Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - · PDF fileActive Reading Note-Taking Guide are arranged in two columns,which will help you organize your thinking.This two-column ... edge.When

Active Reading Note-Taking GuideSTUDENT WORKBOOK

DOUGLAS FISHER, PH.D.SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproducethe material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use;be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction withDiscovering Our Past: Medieval and Early Modern Times. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission from the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN 0-07-870266-6

Printed in the United States of America.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 09 08 07 06 05

Douglas Fisher, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department ofTeacher Education at San Diego State University. He is the recipientof an International Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Awardas well as a Christa McAuliffe award for excellence in teacher edu-cation. He has published numerous articles on reading and literacy,differentiated instruction, and curriculum design as well as books,such as Improving Adolescent Literacy: Strategies at Work and ResponsiveCurriculum Design in Secondary Schools: Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students. He has taught a variety of courses in SDSU’s teacher-credentialing program as well as graduate-level courses on Englishlanguage development and literacy. He has also taught classes in English, writing, and literacy development to secondary school students.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

iii

Letter to the Student. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Chapter 1 Roman CivilizationSection 1-1: Life in Ancient Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Section 1-2: The Fall of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Section 1-3: The Byzantine Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 2 Islamic CivilizationSection 2-1: The Rise of Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Section 2-2: Islamic Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Section 2-3: Muslim Ways of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Chapter 3 Medieval AfricaSection 3-1: The Rise of African Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Section 3-2: Africa’s Religion and Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Section 3-3: African Society and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Chapter 4 China in the Middle AgesSection 4-1: China Reunites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Section 4-2: Chinese Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Section 4-3: The Mongols in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Section 4-4: The Ming Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Chapter 5 Medieval JapanSection 5-1: Early Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Section 5-2: Shoguns and Samurai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Section 5-3: Life in Medieval Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Chapter 6 Medieval EuropeSection 6-1: The Early Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Section 6-2: Feudalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Section 6-3: Kingdoms and Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Section 6-4: The Church and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Section 6-5: The Late Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Chapter 7 The RenaissanceSection 7-1: The Renaissance Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Section 7-2: New Ideas and Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Section 7-3: Renaissance Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Chapter 8 The ReformationSection 8-1: The Reformation Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Section 8-2: The Reformation Spreads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Section 8-3: The Counter-Reformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Chapter 9 The AmericasSection 9-1: The First Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Section 9-2: Life in the Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Section 9-3: The Fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

iv

Chapter 10 The Age of ExplorationSection 10-1: Europe Explores the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Section 10-2: Trade and Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Section 10-3: A Global Exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Chapter 11 The Age of EnlightenmentSection 11-1: The Scientific Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Section 11-2: The Ideas of the Enlightenment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Section 11-3: Politics and the Enlightenment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

v

To the StudentTo the Student

CCaann yyoouu bbeelliieevvee iitt?? TThhee ssttaarrtt ooff aannootthheerr sscchhooooll yyeeaarr iiss uuppoonnyyoouu.. HHooww eexxcciittiinngg ttoo bbee lleeaarrnniinngg aabboouutt ddiiffffeerreenntt ccuullttuurreess,,hhiissttoorriiccaall eevveennttss,, aanndd uunniiqquuee ppllaacceess iinn yyoouurr ssoocciiaall ssttuuddiieessccllaassss!! II bbeelliieevvee tthhaatt tthhiiss Active Reading Note-Taking Guidewwiillll hheellpp yyoouu aass yyoouu lleeaarrnn aabboouutt yyoouurr ccoommmmuunniittyy,, nnaattiioonn,,aanndd wwoorrlldd..

Note-Taking and Student Success

Did you know that the ability to takenotes helps you become a better student?Research suggests that good notes help youbecome more successful on tests becausethe act of taking notes helps you rememberand understand content.This Active ReadingNote-Taking Guide is a tool that you canuse to achieve this goal. I’d like to sharesome of the features of this Active ReadingNote-Taking Guide with you before youbegin your studies.

The Cornell Note-Taking System

First, you will notice that the pages in theActive Reading Note-Taking Guide arearranged in two columns, which will helpyou organize your thinking.This two-columndesign is based on the Cornell Note-Taking System, developed at CornellUniversity.The column on the left side ofthe page highlights the main ideas andvocabulary of the lesson.This column willhelp you find information and locate thereferences in your textbook quickly.Youcan also use this column to sketch drawingsthat further help you visually remember thelesson’s information. In the column on theright side of the page, you will write detailednotes about the main ideas and vocabulary.

The notes you take in this column will helpyou focus on the important information inthe lesson.As you become more comfort-able using the Cornell Note-TakingSystem, you will see that it is an importanttool that helps you organize information.

