for greenhouse gas emission reductions, the rise in sea level can reach 60 cm in
2070 (ADB, 1994). In the past four decades, the dangers and disasters that are closely related to
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climate such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides and forest fires have caused much loss of
human lives and livelihoods, the destruction of economic and social infrastructure also
environmental damage. According to Sivakumar (2005), the frequency and intensity of hazard-
related climate disasters in many parts of the world's are increasing. Floods and wind-storms
resulted in 70% of the total disaster and the remaining 30% due to drought, landslides, wildfires,
heat waves and others.
Based on data from Bappenas and Bakornas PB (2006), in Indonesia, within a period of 2
years (2003-2005) only 1,429 events have been related to climate disasters, while approximately
53.3% of disaster is related to the hydro-meteorology. Floods are the most common disaster, is
about 34%, followed by a landslide 16% of all natural disasters. Trenberth and Hoar (1996)
stated that global warming will cause droughts and extreme rainfall are more severe, which will
cause of greater risk of climate catastrophic. Report of United Nations Office for Humanitarian
Affairs of the Coordination (2006) indicates that Indonesia is one of the countries vulnerable to
related climate disasters. Decrease and increase in rainfall has caused significant impact on water
reserves. In the years El-Nino events, the volume of water in water reservoirs decreased
significantly (far below normal), especially during the dry season (June-September). Many
power plants produce power well below normal in those years. Data from eight dams (four small
reservoirs and four large reservoirs in Java) showed that during the years El-Nino events of 1994,
1997, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006 most of the power plants operated in the 8 reservoir is below
the capacity of producing electricity normally (KNLH, 2007).
Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve, in the dry season period of 2002 has led to decline in rice
yield by 40-49%. Deterioration in rice yields by 49% for harvest once every 3 years (higher
frequency ENSO), whereas an increase in production every 4 years only reached 2.1%. Drought
of 2002 has also led to decrease in the yield of 24% cocoa in the buffer zone of Lore Lindu
Biosphere Reserve (STORMA, 2009).
In Indonesia, the increasing rainfall above normal that occurred particularly in the years
La-Nina (wet year) have resulted in flooding in many places. Changes in behavior of variable
climatic are caused a variety of irregularities and natural disasters required an adaptation and
mitigation strategies are new to be able to reduce the influence caused. Indonesian society which
largely rely on natural resources in life requires some adaptation and mitigation strategies of the
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management of natural resources and environment to climate change will be much reduced risk
of failure, more profitable and sustainable.
1.3. Objective
This research has goals and objectives as follows:
1) Revealing local knowledge, production activities and adaptation strategies developed by
local communities in the management of biological resources for life.
2) Revealing local knowledge and behavior change of climatic variables based on climatic
elements and weather data (source data: regional Climatology and Geophyisic Stasion and
the effects caused to the biophysical aspects, production activities and production.
3) Developing adaptation and mitigation strategy of local communities towards a new climate
change in the sustainable management of natural resources.
4) Increasing local community awareness about the importance of adaptation and mitigation
strategies against the threat of climate change in the management of biological resources.
5) Developing natural resources management (production activity) that is able to face or can be
adapted to changing environmental conditions or the ecosystem due to changes in extreme
climatic variables. Capability and the successful management of biological resources
(production activities) as part of efforts to reduce poverty in the region.
1.4. Target
1) Knowing and analyzing various informations about the effects of climate change on:
(a) the diversity of natural resources and its environment; (b) local knowledge about
natural resources and environment and (c) the development of adaptation strategies and
mitigation of climate change developed by local communities in managing natural
resources.
2) Learning in detail the climate change or seasonal variations as a basis for management of
biological resources and environment in a sustainable manner.
3) Understanding in detail the social, economic and cultural of local community, especially
the dependence of society to natural resources services and local technology in
production activities and products as a precaution against climate change.
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4) Gaining adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate change in order to manage
diversity of biological resources in a sustainable manner.
5) Increasing capacity and awareness of local society on the basic conception of climate
change, learning impacts of climate change on biological diversity and environment, and
creating adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate change. Capability of biological
resources management (production activities) is an important resolution to reduce
poverty.
6) A common understanding of its stakeholders on the effects of climate change and its
implications for regional development based on data obtained from this study.
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2.0. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Study Site
The study is conducted in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve, Central Sulawesi which
represents an area of terrestrial ecosystems to the plains to the mountainous region ecosystem.
This area is selected as study site to represent the study of adaptation and mitigation strategies of
local communities to climate change in the management of biological resources
Figure 1. Study site map on Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve (Source: Periodic review of Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve, 2012).
