Adani B11 Nesting Surveys, Abbot Beach - Amazon S3s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/adani/pdf/eisdoc_b11-marine-turtle... · Marine Turtle Nesting Surveys ‐ Abbot Beach iii Table

AdaniAppendix B11 – Marine Turtle Nesting Surveys,

Abbot Beach

Abbot Point Coal Terminal 0 EIS • Adani

Terminal 0 Environmental Impact Statement

Marine Turtle Nesting Surveys ‐ Abbot Beach iii

Table of Contents

Section1 MarineTurtleNestingSurveys–AbbotBeach...................................................................................11.1 Purpose..................................................................................................................................................................11.2 Background..........................................................................................................................................................1

1.2.1 FlatbackTurtles...........................................................................................................................................21.2.2 GreenTurtles.................................................................................................................................................31.2.3 PreviousStudiesatAbbotPoint...........................................................................................................4

Section2 Surveymethods............................................................................................................................................5

Section3 Results.............................................................................................................................................................63.1.1 Walkingtransect..........................................................................................................................................63.1.2 Beachhabitatsuitability...........................................................................................................................9

Section4 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................10

Section5 References...................................................................................................................................................11

List of Figures

Figure 1‐1 Nesting locations in northern and eastern Australia for Flatback Turtles (from Limpus and Miller 2008) ................................................................................................................................................................... 3Figure 1‐2 Nesting locations in northern and eastern Australia for Green Turtles (from Limpus and Miller 2008) ................................................................................................................................................................... 4Figure 1‐3 Marine turtle nesting survey results ‐ Abbot Beach (Dec 2012) ........................................................ 8

List of Tables

Table 1‐1 Conservation status of marine turtles found in Australian waters ..................................................... 2

Appendices

Appendix A ‐ Disclaimer and Limitations

Marine Turtle Nesting Surveys ‐ Abbot Beach Adani Mining Pty Ltd

Marine Turtle Nesting Surveys ‐ Abbot Beach iv

Document History and Status

Revision Date Issued Reviewed By Approved By Date Approved Revision Type

Rev A 20/2/2013 Dr Toivo Zoete Dr Toivo Zoete 20/2/2013 Draft Rev 0 22/2/2013 Brett Taylor/Daryl

McPhee Dr Toivo Zoete 26/2/2013 Final

Distribution of Copies

Version Date Issued Quantity Electronic Issued To Rev A 20/2/2013 ‐ 1 Gordana Vidovic Rev 0 26/2/2013 ‐ 1 Gordana Vidovic

Printed: 26 February 2013

Last Saved: 26 February 2013 03:33 PM

File Name: CDM Smith‐B12859.0‐RPT Draft Turtle Nesting Report Abbot Beach RevA 200213.docx

Author: Daryl McPhee and Brett Taylor

Project Manager: Toivo Zoete

Client: Adani Mining Pty Ltd

Document Title: Marine Turtle Nesting Surveys ‐ Abbot Beach

Document Version: Final

Project Number: B12859.01

Marine Turtle Nesting Surveys ‐ Abbot Beach 1

Section 1 Marine Turtle Nesting Surveys – Abbot Beach

1.1 Purpose This reportprovides the resultsof surveysofAbbotBeach toassess itsuseasanesting sitebymarineturtles.CDMSmithwascommissionedbyAdaniMiningPtyLtdtocarryoutsurveysalongbeachanddunehabitatlocatedadjacenttotheproposedT0CoalTerminalfacilitytoascertainthepotential use of the area by marine turtles as a nesting site. The study area is locatedapproximately20kmnorth‐westofBowenonthenorthQueenslandcoast.

ThesurveyswerecarriedoutaspartofcommitmentsoutlinedinSection3.9.8oftheAbbotPointTerminal 0 Draft Environmental Impact Statement (2011), which includes undertaking amonitoringprogramtomanagethepotentialimpactsoflightingfromtheProjectonnestingturtlesduringandafterconstruction.Thesurveyswerecarriedouttoreflectbaselineconditionspriortodevelopmentoftheproposedterminal.