The Importance of Graphic Organizers

Second, there are many graphic organiz-ers in this Active Reading Note-TakingGuide. Graphic organizers allow you to seethe lesson’s important information in a visu-al format. In addition, graphic organizershelp you understand and summarize infor-mation, as well as remember the content.

Research-Based Vocabulary Development

Third, you will notice that vocabulary isintroduced and practiced throughout theActive Reading Note-Taking Guide.Whenyou know the meaning of the words usedto discuss information, you are able tounderstand that information better.Also,you are more likely to be successful inschool when you have vocabulary knowl-edge.When researchers study successfulstudents, they find that as students acquirevocabulary knowledge, their ability to learnimproves.The Active Reading Note-Taking

vi

To the StudentTo the Student

Guide focuses on learning words that arevery specific to understanding the contentof your textbook. It also highlights generalacademic words that you need to know sothat you can understand any textbook.Learning new vocabulary words will helpyou succeed in school.

Writing Prompts and Note-Taking

Finally, there are a number of writingexercises included in this Active ReadingNote-Taking Guide. Did you know thatwriting helps you to think more clearly? It’strue.Writing is a useful tool that helps youknow if you understand the information inyour textbook. It helps you assess what youhave learned.

You will see that many of the writingexercises require you to practice the skillsof good readers. Good readers make con-

nections between their lives and the textand predict what will happen next in thereading. They question the information andthe author of the text, clarify informationand ideas, and visualize what the text issaying. Good readers also summarize theinformation that is presented and makeinferences or draw conclusions about thefacts and ideas.

I wish you well as you begin anotherschool year. This Active Reading Note-Taking Guide is designed to help youunderstand the information in your socialstudies class. The guide will be a valuabletool that will also provide you with skillsyou can use throughout your life.

I hope you have a successful school year.

Sincerely,

Douglas Fisher

Chapter 1, Section 1 1

Chapter 1, Section 1

Life in Ancient Rome(Pages 136–143)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did Augustus create a new era of prosperity?• What ideas did the Romans borrow from the Greeks?

As you read pages 137–143 in your textbook, complete this Venn diagram to

show similarities and differences between Roman culture and Greek culture.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Roman CultureBoth

Greek Culture

Augustus paved the way for 200 years of peace and pros-perity. Why do you think the Roman Empire remained atpeace even with weak emperors such as Caligula andNero?

Define or describe the following term from this lesson.

Explain why this person is important.

What did Augustus do to make the empire safer andstronger?

2 Chapter 1, Section 1

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

A Prosperous Empire (pages 137–138)

Pax Romana

Augustus

Roman historians took different views of the RomanEmpire. After you read the entire passage, read the viewsof Livy and Tacitus again (page 140). Now you play thehistorian. Using all you have read and learned about Romeup to this point, write your own view of the empire.

Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Roman Culture (pages 139–143)

vault

satire

ode

anatomy

aqueduct

Stoicism

Explain why these people are important.

Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

How did the Romans improve on Greek ideas in architecture?


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Galen

Ptolemy

distinct

emphasis

Virgil

Horace

Now that you have read the section, write the answers tothe questions that were included in Setting a Purpose forReading at the beginning of the lesson.

How did Augustus create a new era of prosperity?

What ideas did the Romans borrow from the Greeks?

Roman culture, government, and religion were heavilyinfluenced by the Greeks. On a separate sheet of paper,write an expository essay describing the Roman influenceon modern civilization.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.



The Fall of Rome(Pages 144–153)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why was the Roman Empire weakened?• How would our world be different today if the Roman Empire had never

existed?

As you read pages 145–153 in your textbook, complete the diagram showing the

causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Fall of the

Roman

Empire

Use the chart below to summarize the reforms made byDiocletian and Constantine.


Briefly describe the following place.



Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

inflation

barter

reform

The Decline of Rome (pages 145–147)

Diocletian’s Reforms Constantine’s Reforms

Constantinople

stable

purchase

How did Diocletian try to reverse the decline of Rome?

Glance quickly over the reading to find answers to the following questions.

1. What happened to the empire in A.D. 395?

2. Why did Germanic groups invade the empire?

3. What happened at the Battle of Adrianople?

4. Who was Alaric?

5. Who was Odoacer?


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Rome Falls (pages 149–151)


Which event usually marks the fall of the Western RomanEmpire?

Use the chart below to take notes on the legacies of Rome.Use your completed chart to review key concepts fromyour reading.

Define this academic vocabulary word from this lesson.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Theodosius

The Legacy of Rome (pages 152–153)

consider

Government Culture Religion

The Legacy of Rome

Which aspects of the Roman Empire are reflected in present-day cultures?