The site selection has several reasons as follow:
(a) The area of ecological aspects represents different types of ecosystems that this region
represents the terrestrial area of lowland to highland. The selection of this region
expected to represent different types of ecosystems from the effects of climate change;
(b) The different types of ecosystems in the region can provide data that is more varied
picture of local knowledge regarding the management of natural resources, production
activities and community adaptation strategies in the face of climate change in the region;
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(c) The choice of location in this biosphere reserve is very appropriate and in accordance
with one of the reserve roles is to be able to cope with climate change such as that
contained in the Madrid Action Plan 2008. Moreover, biosphere reserves linkage with
climate change issues in accordance with the theme of the MAB ICC meetings in
Dresden to 23 June 2011: “The biosphere reserves and climate change, for life and for the
future” and the Indonesian delegation was one of the speakers at the meeting; and
(d) The community in the study area is mostly farming communities living around the forest
area (Lore Lindu) who depend on its natural resources and this area is most vulnerable to
climate change. Elements of extreme climate change will affect people's lives by
declining in production and can even lead to crop failure. Declining or failure in getting
the production activity is closely associated with poverty.
Mixed data can provide a clearer picture of local conditions, production activities,
production activities and the results of biophysical conditions, so we will be able to analyze the
relationship between the effects of climate change in the region with production activities and
adaptation and mitigation strategies that will be developed in the region.
This study attempts to look at changes in the system of knowledge and adaptation
strategies in managing the diversity of biological resources and the environment in the context of
climate change. This research will be observed and analyzed on a production system developed
at the study site and climate changes that occurred in the region since about 50 years ago
(adjusted to the availability of climatology data in the study site) and based on local knowledge
of the changing characteristics of the seasons in the region. The study also wants to identify
changes in its ecosystem based on the chronology of the history of ecology so that it can be seen
from the test site and the changes that took place during a certain period at the sites.
Data collection is obtained by some stages as follows:
(1) The collection of detailed data on the actual condition of the study sites ecosystem by
using standard methods in ecological research and ethnoecology.
(2) Data collection of changes in ecosystems is obtained by analyzing the changes that have
been occured at the ecosystem level based on the map of remote sensing.
(3) The collection of data of local knowledge and behaviour of variable climatic change are
based on climatic elements and weather data (source data: Climatology and Geo-physics
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Stasion in the study area) and its impact to the biophysical aspects, production activities
and products.
(4) Data collection of biological diversity (biodiversity) and ethnobiology is aimed to find
out a wealth of biodiversity and local knowledge in managing biological resources. It is
obtained by using direct observation in the field, exploratory methods and standard
methods of plant ecology and ethnobiology research (qualitative and quantitative data).
2.2. Development technique of research instrument
Table 1. Development Technique of Research Instrument
Concept/Aspect Variable Indicator Source of data Adaptation Culture - Local knowledge on
climate change related to biological resources development
- Local community knowledge on management activities of biological resources
- Technology of local community on biological resources management and their environment
Primary
Economy - Local species of biological resources which have potency and economic value
- Increasing added value in production system
Primary and secondary
Production - Production activities based on biological resources
Data collection are obtained by some stages as follows:
(1) Local knowledge and behaviour change variable-climatic variables based on the data
elements of climatic and weather (Data source: Climatology and Geophysics stations in
the study area) and its impact to biophysical aspects, production and production activities
(2) Data collection of biological diversity (biodiversity) and its usefulness in the research
area is obtained by using direct observation, exploratory methods, methods of vegetation
ecology standards in ethnobiological research (qualitative and quantitative data).
(3) Collection of common plants and important plants is carried out to determine important
types from perspective of community and then, it is calculated by "ICS" formula (Index
of Significant Cultural) as follows:
Calculating Cultural Values Index uses the following formula:
n
ICS = Σ (q x i x e)ni
i = 1
If a plant species has its uses more than once, then the calculation formula developed is as
follows:
n
ICS = Σ (q1 x i1 x e1)n1 + (q2 x i2 x e2)n2 + ……… + (qn x in x en)nn
i = 1
Where,
• ICS = Index of cultural significance, the equation of value to a number of plant species from
1 to usability to n, where n indicates the usefulness final of plant species, while the letter i
show up to a value of 1 to n, respectively.
• The letter symbols q = quality of value, as an example: giving value = 5 is given in the main
foodstuffs; 4 = food additives and the main ingredient (primary + secondary food material), 3
= other foods + secondary materials and material supplies drugs (others food + medicine +
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secondary materials); 2 = all plants used for ritual, myth, recreation, etc., and the value 1 =
only known utility alone (mere recognition).