Artificiallightingcanleadtoavoidanceofnestbeachesbybreedingadultmarineturtlesandmayimpact a hatchling turtle’s ability to orientatewhen leaving the nest (Witherington andMartin1996;Pendoley2005;Limpus2008).Ithasbeenreportedthatmarineturtlesavoidbeacheswithexcessive lightpollution. Ineffect, lightpollution leads tohabitat loss (WitheringtonandMartin1996).Hatchlingsmaysufferincreasedmortalitybybecominglostinvegetationandthroughheatexhaustion (Limpus 2008). Hatchlingsmay also be at greater risk of predation from terrestrialspeciesthatobservethemleavingthenest(Pendoley2005).

1.2 Background Marineturtlesarelong‐livedandlatematuringwithmaturityreachedatbetween30and50yearsofage(Miller1996).Marineturtlesnestonmainlandcoastalbeachesandoffshore islands.Mostmarine turtles are highly migratory and undertake extensive movement between foraging andnestingareasandalsosignificantmovementsbetweenlife‐stages(Limpusetal.1993;Milleretal.1998).However,individualscanbeattachedtositespecificforagingareasforlongperiodsoftime.

Femalemarine turtles emerge from thewater, generally atnight, andmoveup the shoreline toselectanestinglocation.Mostfemalesdonotnestinconsecutiveyears(Miller1996).However,afemale marine turtle may lay several clutches of eggs per year (Limpus et al. 1984). Nestingmarineturtlesgenerallydemonstratefidelitytoanestingbeachandreturntonestontheirnatalbeachwithaveryhighdegreeofprecision(Limpusetal.1984).Nestinggenerallyoccursbetweenthehighwatermarkandthefore‐dune,however,nestsmayalsobelaidbelowthehightidemark(Whitingetal.2007).Ifinundationofnestsissignificant,thenestbecomesunviable.

Theprocessbywhichturtlesselectnestingsitesalongabeachhasnotbeenclarified(Miller1996),however light regime is considered to have a significant influence on the emergence of femalemarine turtles from the ocean. Once hatched, lighting cues are also identified as critical forhatchlings tomove from the beach to the ocean – a behaviour known as sea‐finding. In simpleterms, where there are no anthropogenic light sources, hatchlings move away from the darksilhouettedshorelinetowardsthebrighteroceanhorizon.Brightnessinthiscontext,however,isaterm encompassing wavelength and intensity (Witherington and Martin 1996). Further, theheterogeneityofthelightregimecanalsoactasacue.Thatis,hatchlingsmayorientateawayfromahorizonthathasspatialpatternsof lightandshadowwhichinpractical termswouldseethem



orientateawayfromtheshoreandheadtowardsthemorehomogenouslightenvironmentoftheoceanhorizon(GodfreyandBarreto1995;WitheringtonandMartin1996).Thesexratioofturtlehatchlingsisdependentonthetemperatureofincubationwhichisafunctionofsandcolour.Nestsindarkersandincubateathighertemperaturesandproducemorefemales(Haysetal.2001).

TheconservationstatusofmarineturtlespeciesfoundinAustralianwatersisdescribedinTable1‐1.Currently,thereisaRecoveryPlaninplaceundertheEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAct1999(EPBC)forallmarineturtlespeciesinAustralia.

TheAbbotPointareaprovidesbothforagingandnestinghabitatforanumberofspeciesofmarineturtles. Surveys by Bell (2003) identified that Abbot Point provides nesting habitat for bothFlatbackTurtle(Natatordepressus)andGreenTurtle(Cheloniamydas).

Table 1‐1 Conservation status of marine turtles found in Australian waters

Species name Scientific name Conservation status1

IUCN EPBC NC Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Endangered Vulnerable Vulnerable Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Critically

endangered Vulnerable Vulnerable

Flatback Turtle Natator depressus Data deficient Vulnerable Vulnerable Olive Ridley Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea Vulnerable Endangered Endangered Leatherback Turtle Dermochelys coriacea Critically

endangered Vulnerable2 Endangered

Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Endangered Endangered Endangered 1 Status: IUCN = The International Union for the Conservation of Nature; EPBC = Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999; and NC = Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992. 2 The leatherback turtle has been nominated as critically endangered under the EPBC Act. The results of this nomination are pending.