Why was the Roman Empire weakened?

How would our world be different today if the Roman Empire had neverexisted?

Research to learn about inflation. On a separate sheet ofpaper, write an expository essay describing the causesand effects of inflation on the decline of the Roman empire.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



The Byzantine Empire(Pages 156–165)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What policies and reforms made the Byzantine Empire strong?• What ideas and beliefs shaped Byzantine culture?

As you read pages 157–165 in your textbook, complete this chart to show the

causes and effects of Justinian’s new law code.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Causes

New Code of Laws

Effects

Preview this section to get an idea of what is ahead. First,skim the section. Then write a sentence or two explainingwhat you think you will be learning. After you have finished reading, revise your statements as necessary.

Briefly describe the following places.

Why did the Byzantine Empire have such a blending of cultures?


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

The Rise of the Byzantines (pages 157–158)

Black Sea

Aegean Sea

As you read, write the main idea of the passage. Reviewyour statement when you have finished reading and reviseas needed.



What did Justinian accomplish during his reign?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Emperor Justinian (pages 158–159)

Justinian

Theodora

Belisarius

Tribonian

utilize

As you read, look for the reasons for the conflicts that ledto the break between the Roman Catholic and EasternOrthodox churches. Then, after you read, use the chartbelow to summarize the major reasons for the split.


How did church and government work together in theByzantine Empire?

Complete this outline as you read.

I. The Importance of Trade

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

II. Byzantine Art and Architecture

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

The Byzantine Church (pages 161–162)

Church Conflicts

image

Byzantine Civilization (pages 163–165)

III. Byzantine Women

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

IV. Byzantine Education

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________



What church is one of Justinian’s greatest achievements?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

mosaic

saint

regent

stress


What policies and reforms made the Byzantine Empire strong?

What ideas and beliefs shaped Byzantine culture?

Research to learn more about icons. On a separate sheetof paper, write a comparative essay describing the argu-ments for and against the use of icons in the Church of theByzantine Empire.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



The Rise of Islam(Pages 174–180)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did geography shape the Arab way of life?• What did Muhammad teach?

As you read pages 175–180 in your textbook, complete this diagram to identify

the Five Pillars of the Islamic faith.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Five Pillars

Picture yourself in the deserts of Arabia. The heat isintense. Water is scarce. You live life as a Bedouin, travel-ing from oasis to oasis. What do you experience in a day?What do you like about your life? What do you not like?After you read the passage, write a paragraph about your life.


Explain why this group is important.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Daily Life in Early Arabia (pages 175–176)

oasis

sheikh

caravan

Bedouins



How did geography shape life in Arabia?

As you read, write three questions about the main ideaspresented in the text. After you finish reading, write theanswers to these questions.

1.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Makkah

Kaaba

intense

transport

Muhammad: Islam’s Prophet (pages 176–177)

2.

3.


Why did Muhammad’s message appeal to the poor?

Before you read, look over the passage. What do youalready know about Islam? What do you want to learnabout Islam? Complete the first two columns in the tablebelow. Then, after you read, fill in the third column withnew information you learned.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Madinah

Islam’s Teachings (pages 179–180)

What I know What I want to learn What I learned

about Islam about Islam about Islam


What role do the Quran and Sunna play in Muslim daily life?


How did geography shape the Arab way of life?

What did Muhammad teach?

One of the five pillars of Islam requires each Muslim topray five times a day facing Makkah. On a separate sheetof paper, write an expository essay explaining the impor-tance of Makkah to Muslims.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Quran



Islamic Empires(Pages 181–189)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did Islam spread?• Why did Muslims split into two groups?

As you read pages 182–189 in your textbook, complete the diagram to show

why the Arabs were successful conquerors.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Arabs were successful conquerors

As you read, write the main idea of the passage. Reviewyour statement when you finish reading, and revise asneeded.





Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Sufi

caliph

Umayyad

Damascus

Indonesia

Timbuktu

The Spread of Islam (pages 182–184)

How did Arabs spread the religion of Islam through trade?

As you read, number the following rulers and dynasties inthe correct order.

1. Umayyads

2. Muhammad

3. Seljuks

4. Mongols

5. Abbasids



Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Struggles Within Islam (pages 185–186)

Shiite

Sunni

sultan

Explain why this group is important.



What is the difference between Shiite and Sunni Muslims?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Abbasids

Baghdad

policy

devote

As you read, fill in the information in the chart below. Usethis chart to review information about the Ottoman andMogul empires.




Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Ottoman Empire Mogul Empire

Great leader

Location

Capital

Accomplishments

Suleiman I

Moguls

Akbar

Later Muslim Empires (pages 187–189)

Delhi


How did Constantinople change in 1453?


How did Islam spread?

Why did Muslims split into two groups?

Reread the quote by Ibn Khaldun on page 186 in your text-book. On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrativeessay in the voice of Khaldun explaining what he meansby the phrase “A person who lacks the power to do a thingis never told to do it.”


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

style

impose



Muslim Ways of Life(Pages 190–197)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What was Muslim society like?• How did Muslims contribute to science and culture?

As you read pages 191–197 in your textbook, complete this pyramid to show the

social classes in the early Muslim world.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Why would language and coins make trade easier for theMuslims? Write your answer in the space below.



How did the Muslim rulers give their merchants an advantage?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Trade and Everyday Life (pages 191–193)

mosque

bazaar

widespread

Before you read, scan the passage looking for informationto include in the table below. After you read, add informa-tion to complete the table.




Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Muslim Achievements (pages 193–197)

Math and Science Writing Art and Buildings

minaret

crier

Muslim Achievements

innovate



What contributions did Muslims make in math and science?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Mamun

al-Razi

Ibn Sina

Omar Khayyam

Ibn Khaldun

Granada

Agra


What was Muslim society like?

How did Muslims contribute to science and culture?

Research to learn about how Islam influenced Muslim art. On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparativeessay describing the difference between Byzantine andMuslim art.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



The Rise of AfricanCivilizations(Pages 206–214)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did geography affect the development of African kingdoms? • What factors contributed to the growth of African civilizations?

As you read pages 207–214 in your textbook, complete this diagram showing

the accomplishments of medieval African civilizations.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Accomplishments

As you read, picture yourself in the different parts of theAfrican continent. Complete the chart below with a summaryof each part of Africa. As you write, think about what itwould be like to explore each of these very different places.


Use this term that you studied earlier in a sentence thatreflects the term’s meaning.

Why is the Niger River important?


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Africa’s Geography (pages 207–208)

Tropics

Deserts

Rain Forests

Mediterranean

Sea Coasts

plateau

oasis (Chapter 2, Section 1)

As you read, write three questions about the main ideaspresented in the text. After you finish reading, write theanswers to these questions.

1.

2.

3.




Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

African Trading Empires (pages 209–214)

griot

dhow

fee




Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

diminish

prime

Sundiata Keita

Mansa Musa

Sunni Ali

Benue River

Ghana

Mali

Timbuktu

Why did West Africa become the center of three large tradeempires?


How did geography affect the development of African kingdoms?

What factors contributed to the growth of African civilizations?

The Bantu are considered the ancestors of much of Africa.On a separate sheet of paper, write a persuasive essaylisting evidence of this common heritage.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Songhai

Axum



Africa’s Religionand Government(Pages 222–229)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What religions and beliefs shaped life in Africa? • How did African governments develop?

As you read pages 223–229 in your textbook, complete the diagram to show the

characteristics of Swahili culture and language.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Swahili

As you read, take notes in the space below on the differentAfrican religious practices and beliefs. Then answer thequestion below:

Why do you think Africans held so strongly to their own religious practices?



What was the role of ancestors in African religion?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Traditional African Religions (page 223)

Olaudah Equiano

African Religious

Practices

vary

As you read, fill in the information in the chart below. Use this chart to review information about Mansa Musa’sand Askia Muhammad’s role in strengthening the Islamicreligion.




Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Islam in Africa (pages 224–227)

sultan

Swahili

Ibn Battuta

Askia Muhammad

Growth of Islam

Mansa Musa Askia Muhammad



Use each of these terms that you studied earlier in a sen-tence that reflects the term’s meaning.

How did Askia Muhammad gain control of Songhai?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Makkah

accompany

element

Quran (Chapter 2, Section 1)

mosque (Chapter 2, Section 3)

Imagine you are a citizen of Ghana. You have a complaintagainst your neighbor. You just brought your complaintbefore the king. Write a paragraph about your meetingwith the king. What did you do? What did he do? How didyou feel as you approached the king? What was happeningaround you?



How was Mali ruled differently from Ghana?


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Government and Society (pages 227–229)

clan

benefit


What religions and beliefs shaped life in Africa?

How did African governments develop?

Islam spread to much of Africa along trade routes. On aseparate sheet of paper, write a narrative essay from theperspective of a traditional African ruler deciding whetherto convert to Islam.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.