• Symbol i = intensity of value. For example, the value 5 = very high intensity use, 4 =
moderately high intensity use; grades 3 = medium intensity use; grades 2 = low intensity use,
and 1 = minimal use intensity.
• Symbol letter e = exclusivity value, for example, score 2 = describes the most preferred
option (preferred choice); 1 = indicates that the use of some types of the same or there is a
possibility that one or several types of same utilization (one of several or many possible
source), and 0.2 = secondary resources (secondary source). Categorization of data
quantifying the calculation of ethnobotany in detail can be seen in the papers of Purwanto
(2002).
(4) Data collection of social, economic, cultural is more stressed on the aspect of the
application of technology in the production process and management activity of
biological resources. Data collection is gathered by using Participatory Rapid Appraisal
(PRA) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) on the selected resource. FGDs are conducted
to representatives of 14 farmer groups which are coordinated by PPL in the North Lore
District and in the village of Toro (Ngata Toro) in collaboration with the District Kulawi
Toro Indigenous Peoples. FGD is focussed to discuss production activities, changes
related to biophysical conditions in the region due to climate change, sources of income
and expenditure, details about their livelihoods, the role and effectiveness in the context
of their institution. Some questions and discussions intended to capture their preferences
based on their actual behaviour. In this case, the researchers help to validate the
information and also help to identify the prospective informans, for gaining profound
information and policies. Furthermore, it also helps to obtain historical data and provides
information about disorder and ecosystems in the past, trigger, intervention and
consequences.
Broadly speaking, the logic of research methods applied in this study are used to identify
climate change and the effects caused by direct observation in the field, climatology data
collection, knowledge data of community and supported by literature data. Further data
collection on production activities undertaken by community (praxis) following the results of
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production activities, observations are preferred in applications of technology or the way in the
production process.
Production activity is observed not only about farming activity (Lore Lindu), but also
activities about forest extractivism and other natural resources utilized. Hence, further analysis is
the effect of climate change on production activities. For example, STORMA study (2009) on
the effects of drought in 2002 has resulted in deterioration in rice production fell to 49% and
coffee production fell by 24%. The influences of climate change are a very real impact on the
ecosystem and affect production activities and results. The effect influences on the results of
production activities and is closely associated with socio-economic conditions, especially
poverty. The next step is to construct new adaptation strategies of biological resource
management (production activity) that address the elements of climate change. By developing
adaptation strategies, declining production activity can be directly reduced to ensure common
good sustainably.
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3.0. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Physical characterictics
1. Biogeographical region
Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve is geographically situated between 119o 90’ – 120o 16’
East Longitudinal and 1o 8’-1o 3’ South-Latitude. Administratively, Lore Lindu Biosphere
Reserve is located in five regencies, which are Sigi, Poso, Parigi Moutong, Donggala and Kota
Palu, Central Sulawesi Province. Core area of the Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve is Lore Lindu
National Park. Lore Lindu National Park comprises an area of 231,000 ha in Central Sulawesi
Province.
i. Topography of the region
Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve is located in 200-2610 meters above sea level. A major
part of core area (Lore Lindu National Park) lies at an altitude of more than 1,000 meters with
Mount Nokilalaki (2,355 m) as the highest mountain. Its neighbour in the same out crop-mount
Rorekatimbu is slightly (2,610 m) but its summit lies just beyond the core area border.
Napu Valley area included in the districts of North Lore, Poso regency, has an area of
approximately 4,500 km². Napu Valley area lies at an altitude of between 1,100 m to 1,400 m
above sea level and surrounded by mountains Lore. Napu valley is north and adjacent to Lore
Lindu National Park area. To reach the Valley Napu can use cars from Palu to Wuasa (150
miles) and takes between 4-5 hours.
Ngata Toro located in the geographic position of approximately 120o 1 'BT - BT 120o
3'30'' and 29'30'' 1o LS - 1o 32' LS. Ngata Toro region has an area of approximately ± 229.5 km2
(22,950 ha) and lies at an average altitude of 800 m above sea level. Ngata Toro region has a
topography including mountains into categories, where settlements and agriculture are generally
concentrated in the valleys and slopes are surrounded by mountains: Kalabui, Kaumuku,
Toworo, onco, Tawaeli, Topolo, Potaka Jara, and Powibia (see Figure 1).
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ii. Climate
This area has a tropical climate with average rainfall in northern parts between 2000 -
3000 mm per year and the southern part of the region between 3000 - 4000 mm per year. The
temperature ranges between 22° - 34° C, while in the Valley Napu, temperatures ranging
between 18° C - 30° C. Figure 2 shows the study area in the Valley Napu has climate type D1
means the region has a wet month or heavy rainfall > 200 mm per month for 3-4 months and has
a dry month with rainfall less than 100 mm per month less than 2 months. The amount of annual
rainfall is between 2000-2500 mm.