1.2.1 Flatback Turtles

In Queensland, Flatback Turtles nest at a number of mainland and island locations in centralQueensland,westernCapeYorkandanumberofislandsintheTorresStraitregion.Mostnestingfor the easternAustralian stock (>70%)of FlatbackTurtles is contained inprotectedhabitat ofNationalParksorConservationParksdeclaredunderQueensland’sNatureConservationAct(NC).Themajornesting areas for FlatbackTurtles innorthern and easternAustralia are indicated inFigure 1‐1. Themajor easternAustralian breeding aggregations occur on continental islands ininshore areas of the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) at Peak, Wild Duck, Avoid and CurtisIslands(Limpus2007).IncentralQueensland,minorrookeriesareidentifiedat:InflexIslets,FlockPigeon Island, Aquilla Island, Red Clay Island, Brampton Island, St Bee’s Island, Rabbit Island,CockermouthIsland,PenrithIslandandWigtonIsland.Otherlocationswithsuitablebeachnestinghabitatalsomakeacontributiontoreproductiveoutputofthepopulation.

In eastern Queensland breeding is seasonal with nesting commencing in mid October. Nestingactivity reaches a peak in late November‐early December, and ceases by about late January.Hatchlings emerge from nests during early December until about late March, with a peak ofhatchingactivityinFebruary(Limpus2007).TheFlatbackTurtleiscarnivorousandmostlyfeedsonepibenthicinvertebratesincludingseacucumbersandsoftcorals.



Figure 1‐1 Nesting locations in northern and eastern Australia for Flatback Turtles (from Limpus and Miller 2008)

1.2.2 Green Turtles

Sevenwidelyseparatedbreedingaggregationsofgreenturtlesthatareseparatestockshavebeenidentified for Australia (Bowen etal. 1992;Norman etal. 1994;Moritz etal. 2002). These are:southernGBR, Coral Sea, northernGBR, Gulf of Carpentaria, AshmoreReefs, Scott Reef and theNorthwestShelf.WithinthesouthernGBRbreedingunit,majorbreedingconcentrationsoccurontheislandsoftheCapricornBunkerGroupsofthesouthernGBR.Keynestinglocationsforgreenturtles are described in Figure 1‐2. Green turtle nesting on mainland beaches in centralQueenslandisgenerallylimitedtosporadicnestingonly.



Figure 1‐2 Nesting locations in northern and eastern Australia for Green Turtles (from Limpus and Miller 2008)

1.2.3 Previous Studies at Abbot Point

TwoprevioussurveysforturtlenestingactivityhavebeencarriedoutalongAbbotBeachbetweenEuriCreekandthecoalloadingfacilityatAbbotPoint.Bell(2003)carriedoutatwoday/onenightnestingsurveyofAbbotBeachinlateNovember2002.Ninenestingtrackswererecorded.Trackidentificationtospecieswasdifficultduetoprevailingwindsobscuringtrackdetail.Threetrackswere considered likely to be Green Turtle (based on track width) and the remaining six werethoughttobethatoftheFlatbackTurtle.Bell(2003)suggestedthatalthoughnestingoccursatlowdensity, the port area of Abbot Point provides important nesting habitat on the mainland forFlatbackTurtles.

SurveysassociatedwiththeAbbotPointMCFEISlocated4and7nestingtracksinNovemberandDecember2008respectively(GHD2010).Speciesidentificationcouldnotbeattributedtotracks;howevertwoneststhathadsufferedpredationwereidentifiedasthoseofFlatbackTurtlesafterexaminationoftheeggs.


Section 2 Survey methods Turtle nesting surveys consisted of a walking transect extending 6 km south from the existingMaterialOffloadFacility(MOF)sitelocatedsouthofAbbotPointitself.Twoobserverswalkedthelengthofthetransect,examiningthebeachandadjacentforedunesfornestingturtletracks.Wheretrackswereencountered,theirpositionwasrecordedwithaGPS.Recenttracksthathadnotbeensufficientlyobscuredbyprevailingweather conditionswerephotographedand trackwidthwasmeasured. The inspections of the beachwere undertaken on 19/20th December 2012 and 29thJanuary2013.

The suitability of beach habitat for viable marine turtle nesting was classified based on thefollowingcategories:

A. Nestinghabitat suitablewithappropriatebeachaccess andaccess to the supra‐littoral zoneformarine turtles. A knownmarine turtle rookerywhere nesting density is high (e.g.MonRepos,HeronandNorth‐WestIslands).