African Society and Culture(Pages 230–237)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What events shaped the culture of medieval Africa?• What effects has African culture had on other cultures around the world?


show the similarities and differences between the enslavement of Africans in

Africa and the enslavement of Africans in Europe.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Enslavement in Africa

Enslavement Both in Europe

In West Africa, griots told stories passed down from gener-ation to generation as part of the community’s oral his-tory. What stories have been passed down from generationto generation in your family or community? How has thisstory affected you? Write the story—your oral history—and your response to it in the space below.




Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Life in Medieval Africa (pages 231)

extended family

matrilineal

oral history

Dahia al-Kahina

Nzinga



How were Bantu families organized?

Preview this section to get an idea of what is ahead. First,skim the section. Then write a sentence or two explainingwhat you think you will learn. After you finish reading,revise your statements as necessary.



Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

bond

griot (Chapter 3, Section 1)

Slavery (pages 233–234)

release

How did exploration change the African slave trade?

How has African culture affected your world today? Asyou read, note the different types of African dance, art,stories, and music in the passage. Then think about howyou see African dance, art, and music in the world aroundyou today. Write a brief paragraph about the effects ofAfrican culture in your society today.

Why did Africans use dance to celebrate important events?


What events shaped the culture of medieval Africa?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

African Culture (pages 235–237)

What effects has African culture had on other cultures around the world?

Africans had enslaved their fellow Africans for centuriesbefore the Portuguese captured their first Africans to sellas slaves. On a separate sheet of paper, write an exposi-tory essay about how the slave trade changed in Africa.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



China Reunites(Pages 252–259)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did the Sui and Tang dynasties reunite China?• What religious ideas influenced China in the Middle Ages?

As you read pages 253–259 in your textbook, complete this table to show the

time periods, most important rulers, and the reasons for decline of the Sui and

Tang dynasties.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Sui Tang

Time Period

Important Rulers

Reasons for Decline

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

As you read, place the following events in the correct orderby numbering them in the spaces provided.

1. Taizong rules

2. The Song dynasty rules

3. Yangdi builds the Grand Canal

4. Wendi reunites China

5. Empress Wu rules

6. The Han empire ends




Rebuilding China’s Empire (pages 253–256)

warlord

economy

reform

Wendi

Empress Wu

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.



How did Wendi unite China?

Why did Buddhism spread to China and what caused it todecline? After you read, complete the diagram below toanalyze the cause-and-effect relationships.


Korea

project

Buddhism Spreads to China (pages 256–257)

Cause Effect

Buddhism spreads to China

Buddhism declines in China

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.




Why did some Chinese people dislike Buddhism?

As you read, take notes on Neo-Confucianism and thescholar-officials. Use your notes to answer this question:How did Neo-Confucianism help strengthen the government?


monastery

Japan

New Confucian Ideas (pages 258–259)

seek

medical

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

How did Confucianism change in China?


How did the Sui and Tang dynasties reunite China?

What religious ideas influenced China in the Middle Ages?

Civil service exams were given by the Chinese governmentto challenge its best students to improve government. On a separate sheet of paper, write a persuasive essay onwhether you think their system could have been improvedfor better results.




Chinese Society(Pages 260–266)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What new technologies developed in China?• How did art and literature develop in the Tang and Song dynasties?

As you read pages 261–266 in your textbook, complete this chart to describe the

new technologies developed in China during the Middle Ages.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

New Technologies

As you read, write the main idea of the passage. Reviewyour statement when you finish reading, and revise asneeded.



How did the new kinds of rice developed in China help itspopulation grow?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

A Growing Economy (pages 261–262)

porcelain

available

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

As you read the passage, list the inventions and new tech-nology that would have affected China’s military. Thenanswer this question: How did China’s inventions in theMiddle Ages strengthen its dynasties?


Why was the invention of printing so important?

As you read the information about Chinese art and litera-ture, write a general statement about each art form:poetry, painting, and porcelain.

1. Poetry


New Technology (pages 262–264)

method

Art and Literature (pages 264–266)

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

2. Painting

3. Porcelain





calligraphy

Changan

Duo Fu

Li Bo

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

What did Duo Fu often write about?


What new technologies developed in China?

How did art and literature develop in the Tang and Song dynasties?

Research to learn more about one of the inventions of the Tang era. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essay about the invention describing how it is used today.




The Mongols in China(Pages 267–273)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Who was Genghis Khan?• How did Mongol rule impact China?

As you read pages 268–273 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show the

accomplishments of Genghis Khan’s reign.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Accomplishments

Glance over the reading to find answers to the followingquestions. After you read, fill in any missing details fromthe passage.

1. What were the Mongols known for?

2. What were Mongol warriors known for?

3. How big was the Mongol Empire?



Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

The Mongols (pages 268–270)

tribe

steppe

terror

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.