Figure 2. Map of precipitation and climatic type in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve Area
(Sources: TNC and Lore Lindu National Park)
Observations of climatic elements are not only based on observational data from the
station Climatology or Meteorology and Geophysics Agency, but also based on observations
made by public through extreme events they have ever been experienced. In general, a group of
people had no written records about the extreme events. The results of interviews with people and FGDs to farmers in the study area stated that there had been a long drought in 2000 and 2004 and
result in huge losses in farming.
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Society concludes an indication that the losses caused by the drought reduce the supply to > 20%,
yield coffee declined by about 27% and grain yield decreased by more than 40%. When we see the
climatological data recorded in the region, showed that in 2000 and 2004, there has been long dry months
between May and October in 2000 (rainfall monthly average of less than 100 mm). Similarly to the 2004
data, it was noted that the number of the lowest rainfall occurred in mid-July until November (see Figure
3).
Precipitation (mm) Year
Figure 3. Precipitation Data 1999-2008
Rainfall data from the years 1998 - 2008 in Poso BMG station showed that rainfall from
year to year have irregular patterns. For example, in the dry season from June to October, but in
fact, there is also the most wet years that have monthly rainfall of over 150 mm. Changes of this
character are causing the climate to change, then it was affected cropping patterns and planting
time in developing a farming system, especially for rice. A strategy of local communities to face
the climate change in behaviour of these elements is discussed in a special section in this report
on local adaptation strategies in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve.
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Figure 4. Precipitation Data 1999-2008
Climatological data collected from BMG Palu show that the climatic data are started in 1998 to
2010 for the district of Poso, Donggala, Sigi, Parigi Moutong and Palu. Changes in rainfall patterns,
humidity and soil fertility due to climate change have led to productivity to decline, even many farmers
in coastal areas experiencing crop failures due to flooding and rising sea levels. Weather changes have
caused many farmers had trouble determining the right time to start planting season, or already
experiencing crop failures due to erratic rainfall or drought. The most miserable farmers are those who
live in highland regions and experience in loss of topsoil due to erosion.
Based on laboratory data of Climate Bogor Agricultural University, during 1981-1990,
each district in Indonesia has decreased an average of 100,000 tons of rice production per each
year. In the period 1992 - 2000, the amount of this reduction was increased to 300,000 tons.
Therefore, the key role of climate elements especially for planting is to plant growth and
production.
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Figure 5. Precipitation data on 1998-2010 at several observation station in Sigi Regency, Palu City and Donggala Regency
Figure 6. Precipitation average of mothly and yearly on periode 2005-2011.
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The results on six nearest station with Lore Lindu National Park as shown in the graph
above show that when using Mohr categorization based on criteria in dry (rainfall <60 mm);
humid months (rainfall 60-100 mm); and wet months (> 100 mm), then there are three places
where are categorized as humid areas, namely, in Palu Mutiara, BP4 Biromaru in Sigi and LLHP
Dolago in Parigi/Moutong.
Three areas that are categorized as wet areas throughout the year, namely BPP Lambunu in
Parigi/Moutong, Gimpu in Sigi and Lompio in Donggala. It affects to agricultural sector in terms of
pattern of planting or transplanting time. High rainfall during abundant availability of water exceeds even
that leads to farmers involve in some difficulties to prepare the land.
When high rainfall, farmers are often bothered by emergence of various of plant pests. At such a
time, pests attack such as mice and leafhoppers is quite high then variety of diseases caused by bacteria
and fungi on food crops. Meanwhile, during high rainfall and prolonged, the farmers also harvest
bothered with these problems. Food crop growth such as in corn is also getting into problem by a
heavy rainfall. Beside pests, plant vegetative growth looks quite good though, but the generative
development is disturbed. For example, the process of fertilization can be imperfect due to lack of
sunlight.1
Among these three BMKG station, the area around Gimpu-Sigi was the most volatile, by
average highly increased is especially peaked in April (316.9 mm/month) and November (298.1
mm/month). Based on data collected in Gimpu station, total rainfall could reach an average of 2605.8
mm/year and the average monthly reach 217.1 mm/month (Figure 7).
Plantation species cultivated by local communities in the Valley of Napu include coffee
and cocoa plant. In the last ten years, the local communities in the Valley of Napu prefer
commercialize cocoa on land mostly planted gardens compared with coffee plants. They tend to
choose cocoa because it is more profitable than coffee. Besides that, the price of cocoa beans
more stable and easier to sells than coffee beans. Thus, area of coffee plantations tends to decline
from year to year due to the conversion into cocoa.