B. Nestinghabitat suitablewithappropriatebeachaccess andaccess to the supra‐littoral zoneformarineturtles.Notaknownturtlerookerybutlowdensitynestingpreviouslyrecordedorhighlylikely.

C. Nesting habitat less than optimal. Narrow supra‐littoral zone and/or physical barriers toeffectivenesting(e.g.largescarps).

D. Nestinghabitatextremelylimitedorabsent.Shorelinefringedbymangrovesorsaltmarshwithbeachhabitatlimitedinextentorabsentbynaturalorman‐madefeatures.

Nestingandhatchlingactivitywasalsorecordedwhenitwasencounteredandfeedingactivitiesofmarineturtlesintheimmediatenear‐shoreareawasalsonoted.Nestingactivitywasrecordedbyobserving thedistinctive tracks left following themarine turtlesnestingcrawl(Wyneken1997).Although,dependingontheirage,aspectsoftrackmorphologyrequiredforsuccessfulnestingcanbeobscuredbywindinparticular.

BothsurveyswerecarriedoutbyCDMSmithecologists.DrDarylMcPheeaccompaniedCDMstaffontheJanuary2013surveyandassessedthebeachhabitatformarineturtlenestingsuitability.DrMcPheealsoidentifiedmarineturtlespecies(wherepossible)fromphotographsofnestingtracksfrom theDecember survey.DrDarylMcPhee isAssociateDean (Research) atBondUniversity’sInstitute of Sustainable Development and Architecture. He has undertaken numerous turtlesurveysinQueenslandandwasamemberoftheCommonwealth’sMarineTurtleRecoveryTeam.Heplayedanintegralroleinmitigatingtheimpactsofprawntrawlfisheriesonmarineturtles.


Section 3 Results

3.1.1 Walking transect

Evidence of limited marine turtle nesting was recorded in the December 2012. Eleven sets oftrackswererecordedoverthetwodays(Figure3‐1).Nineindividualtrackswererecordedonthe19thDecemberincludingonesetoftracksthatwaslikelytohavebeenproducedonthepreviousnight.Twomorefreshtrackswereobservedonthesubsequentmorningfollowingthenightofthe19thDecemberindicatingthatnestingactivitywasongoingatthetimeofthesurvey.Trackswerealsorecordedatthemostsouthernextentofthetransectindicatingthatturtlenestingmayextendfurther south of the survey area. At least three sets of tracks appeared to lead to a successfulnestingattempt.Theremainingtracksoftenfeaturedmultipleattemptsatnestingalthoughitwasuncertainwhethersuccessfulnestinghadoccurred.Ofthetracksidentified,sixweresufficienttoallow identification of the species likely to be responsible – five tracks were likely to be fromFlatback Turtles and one from a Green Turtle (Plate 1‐1 and 1‐2). Two examples of hatchlingemergence were also recorded indicating the beach is used early in the turtle nesting season.Identification of the hatchling species could not bemade. The first trackwas recorded 2.2 kmsouthoftheMOF(Figure3‐1)despiteapparentlysimilarhabitatbeingpresentalongmuchofthisarea. Eight sets of tracks and two hatching sites were located within the next 1.4 km ofbeach/dune.

Plate 3‐1: Flatback Turtle tracks recorded on Abbot Beach (Dec 2012)



Plate 3‐2: Green Turtle track recorded on Abbot Beach (Dec 2012)

NomarineturtlenestingorhatchlingemergencewasrecordedintheJanuarysurvey.TheJanuarysurveyoccurredat theendof thenestingperiod. Itwashypothesisedthatevidenceofhatchlingemergence,more than newmarine turtle nesting activitywould have been encountered in thissurvey period. However, the survey was undertaken approximately a week after ex‐tropicalcycloneOswaldpassedthroughtheregionandevidenceofsignificantshoreline inundationoverandabovethehighesttideoftheyearwasevident.Thismayhaveimpactedhatchlingemergenceand/ortheabilitytodetecthatchlingemergence.

Both survey periods identified a concentration ofmarine turtles associatedwith the rocky reefarea that extends approximately2.5 km southof theMOF.This consistedofGreen, LoggerheadandFlatbackTurtles (Plate1‐3).Bell (2003)discussedanecdotal reportswhich indicated thatapopulationofGreenTurtlesutilisetherockysub‐tidalreeffaceextendingsouthforapproximately3.5kmfromAbbotPointJettyforbothforagingandrestingrefugiaathightide.Althoughanexactnumberofindividualsusingtheareacouldnotbeobtained,anindicativeestimateisbetween16and25animals.Theobservationsmadeaspartofthisstudysupporttheuseofthisareabymarineturtles.