What military and economic reasons explain why theMongols were able to build an empire so quickly?


Mongolia

Gobi

eventual

encounter

Genghis Khan

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

As you read, take notes on the actions and effects of Mongolrule in China in the chart below. Then, based on yournotes, write a short paragraph evaluating the leadershipof Kublai Khan. Use specific examples from your notes tosupport your opinion.

Evaluation

Explain why each of these people is important.


Mongol Rule in China


Mongol Rule in China (pages 272–273)

Kublai Khan

Marco Polo

Karakorum

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Who founded the Yuan dynasty?


Who was Genghis Khan?

How did Mongol rule impact China?

Genghis Khan and the Mongol warriors were known fortheir fierce and violent conquests in battle. But underMongol rule, China reached the height of its wealth andpower. On a separate sheet of paper, write three or fourdescriptive paragraphs about the positive effects Mongolrule had on China.


Khanbaliq

Beijing



The Ming Dynasty(Pages 281–287)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did Ming rulers make China’s government strong?• What did the Ming rulers accomplish?

As you read pages 282–287 in your textbook, complete this chart to showcause-and-effect links in China’s early trade voyages.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

CauseZheng He traveled to parts of Asia and Africa.

As you read, list the ways the Ming reformed China in thechart below.




Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

The Rise of Ming (pages 282–283)

treason

census

novel

Zhu Yuanzhang

Yong Le

Ming Reforms

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.




What was the Forbidden City?


Nanjing

erode

compile

drama

reform (Chapter 1, Section 2)

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.


I. Who Was Zheng He?

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

II. Where Did Zheng He Travel?

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

D. __________________________________________________________

III. The Europeans Arrive in China

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

IV. Why Did the Ming Dynasty Fall?

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

Define or describe the following term from this section.



China Explores the World (pages 284–287)

barbarian

Portugal

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



What caused the Ming dynasty to decline and fall?


How did Ming rulers make China’s government strong?

What did the Ming rulers accomplish?

The Ming government did not encourage contact with theoutside world. On a separate sheet of paper, write anexpository essay explaining why Ming officials resistedEuropean trade and ideas, including conversion toChristianity.


Zheng He

contact



Early Japan(Pages 296–301)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did geography affect the development of Japan? • What ideas shaped Japan’s religion and government?


basic beliefs of the Shinto religion.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Shinto Religion

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

AAss yyoouu rreeaadd,, ccoommpplleettee tthhee ddiiaaggrraamm bbeellooww ttoo sshhooww tthheeeeffffeeccttss ooff ggeeooggrraapphhyy oonn lliiffee iinn JJaappaann..


Japan’s Geography (page 297)

Cause Effect Effect Effect

Mountains

Islands

BBrriieeffllyy ddeessccrriibbee tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ppllaacceess..

DDeeffiinnee tthhiiss aaccaaddeemmiicc vvooccaabbuullaarryy wwoorrdd ffrroomm tthhiiss lleessssoonn..

Japan

Hokkaido

Honshu

Shikoku

Kyushu

occur

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

HHooww ddiidd JJaappaann’’ss ggeeooggrraapphhyy sshhaappee iittss ssoocciieettyy??

AAfftteerr yyoouu rreeaadd,, wwrriittee aa bbrriieeff ddeessccrriippttiioonn ooff eeaacchh ooff tthheeppeeooppllee lliisstteedd bbeellooww.. TThheenn ppllaaccee nnaammeess iinn tthhee pprrooppeerr oorrddeerriinn tthhee ddiiaaggrraamm bbeellooww ttoo sshhooww tthheeiirr rreellaattiioonnsshhiippss..


Yayoi

Yamato

Akihito

Jimmu

Yayoi

The First Settlers (page 298)

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

DDeeffiinnee oorr ddeessccrriibbee tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg tteerrmm ffrroomm tthhiiss lleessssoonn..


EExxppllaaiinn wwhhyy tthhiiss ppeerrssoonn iiss iimmppoorrttaanntt..

WWhhaatt ddoo hhiissttoorriiaannss kknnooww aabboouutt tthhee rriissee ooff tthhee YYaammaattoo??

CCoommpplleettee tthhee ddiiaaggrraamm bbeellooww ttoo lliisstt PPrriinnccee SShhoottookkuu’’ssrreeffoorrmmss..


clan

Prince Shotoku’s Reforms (page 299)

Prince Shotoku’s Reforms

portion

Jimmu

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.



WWhhaatt CChhiinneessee iiddeeaass iinnfflluueenncceedd PPrriinnccee SShhoottookkuu??