In general, the production of chocolate is not as good as in previous years and continues
to decline results. Cocoa yield reduction can be seen in Table 8. Cocoa production in 2008
reached 645 tonnes, while in 2009 the production decreased by 50% which is only about 326.4
tons and in 2010 amounted to 338.63 tons. Cocoa prices at this time amounted to Rp 15,000 -
Rp. 16,000 per kilogram. The highest price ever received by cocoa farmers amounting to Rp.
20,000 per kilogram. Decline in cocoa production is attributed to the reduction in brown garden
outside the area are also caused by lack of good cultivation techniques developed societies, such
as lawn care, thinning systems, maintenance shade trees, irregular spacing and cleanliness of the
garden. As a result, many garden pests and diseases primarily of fruit rot diseases that decrease
production.
Cultivation of cocoa by the local communities in the Valley of Napu was copied and
adapted from the knowledge of migrant society of Napu which is from outside of the region. So,
the knowledge acquisition of cultivation is still not yet fully as immigrant communities. Recent
developments in the behavioural effects of changes in rainfall and increase in temperature as the
understanding of climate change, has led to the emergence of pests and diseasesof cocoa. People
Snaps 40,76 140 343,7
Cucumber (Cucumis sativum) 58,92 82,5 45,5
Beans (Vigna unguiculata) 272,52 16,5 178,2
Chili (Capsicum annum and C. frutescens) 165,15 163,2 112,2
Terung (Solanum melongena) - 29 162,0
Eggplant (Amaranthus spp.) 17,04 24 492,5
Kale (Ipomoea aquatica) 50,76 12 754,2
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try various efforts to address pests and diseases problem such as creating smoke by burning the
litter around the cocoa.
Combusting organic materials and curing the garden area are expected to repel pests of
cocoa and even kill plants. However, this method has not been widely known by public. This is
quite reasonable because local communities’s culture does not even manage cocoa plantations
hereditary habits. Based on public information of cocoa plantation owners, pests causing fruit rot
can decrease in yield reached 30-50 % cocoa chocolate from the 50 to 80 kg per month.
Table 10. Land Area and Plantation Coffee and Chocolate Production Year 2008-2010
Types of plants Land area (ha) Production (ton)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
Coffee 465 116,5 27 177 147,3 9,45
Cocholate 1.675 713 903 645 326,4 338,63
Vanili 12 3 1 21,3 - -
Source: Kecamatan Lore Utara Dalam Angka 2010, BPS
Cocoa plantation area in 2009 decreased due to a rejuvenation in several locations by
using superior cultivars derived from Research Center of Coffee and Cocoa in Jember, East Java,
which was introduced by the Forestry Department. Introduction of new cultivars of Jember is not
through trial and acclimation or adaptation to the region. This leads to concern about possibility
of new problems such as susceptibility to pests and diseases of fruit rot. Some experiences in
several areas such as in Serui show that the introduction of new cocoa cultivars has actually
created a new problem by the emergence of pests and diseases of fruit rot and cause significant
harm to cocoa plantations in the region.
g. Effect of Agricultural Activity Against Climate Change
Based on the results of research on the influence of climate change, according to the local
communities in the Valley of Napu, show that climate change affects the outcome of farming.
Most or 50% of the public believe that climate change has resulted in their earnings fell by more
than 10% when compared to the previous. Picture of magnitude of the effect of climate change
on farming results can be seen in Figure 27.
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Figure 28. The effect of climatic condition change on farming activities. Source: Field data 2012
For example, the drought that occurred in 2005 has resulted in a decrease in rice yields of
25% and more than 40% cocoa. Climate change was also felt by the villagers Toro and has an
influence on their agricultural operations. According to respondents, conditions of climate
change are such as a change in temperature and weather changes lead them to become uncertain
and unpredictable. It influences on agricultural activity especially in planting time of rice
farming and cocoa crops. For rice farming activities, Toro villagers prefer to use an organic way than using artificial
fertilizers. Organic rice farming of Toro might be the mainstay of farming products with labeling of
organic products and agricultural products of the biosphere reserve. In addition, the Toro also has
produced a unique tasty ginger coffee. Agricultural products from the Toro region can also "branding" as
a biosphere reserve product and it will promote a high selling price.