Plate 3‐3: Green Turtle ‐ Abbot Beach (August 2012)

MOF 2.2km

148°6'30"E

148°6'30"E

148°6'0"E

148°6'0"E

148°5'30"E

148°5'30"E

148°5'0"E

148°5'0"E19

°54'0

"S

19°5

4'0"S

19°5

4'30"S

19°5

4'30"S

19°5

5'0"S

19°5

5'0"S

19°5

5'30"S

19°5

5'30"S

19°5

6'0"S

19°5

6'0"S

LegendTurtle hatching siteTurtle nesting site

RoadExisting RailAPSDA Boundary

Project AreaProposed Project Infrastructure Area

0 250 500125

Metres

CAIRNS

BRISBANE

MOUNT ISATOWNSVILLE

ROCKHAMPTON

Data source:Turtle survey by CDM SMith, 2012; Roads by Geoscience Australia;Terminal data by Adani; Aerial Image by BingMaps, 2011; All other data byDERM, 2010.

Job: B12705_113-R1_TurtleSurveyDate: 15/01/2013

DISCLAIMERCDM Smith has endeavoured to ensure accuracy and completeness of the data.CDM Smith assumes no legal liability or responsibility for any decisions oractions resulting from the information contained within this map.

Abbot Point Coal Terminal 0 (T0) ProjectFigure 1-3 Marine turtle nesting survey results - Abbot Beach (Dec 2012)



3.1.2 Beach habitat suitability

With the exception of a small area (approximately 100metres) directly south of theMOF, thebeachhabitatcanbeclassifiedas“B”.Whilethequalityofthehabitatvariedtoadegreeatsmallerspatial scales with respect to optimal marine turtle habitat, the habitat overall warranted theclassification.Asbeachhabitatsclearlyhaveadynamiccomponent,finerscalespatialassessmentsalso need a temporal component,whichwas not able to be undertaken, and in any case is notnecessarilyrelevanttoconsideringpotentialportimpacts.ThesmallareaadjacenttotheMOFwasclassified as “C” due to the presence of a large scarp (~ threemetres high)whichwould havelimited any nesting activity. The height of this scarp would have been enhanced by theaforementionedweather.

Partsofthesupralittoralzonehowever,containedCoastalShe‐oak(Casuarinaequisetifolia)whichis identified as potentially compromising marine turtle nesting success (Ryder et al. 2000;Mohanty 2002). This tree species rapidly propagates to form dense standswith extensive rootsystems,whichprohibitturtlesfromsuccessfullydiggingbodypitsandeggchambers.Thegeneralcoverage of C. equisetifolia was such that the value of the entire beach area for marine turtlenesting was not compromised. However, it is uncertain if the tree species causes the samepotential impacts in Australia with respect tomarine turtle nesting in comparison to overseaslocations. However, one nesting turtle had made multiple attempts to successfully nest withsuccessfulnestconstructionapparentlyimpededbyofC.equisetifoliaroots(Plate1‐4).

Plate 3‐4: Marine turtle nesting attempt at base of Coastal She‐oak (Dec 2012)


Section 4 Conclusion Overall,thefieldworkundertakenprovidesadditional,updatedinformationonmarineturtleuseofthenear‐shoreandbeachenvironmentbymarineturtles.Inthecaseofthesecondsurvey,anabsenceofnestingactivitywasrecorded;however,thisshouldnotbeinterpretedastheareabeingunimportantfornestingactivities.