AAfftteerr yyoouu rreeaadd,, wwrriittee oonnee oorr ttwwoo sseenntteenncceess ssuummmmaarriizziinnggtthhee bbeelliieeffss ooff tthhee SShhiinnttoo rreelliiggiioonn iinn tthhee ssppaaccee bbeellooww..


constitution

What Is Shinto? (page 301)

Shotoku

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

DDeeffiinnee oorr ddeessccrriibbee tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg tteerrmmss ffrroomm tthhiiss lleessssoonn..

HHooww ddiidd tthhee JJaappaanneessee hhoonnoorr tthhee kkaammii??

NNooww tthhaatt yyoouu hhaavvee rreeaadd tthhee sseeccttiioonn,, wwrriittee tthhee aannsswweerrss ttootthhee qquueessttiioonnss tthhaatt wweerree iinncclluuddeedd iinn Setting a Purpose forReading aatt tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff tthhee lleessssoonn..

How did geography affect the development of Japan?

What ideas shaped Japan’s religion and government?

RReerreeaadd PPrriinnccee SShhoottookkuu’’ss ccoonnssttiittuuttiioonn oonn ppaaggee 229999 iinn yyoouurrtteexxttbbooookk.. OOnn aa sseeppaarraattee sshheeeett ooff ppaappeerr,, rreewwrriittee tthhee rruulleess iinnyyoouurr oowwnn wwoorrddss.. TThheenn,, cchhoooossee oonnee ooff tthhee rruulleess aanndd ddeessccrriibbeehhooww tthhaatt rruullee mmiigghhtt bbee aapppplliieedd bbyy aa ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ooffffiicciiaall..


shrine

animism



Shoguns and Samurai(Pages 302–308)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did Buddhism spread to Japan?• Who were the shoguns and samurai?

As you read pages 303–308 in your textbook, complete the diagram to show the

relationship between daimyo and samurai.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Daimyo

Samurai

AAfftteerr yyoouu rreeaadd,, aannsswweerr tthhee ffiirrsstt ttwwoo qquueessttiioonnss bbeellooww.. TThheenn,, uussee yyoouurr aannsswweerrss ttoo tthheessee ttwwoo qquueessttiioonnss ttoo iinnffeerr tthhee aannsswweerr ttoo tthhee tthhiirrdd qquueessttiioonn..

1. What did Japan’s census count?

2. What happened based on the results of the census?

3. Why was the census important in maintaining a strong central government?


UUssee tthhiiss tteerrmm tthhaatt yyoouu ssttuuddiieedd eeaarrlliieerr iinn aa sseenntteennccee tthhaattrreefflleeccttss tthhee tteerrmm’’ss mmeeaanniinngg..


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Nara Japan (pages 303–304)

role

census (Chapter 4, Section 4)

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

HHooww ddiidd BBuuddddhhiisstt iiddeeaass aaffffeecctt JJaappaann’’ss ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt??

CCoommpplleettee tthhiiss oouuttlliinnee aass yyoouu rreeaadd..

I. The Government Weakens

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

II. Who Were the Samurai?

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

D. __________________________________________________________

III. What Is a Shogun?

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

D. __________________________________________________________

IV. The Mongols Attack

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________


The Rise of the Shogun (pages 304–306)

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



BBrriieeffllyy ddeessccrriibbee tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ppllaacceess..



samurai

shogun

Minamoto Yoritomo

Heian

Kamakura

conduct

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.


WWhhoo wwaass tthhee sshhoogguunn,, aanndd wwhhyy wwaass hhee iimmppoorrttaanntt??

RReeaadd tthhee ffiirrsstt ppaarraaggrraapphh oonn ppaaggee 330077.. BBaasseedd oonn yyoouurrrreeaaddiinngg aabboouutt JJaappaann ttoo tthhiiss ppooiinntt,, wwhhaatt ddoo yyoouu pprreeddiicctt wwiillll hhaappppeenn nneexxtt?? WWrriittee yyoouurr pprreeddiiccttiioonn iinn tthhee ssppaacceebbeellooww.. NNooww rreeaadd tthhee eennttiirree ppaassssaaggee.. WWaass yyoouurr pprreeddiiccttiioonnccoorrrreecctt?? WWrriittee yyoouurr rreeaaccttiioonn ttoo tthhee aaccttuuaall eevveennttss iinn tthheessppaaccee pprroovviiddeedd..

Prediction

Reaction


clan (Chapter 3, Section 2)

The Daimyo Divide Japan (pages 307–308)

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



WWhhyy wweerree sshhoogguunnss uunnaabbllee ttoo rreeggaaiinn ccoonnttrrooll ooff JJaappaann aafftteerrtthhee OOnniinn WWaarr??