Based on field observations, the Toro stated that climate change might lead to behavioral cocoa
crop losses by more than 5% compared to the previous periods. The effect of climate change on
agricultural production can be seen in the following figure:
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Figure 29. The effect of climatic change on farming activities of Toro Society. (Field Data on 2012)
h. Efforts to confront climate change Pekurehua communities in the Valley of Napu have their own view in the face of climate change
or weather which is occuring in their environment. Many relevant actions are taken by community
as a strategy to tackle climate change and to seek how to increase the value of agricultural products
independently. Local communities have sought a breakthrough on farming indicators that have
economic and strategic opportunities for economic development continuously.
Willingness to be independent was revealed based on the statement of questionnaire
respondents in answering questions related to the strategy pursued, whether individually or in
community based groups. This is because the people who successfully manage agricultural
activities based on personal effort and most of them are migrant communities from another part
of Sulawesi, Java and Bali. The following figure shows that the people who create the effort
more independent (65%) compared to the way groups (35%) in fostering innovation and
vegetable crops farming strategies.
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Figure 30. The society effort face on climatic change. Source: Field data (2013)
Based on data derived from the plant production of Napu Valley region, it shows that vegetable
crops play an important role in people's lives in this region. For local communities, seeking horticultural
crops, especially vegetables types which are adaptable to erratic weather conditions, requires a good
strategy. Beside that, they also argue that organicfertilizers is needed to increase production and to be
more environmentally friendly. The use of technology and organic fertilizer are guided and supported
by the Department of Agriculture through counseling. Some efforts should be taken to increase
community capacity in provisioning of organic fertilizer on their own, because it is still supplied from
outside the Valley of Napu. People consider using organic fertilizers because of its good retained in
soil when rainfall occured. Communities in the Valley Napu have a good opportunity to develop
their own abundant natural resources. So far, management of natural resources has been pursued more
independently so that the results have not been optimal yet. Therefore, it needs support from various
parties, especially in developing adaptation strategies to climate change or erratic weather.
Actually, the people in this region have undertaken some ways appropriately at this time in the
face of the phenomenon of erratic weather changes, such as adjusting the pattern and timing of planting,
but it still needs assistance of a technical nature related to choosing of crops, cropping patterns and
planting time. It is explained from interviews with repondents stating as follows:
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"... We realize that there are many opportunities to manage this area becomes more economic
value, one of which we are looking for possibilities to grow apples on land that exists today. ... ".
And develop other types of more profitable crops such as farming of plants flowers and fruit
crops that have high economic value other than apples.
The above statement implies that some people who have been aware at farming activities
by introducing other horticultural crops consider its opportunities. However, public have not had
the ability yet to implement and realize their own wish. Therefore, it needs much support from
various stakeholders, especially local government, to be able to provide technical assistance in
bridging the needs of community in managing and developing their land become productive and
more profitable. Then, it also can provide measurement to face phenomenon of climate change or
weather during the time of uncertainty. Some technical assistance might include development of new innovations and appropriate
technology which are easily applied by public, such as water-saving in agriculture during water
shortages, developing water reservoir system to prevent flooding and others. The two important of non-
technical assistance to people are capital assistance and marketing. Napu Valley area is vegetables
producer for Central Sulawesi and surrounding region, and even partly exported to Kalimantan and
others, so that it is needed a better trading system leads to promote more profitable producer
communities. In addition, vegetable processing company in the region is needed to increase economic
value and to encourage increased development of vegetable farming in the region.
The observation of people's views in developing adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate
change by managing natural resources and its environment is presented in the following figure:
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Figure 31. Point of view of local people on the increasing capability effort to capability development on biodiversity management strategy face on the climate change. (Source: Field Data, 2013)
i. Adaptation strategies to changing climatic elements and development In accordance with the research objectives that will observe local adaptation strategies in
addressing climate change conditions, the main thing that needs to be explored is related to
people's understanding of what is referred to climate change. Society of Napu incorporated in the
village farmer groups Wuasa show that most or 59% of public view about climate change is
uncertainty on temperature and weather conditions (amount of precipitation, number of rainy
days, a period of rainy season and dry season period) in their neighborhood. Society believes that
uncertainty on temperature and weather was affect current agricultural activity. Picture of
people's views on climate change can be seen in the following graph:
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Figure 32. Percentage of local society point of view on climatic change. Source: Field Data (2013)
Climate change or changes in weather that felt by the people in Valley of Napu affecting farming
activities are:
(1) Air conditioning
One of local perceptions about climate change is already an increase in air temperature,
precipitation problems and erratic weather conditions (field observation, 2012). Data on changes in air
temperature in this region is not available either. Changes in air temperature are based only on the results
of perception observed about temperature which increase from year to year. Changes in air temperature
in the region also helped influence the pattern of farming activity in the region. For example, it affects to
the development of vegetables such as chickpeas, long beans and others. Some types of vegetables such
as peas and beans have a good prospect in the Valley Napu and they can be developed in intercropping
with other types of other vegetables.