MarineTurtlenestingactivityalongAbbotBeachoccursinlowdensitieswhencomparedtoislandnestingbeaches.ThemajornestingaggregationsforbothFlatbackandGreenTurtlesintheGBRoccuronislandsandcoralcays(Limpus2007;2008).However,nestingactivityforFlatbackTurtlemaycomparefavourablywithwell‐knownmainlandsitesfurthersouthintheMonReposregion(referLimpus2007).Bell (2003)statesalthoughFlatbackTurtlesnest in lowdensities, theportarea of Abbot Point provides importantmainland nesting habitat in north Queensland. Cautionshouldbeexercised in interpreting lowdensitynestingas “unimportant”as lowdensitynestingcan make an important reproductive contribution. This is particularly the case if low densitynestingonmainlandbeachesproducesadisproportionatenumberoffemalehatchlingscomparedto islandbeachesofhigherdensitynesting.Thisscenariooccurs forFlatbackTurtles inwesternCapeYork and the various adjacent offshore islands, and althoughuncertainties exist,may alsopotentiallyoccurontheQueenslandeastcoast.FromaregionalperspectiveAbbotBeachmaybeconsideredlessimportantthanoffshorenestingsites;however,giveneachmarineturtle’sfidelitytoits’natalnestingbeachthesiteshouldbeconsideredaslocallyimportant.

Aswithprevioussurveys(i.e.Bell2003;GHD2010)thisstudywaslimitedinscopeasonlyasinglesurvey could be carried out in December after the peak nesting period for Flatback Turtle hadfinished. In the future, more intensive surveys along Abbot Beach may provide representativenumbers of marine turtle nesting activity on the site, and information regarding the potentialeffectsofCoastalShe‐oakonnestingsuccessinthearea.

It is recommended that monitoring programs focussed on nesting females and hatchlings bedevelopedasacomponentofadaptivemanagementofthepotentialimpactsoflightingonmarinefauna.


Section 5 References Bell I 2003,TurtlePopulationDynamics in theHayPoint,AbbotPointandLucindaPortAreas. AReportpreparedforthePortsCorporationofQueensland.

Bowen BW, Meylan AB, Ross PJ, Limpus CJ, Balazs GH and Avise JC 1992, ‘Global populationstructure and natural history of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in terms of matriarchalphylogeny.’Evolution,vol.46,pp.865–881.

GHD2010,Terrestrialandaquaticecologicalassessment.ProposedAbbotPointMultiCargoFacilityEIS,reportpreparedforNorthQueenslandBulkPortsCorporation.

GodfreyMHandBarretoR1995,‘Beachvegetationandseafindingorientationofturtlehatchlings.’BiologicalConservation,vol.74,pp.29‐32.

HaysGC,AshworthJS,BarnsleyMJ,BroderickAC,EmeryDR,GodleyBJ,HenwoodAandJonesEL2001, ‘The importanceof sandalbedo for the thermal conditionsonsea turtlenestingbeaches.’Oikos,vol.93,pp.87‐94.

LimpusCJ,CouperPJ andCouperKLD1993, ‘Crab Island revisited: reassessmentof theworld'slargestflatbackturtlerookeryaftertwelveyears.’MemoirsoftheQueenslandMuseum,vol.33,pp.227‐289.

Limpus CJ 2007, A Biological Review of Australian Marine Turtles. 5. Flatback turtle, Natatordepressus(Garman).ReportforEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Queensland.

Limpus CJ, Fleay A. and Baker V 1984, ‘The flatback turtle, Chelonia depressa, in Queensland:reproductiveperiodicity,philopatryandrecruitment.’AustralianJournalofWildlifeResearch,vol.11,pp.579‐587.

LimpusCJ2008,ABiologicalReviewoftheAustralianMarineTurtles.2.GreenturtleCheloniamydas(Linnaeus),ReportpreparedforEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Queensland.

LimpusCJandMiller JD2008,AustralianHawksbillTurtlePopulationDynamicsProject.AreportpreparedfortheJapanBekkoAssociation.

Miller JD1996, ‘Reproductioninseaturtles., In:PLLutzandJAMusick(eds.),TheBiologyofSeaTurtles.CRCPress,NewYork,pp.51‐81.

MillerJD,DobbsKA,LimpusCJ,MattocksNandLandryJrAM1998,‘Long‐distancemigrationsbythehawksbillturtle,Eretmochelysimbricata,fromnorth‐easternAustralia.’WildlifeResearch.vol.25,pp.89‐95.

MohantyB2002.‘CasuarinaforestsruinturtlenestingbeachesinOrissa.’KachhapaNo.7,pp.20‐21.

Moritz C, Broderick D, Dethmers K, Fitzsimmons N, and Limpus C 2002, Population genetics ofsoutheastAsianandwesternPacificgreenturtles,Cheloniamydas.FinalreporttoUNEP/CMS,Bonn.

