Dec 18, 2015
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Overview
Evolution of the Ada Industry Personal Observations and Experiences
Certification Projects Certification Guidance Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) Ada on IMA
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1980 – Ada Compiler - Germany
Front-End – Karlsruhe University Host – Siemens (IMB 370 clone) Target – Siemens process control computer
Project included:Compiler ‘middle-end’Back-endCode generatorRun-time system
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1980 – Ada Compiler - Germany
Front-End – Karlsruhe University Host – Siemens (IMB 370 clone) Target – Siemens process control computer
Project included:Compiler ‘middle-end’Back-endCode generatorRun-time system
Did not meet expectations !
But learned from the experience !
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1983 – MCHAPS Project
Ada Compiler and support environment Well engineered design/specifications (lots of
paper) Spent lots of money
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1983 – MCHAPS Project
Ada Compiler and support environment Well engineered design/specifications (lots of
paper) Spent lots of money
Did not meet expectations !
But learned from the experience !
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1984 – SD-Ada
Systems Designers /Systeam (Karlsruhe) Host - VAX Target – 68K, 1750A
Bootstrap 24 hrs on VAX 785(Recompile the compiler)
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1984 – SD-Ada
Systems Designers /Systeam (Karlsruhe) Host - VAX Target – M68K, 1750A
Bootstrap 24 hrs on VAX 785(Recompile the compiler)
M68K moderately successful !
VAX compiler, 1750A compiler – did not meet $ expectations
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1986 - XD-Ada Compiler
Systems Designers / DEC Host - VAX Target
M68K 1750A
Front/Middle-end Vax-Ada
Commercial and Military Avionic systems
Mostly Military and spacebased systems
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1986 - XD-Ada Compiler
Systems Designers / DEC Host - VAX Target
M68K 1750A
M68K Lots of $$’
1750A compiler – moderately successful
Front/Middle-end Vax-Ada
Commercial and Military Avionic systems
Mostly Military and spacebased systems
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1990 Alsys
Host – Many PC with 4-MByte memory board
Targets – Many (including) Intel 68K
Used on BOEING 777C-SMART
(Certifiable Small Ada Run-Time)
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1990 Alsys
Host – Many PC with 4-MByte memory board
Targets – Many (including) Intel 68K
Used on BOEING 777C-SMART
(Certifiable Small Ada Run-Time)
COTS Certification Package
using DO-178B
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1991 – 1994 Boeing 777
Most systems written in Ada Many proprietary subsets Mostly certified by users
(no RTS or minimal RTS) C-SMART
Certification package was 35 pounds per 1000 LOC.
Ada – great success story !!
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1998 – Ada’95 + Ravenscar
Aonix C-SMART (Ada 95) Raven
Certification package
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1998 – Ada’95 + Ravenscar
Aonix C-SMART (Ada 95) Raven
Certification package
Used on several avionics projects
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Verocel – 1999 – to present
‘C’ based certifications Ada Based certifications PLM Based certifications Targets
PIC micro-controller 68K Cold-Fire PPC
400 bytes RAM
½ GByte RAM(larger than Machines for early Host compilers)
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Verocel – 1999 – to present
‘C’ based certifications Ada Based certifications PLM Based certifications Targets
PIC micro-controller 68K Cold-Fire PPC
400 bytes RAM
½ GByte RAM(larger than Machines for early Host compilers)
40% certification work done in Ada (measured by LOC)
All based on DO-178B
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Certification Guidance
Guidance used for Software DO-178B Software Considerations in Airborne
Systems and Equipment Certification DO-248B Annual Report for Clarification of
DO-178B ARINC-653 Avionics Application Standard
Interface DO-xxx Integrated Modular Avionics Development
Guidance and Certification Considerations (SC-200 working group)
DO-178B
IMA
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Continued Evolution of DO-178B Guidance
DO-178B (1991)
DO-248B DO-278 IssuePapers
CASTPapers
SC-205
DO-178C Model Based DevelopmentObject Oriented ProgrammingFormal Methods…
Annexes+
(2008?)
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IMA Guidance
ARINC-653 Published in 1997 Supplement 1 published 2003 Supplement 2 ‘few months away’
SC-200 Approved by Plenary committee Aug 2005 Submitted for final editorial review and
approval To be published as DO-xxx (next available
number)
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Use Of IMA
Many new projects are based on IMA architectures. Airbus 380 Boeing 787 767 Tanker C-130 AMP Airbus 400M X45, X47 (Unmanned aircraft)
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Use Of IMA
Many new projects are based on IMA architectures. Airbus 380 Boeing 787 767 Tanker C-130 AMP Airbus 400M X45, X47 (Unmanned aircraft)
All of these IMA systems based on ARINC-653
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Line Replaceable Units - Databus
Sensors
Effectors
LRU-CLRU-A
LRU-B
Databus
Most flying planes Use this architecture
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Line Replaceable Units - Switch
Sensors
Effectors
LRU-CLRU-A
LRU-B
Databus
Switch
Switch is a high-bandwidthCommunication system
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Line Replaceable Module
LRM
DC
DC
Sensors
Effectors
DC Switch
A B C
DC- Data Concentrators
LRM housesapplications A,B and C
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Partitioning Applications on LRM
MOS
App. 1Ada
POS
App. 2C++
App. 3C
POS POSPartitionOperating System
ModuleOperating System
Config.Table
APEX APEX APEX
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ARINC-653 Organization – on LRM
Hardware
O/SKernel
System SpecificFunctions
CoreSoftwareLayer
ApplicationsSoftwareLayer Application
Partition 1System
Partition 1
ApplicationPartition 2
SystemPartition 2
Apex Interface
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IMA Model for an Ada application
Ada Application
Ada Application
ARTE
POS
Virtual Target
VirtualAddressSpace
Communication through virtual Ports only
HealthManagementSystem
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Ada Objects Created not Declared
CREATE_PROCESS (Ada_Procedure, )
CREATE_SEMAPHORE
CREATE_EVENT
POSProcessObject
SemaphoreObject
EventObject
Ada Program
No AdaTasks
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Ada Exceptions
Divide by zero
MOS
POS
ARTE
Exception Handler
Partition HM
Module HM
System HMH/W exception handler
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ARINC 653 is a standard that abstracts the operating system services from the application
Ada fits in but gives up scheduling operations
All support libraries must be certified
Ada on ARINC 653
Ada is Highly suitable for Avionics Applicationson ARINC-653 platforms
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Where does Ada fit in?
In with a good chance!
The main objection to Ada is:
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Where does Ada fit in?
In with a good chance!
The main objection to Ada is:
Lack of Ada Programmers!