Increased temperatures might also lead to emergence of new pests in the region. For example,
according to the public information that increased air temperature has led to enhance of rice borer
attacks and they became more severe than ever been before. It is still necessary to provide scientific
evidence.
(2) Precipitation
Rainfall conditions assumed by the people in Valley Pekurehua Napu are:
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a) Excessive precipitation is the highest amount of rainfall each year which causes disruption
to farming. For instance, flooded rice fields beyond necessary and cause damage to the rice
crop; plantations (cocoa and coffee) get into stagnant water which lead to production failure;
vegetable farming areas inundated failure of production, and others.
b) Less rainfall is the lowest amount of rainfall for farming and has led to crop failure and loss
as others as well. The consequences of lack of water is suffer in growth for rice plants and
also experiencing drought in plantation area.
c) Generally, the unpredictable precipitation can cause disruption of cropping patterns, time of
planting, maintenance and other farm processes.
(3) Changes in uncertain seasons
Changes in the dry season and the rainy season are during the regular line with local knowledge
have changed the time to be irregular according to the season calendar. These have caused irregular
shifting of planting time. Planting time changes can affect in the risk of crop failure as depicted in the
cropping calendar which is developed by societies.
(4) Development of adaptation strategies Field observations indicate that local people simply develop adaptation strategies in order to cope
with weather changes or uncertain climate or face the occurrence of extreme events such as drought or
heavy rainfall which leads to flooding. The following table presents the results of identification of
adaptation strategies developed by local community in Valley of Napu and community of Toro in the
face of climate change. This study was also identify adaptation strategies developed by immigrant
communities in developing farming activities, particularly concerning about horticultural crops like
vegetables.
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Table 11. Adaptation strategy of local community and alternatives development Local Knowledge Climate
Change Effects Adaptation and Mitigation
Strategy of Local Community Development of Adaptation
and Mitigation Strategy Socialization
and Coordination
Natural Resources Management and
Production Activities
Climate Change
A. Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve
1. Rice Field Farming Weather
Condition can
not be predicted
Planting time
changed and
Planting pattern,
Production yield
1. Adjusting planting time
according to changes weather
conditions in the growing season
individually or a few members of
the group
2. Using the new cultivars of rice
3. Toro communities construct a
simple system of dams around the
mountains to collect water (by
government assistance)
4. Keeping forests from illegal
activities by imposing a ban or
enforcing customary law
Adjusting planting time simultaneously in all regions and using crop cultivars which is
relatively the same age and adaptable
High
Precipitation
Inundation of rice
cultivation which can cause plants to rot and crop
failure
1. Communities in the Valley of
Napu are cleaning irrigation
canals
2. Toro communities in the Valley
of Kulawi develop irrigation
Build irrigation systems and build
a water reservoir that can be offset or water pockets that hold water during the rainy season and provide water during the dry
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systems (semi-technical)
integrated with the water tank of
village equipped with a door that
is able to regulate water and
prevent surface water ponding
water in paddy fields
season
Precipitation
Minimal
Some rice fields and water shortages may
cause crop
failure
1. Regulating the distribution of
water sourced from springs of Lore Lindu National Park
2. Toro communities have been able
to manage the distribution of water throughout the year which is sourced
from springs in the environment, so
that people of Toro can grow paddy throughout the year
Build irrigation systems and build
a water reservoir that can be offset or water pockets that hold water during the rainy season and provide water during the dry
season
2. Palawija Farming Unpredictable
weather conditions
The community
meet some
difficulties to
determining the
time of planting and crop failure
1. Communities are planting types
of crops in the fields adjacent to
water sources
2. Cropping patterns are developed by various other crops to reduce risk
of failure
1. Developing a farming system
by intercropping pattern
(multiple cropping and
intercropping) of high economic
value crops as the main commodities
2. Building a water storage
system (reservoir) that
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provisions water stocks during
dry season Conditions of
high precipitation Disturbed plant
growth and reduced production
1. Communities made drainage channel
2. Communities is already develop
some kind of staple crops in some places that have well drained soil
1. Develop a drainage system in any area that is integrated with irrigation system
2. Develop intercropping systems
that are integrated with crops and other annual crops
Less rainfall
conditions / drought
Drought and production failure
1. Communities is already trying to
plant types of plants that are more
resistant to drought
2. Communities are planting some
crops (potatoes and beans) in paddy
dike
1. Develop water collection
system (reservoir) which
provisions water stocks during
dry season
2. Develop intensive farming systems in the region adjacent to
water sources
1. Plantation Farming Unpredictable
weather conditions
Affect to crop management
activities and production
1. Maintaining the gardens remain
clean and doing maintenance and fertilization
2. Toro develops cocoa communities
among forest plants (agroforestry)
1. Developing plantation crops
(cocoa and coffee) by setting
plant spacing up and planting
trees as a good protector, doing
thinning and drainage canals.