Norman JA, Moritz C and Limpus CJ 1994. ‘Mitochondrial DNA control region polymorphisms:geneticmarkersforecologicalstudiesofmarineturtles.’MolecularEcology,vol.3,pp.363–373.

Pendoley KL 2005, ‘Sea turtles and the environmental management of industrial activities innorthwestWesternAustralia’,Ph.D.Thesis,PhDThesis,MurdochUniversity:Perth.



RyderJ2000,‘Preliminaryinvestigationofloggerhead(Carettacaretta)nestingaftertheremovalofAustralianpines(Casuarinaequisetifolia).’ProceedingsoftheNineteenthAnnualSymposiumonSeaTurtleBiologyandConservation.U.S.Dept.Commerce.NOAATech.Memo.NMFS‐SEFSC‐443,pp.207‐208.

WhitingSD,LongJL,HaddenKM,LauderADKandKochAU2007, ‘Insights intosize,seasonalityandbiologyofanestingpopulationof theOliveRidleyturtle inAustralia.’WildlifeResearch,vol.34,pp.200‐210.

WynekenJ2001,‘TheAnatomyofSeaTurtles.’NOAATechnicalMemorandumNMFS–SEFSC470,pp.1–172.

Witherington BE and Martin RE 1996, Understanding, Assessing, and Resolving Light‐PollutionProblemsonSeaTurtleNestingBeaches.TechnicalReportTR‐2,FloridaMarineResearchInstitute,StPetersburg,Florida.


Appendix A ‐ Disclaimer and Limitations ThisreporthasbeenpreparedbyCDMSmithAustraliaPtyLtd(CDMSmith)forthesolebenefitofMundraPortP/L for thesolepurposeofprovidingareportoncurrentmarineturtleactivityonAbbotBeach.

ThisreportshouldnotbeusedorrelieduponforanyotherpurposewithoutCDMSmith’spriorwrittenconsent.CDMSmith,noranyofficeroremployeeofCDMSmith,acceptsnoresponsibilityorliabilityinanywaywhatsoeverfortheuseorrelianceofthisreportforanypurposeotherthanthatforwhichithasbeenprepared.

ExceptwithCDMSmith’spriorwrittenconsent,thisreportmaynotbe:

(a) releasedtoanyotherparty,whetherinwholeorinpart(otherthantoMundraPort’sP/Lofficers,employeesandadvisers);

(b) usedorrelieduponbyanyotherparty;or

(c) filedwithanyGovernmentalagencyorotherpersonorquotedorreferredtoinanypublicdocument.

CDM Smith, nor any officer or employee of CDM Smith, accepts no liability or responsibilitywhatsoeverfororinrespectofanyuseorrelianceuponthisreportbyanythirdparty.

TheinformationonwhichthisreportisbasedhasbeenprovidedbyMundraPort’sP/Landthirdparties.CDMSmith(includingitsofficerandemployee):

(a) hasrelieduponandpresumedtheaccuracyofthisinformation;

(b) has not verified the accuracy or reliability of this information (other than as expresslystatedinthisreport);

(c) hasnotmadeany independent investigationsorenquiries inrespectof thosemattersofwhichithasnoactualknowledgeatthetimeofgivingthisreporttoMundraPort’sP/L;and

(d) makesnowarrantyorguarantee,expressedorimplied,astotheaccuracyorreliabilityofthisinformation.

Inrecognitionof the limiteduse tobemadebyMundraPort’sP/Lof thisreport,MundraPort’sP/Lagrees that, to themaximumextentpermittedby law,CDMSmith (including itsofficer andemployee)shallnotbeliableforanylosses,claims,costs,expenses,damages(whetherinstatute,incontractortortfornegligenceorotherwise)sufferedorincurredbyMundraPort’sP/Loranythird party as a result of or in connection with the information, findings, opinions, estimates,recommendationsandconclusionsprovidedinthecourseofthisreport.

Iffurtherinformationbecomesavailable,oradditionalassumptionsneedtobemade,CDMSmithreservesitsrighttoamendthisreport.

Adani B11 Nesting Surveys, Abbot Beach - Amazon S3s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/adani/pdf/eisdoc_b11-marine-turtle... · Marine Turtle Nesting Surveys ‐ Abbot Beach iii Table

Documents