2. The use of organic fertilizer
and preventive action against
pests and diseases by
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conducting intensive lawn care
Conditions of
high precipitation Growth disturbed
of cocoa and
deciduous fruit,
rotten fruit pests
increased and crop failure
1. Local communities has done
garden maintenance such as cleaning,
thinning and thinning both staple crops and tree protectors to reduce
moisture.
2. Migrant communities in addition
to lawn care as item 1 are also constructing garden drainage as a
good drainage system
3. Toro Communities are pruning
shade trees to reduce moisture in the
gardens
1. Building a garden by
planting system in optimal
spacing according to
biophysical conditions of
shade garden and optimal
system settings according to
the needs for optimal growing
2. Building a plantation system
that refers to the rule of
ecology through drainage
system settings and keeps the
garden well managed
3. Building agroforestry
systems
Low
precipitation
condition
(Drought)
Fruit loss, crop
failure, impaired
harvesting
1. Local communities deal with
reduced leaf pruning
2. Toro Communities are pruning
tplant and shade trees as well
1. Building smallholders systems by practicing agroforestry for
various types of economic plants
2. Keeping upstream region
remain green and rehabilitated
4. Vegetable Farming Unpredictable
weather Impaired
vegetable
1. Farming communities plant vegetables in multiple cropping
1. Building vegetables farming
with a good drainage system that
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conditions farming activity,
impaired
planting time,
impaired
production
systems to reduce risk of crop failure
2. Communities make choices by
planting vegetables which have the
high sales value
is integrated with irrigation system
2. Building multiple cropping
systems on vegetable farming by
planting the high economic
value
High
precipitation
condition
Land condition,
water saturated
and impaired
plant growth,
production
decreased and
failed harvesting
1. People plant vegetables in raised
bed so it does not stagnate
2. Migrant communities build
drainage systems to control waterlogging
1. Building vegetables farming
with a good drainage system that is integrated with irrigation system
2. Building multiple cropping
systems on vegetable farming by
planting the high economic
value
Low
precipitation
Condition or
Drought
Field drought,
plant yellowing
plants and crop
failure
(harvesting
failure)
1. Migrant communities (vegetable
farmer) make well and doing
watering
2. Migrant communities do watering by transporting water from water
source through pumping and others
1. Introducing water-efficient farming systems
2. Building a water storage
system (reservoir) that
provisions water stocks during
dry season
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4.0. CONCLUSION
Adaptation and mitigation strategy research of biological resources management of local
people in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve on climate change is aimed to: (a) identify the local
knowledge of communities in the study area in utilizing of biological diversity and its
environment as well as the way it is managed; (b) knowing the local knowledge of climate
change and climatic variables determine behavior change based on weather and climatic
elements of data (data source: Station Climatology and Geophysics in the study area and other
data from BMG and others) and (c) knowing the socio-economic aspects of the community in the
study area which are closely related to resource utilization biological resources and production
systems. In accordance with all of them, the results of the study can be summarized as follows:
(1) Local communities have a good knowledge about the biological resources including its
diversity and its potential utilization. For example, the community in Valley of Napu and Kulawi
recognize and utilize more than 300 species of useful plants to meet their life needs such as food,
clothing materials, building materials, traditional medicines, dyes, ritual materials, wood
materials, cosmetics materials, rope materials and some others.
(2) Most of the local people in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve have knowledge of seasons and
behavior. Farmer communities in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve have known better season
behaviour in the region so that they create the pattern and timing of planting rice cultivation.
(3) Local communities have knowledge about climate change and its impact on production
activities, although it is only limited to understand the symptoms. For example, both of
communities in the Valley of Napu and in Kulawi are familiar with the indications of climate
change such as drought, heavy rain, temperatures getting warmer and unpredictable weather
behaviour.
(4) Local communities have knowledge about impact of climate change on production activities.
For example, people in the Valley of Napu determine effect of prolonged drought and excessive
rain instead of the production of coffee and cocoa.
(5) Local communities in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve have developed adaptation strategies
to climate change phenomenon by adapting or reducing the loss of production activities in
various ways. For example, people in the Valley of Napu and Kulawi pruning and cleaning of
chocolate and constructing drainage channels in the event of excessive rainfall.
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ADB.1994. ADB Annual Report. Annual Report of the Board of Directors to the Board of