How did Buddhism spread to Japan?


vassal

daimyo

feudalism

Ashikaga Takauji

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Who were the shoguns and samurai?

JJaappaanneessee rruulleerrss bboorrrroowweedd mmaannyy eeffffiicciieenntt ssyysstteemmss ffrroomm tthheeCChhiinneessee ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt.. OOnn aa sseeppaarraattee sshheeeett ooff ppaappeerr,, wwrriittee aacomparative essay ddeessccrriibbiinngg tthhee ddiiffffeerreenncceess bbeettwweeeenn tthheeJJaappaanneessee aanndd tthhee CChhiinneessee ssyysstteemmss ffoorr hhiirriinngg ooffffiicciiaallss..




Life in Medieval Japan(Pages 309–315)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did religion shape Japan’s culture?• What was life like for people in medieval Japan?

As you read pages 310–315 in your textbook, complete this diagram to describe

the role of women in the families of medieval Japan.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Role of Women

TTwwoo sseeccttss ooff BBuuddddhhiissmm wweerree iimmppoorrttaanntt iinn JJaappaann.. UUssee tthheeddiiaaggrraamm bbeellooww ttoo ccoommppaarree aanndd ccoonnttrraasstt tthheessee sseeccttss.. WWhhaattddiidd tthheeyy hhaavvee iinn ccoommmmoonn?? HHooww wweerree tthheeyy ddiiffffeerreenntt??



Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Japanese Religion and Culture (pages 310–312)

Pure Land Buddhism

Zen Both Buddhism

sect

martial arts

meditation

calligraphy

tanka

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

DDeeffiinnee tthheessee aaccaaddeemmiicc vvooccaabbuullaarryy wwoorrddss ffrroomm tthhiiss lleessssoonn..



HHooww aarree mmaarrttiiaall aarrttss aanndd mmeeddiittaattiioonn ccoonnnneecctteedd ttoo ZZeennBBuuddddhhiissmm’’ss pprriinncciippllee ooff sseellff--ccoonnttrrooll??


novel (Chapter 4, Section 4)

Murasaki Shikibu

involve

reveal

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

PPrreevviieeww tthhiiss sseeccttiioonn ttoo ggeett aann iiddeeaa ooff wwhhaatt iiss aahheeaadd.. FFiirrsstt,,sskkiimm tthhee sseeccttiioonn.. TThheenn wwrriittee aa sseenntteennccee oorr ttwwoo eexxppllaaiinniinnggwwhhaatt yyoouu tthhiinnkk yyoouu wwiillll lleeaarrnn.. AAfftteerr yyoouu ffiinniisshh rreeaaddiinngg,,rreevviissee yyoouurr ssttaatteemmeennttss aass nneecceessssaarryy..


BBrriieeffllyy ddeessccrriibbee tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ppllaaccee..




Economy and Society (pages 314–315)

guild

Kyoto

contribute

economy (Chapter 4, Section 1)

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

WWhhiicchh ggrroouuppss iinn JJaappaann bbeenneeffiitteedd ffrroomm tthhee ccoouunnttrryy’’ss wweeaalltthh??


How did religion shape Japan’s culture?

What was life like for people in medieval Japan?

RReesseeaarrcchh ttoo lleeaarrnn aabboouutt ttaannkkaa aanndd hhaaiikkuu ppooeettrryy.. OOnn aa sseeppaarraattee sshheeeett ooff ppaappeerr,, wwrriittee aa poem iinn eeiitthheerr ssttyyllee,, aanndd tthheenn ddeessccrriibbee hhooww yyoouurr ppooeemm mmaattcchheess tthhaatt ssttyyllee..




The Early Middle Ages(Pages 324–333)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did geography influence where medieval Europeans settled and

what they did?• How did religion affect life in the Middle Ages?


major accomplishments of medieval leaders.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Leader Major Accomplishments

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

As you read, complete the diagram below to show theeffects of geography on life in medieval Europe.


The Geography of Europe (pages 325–326)

Cause Effect Effect

Peninsula

Seas and rivers

Mountains


What did Europe’s seas and rivers provide for its people?

significant

instance

enable

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Look at the following headings and write a question abouteach one. Find answers to your questions as you read.Revise your question if the answer is not found in thereading.

The Germanic Kingdoms

Who Were the Franks?

Who Was Charlemagne?

Europe Is Invaded

The Holy Roman Empire




The Germanic Kingdoms (pages 326–331)

fjord

Clovis

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Who were the Vikings, and why did they raid Europe?

What were monks’ roles in medieval Europe?




The Rise of the Catholic Church (pages 331–333)

exclude

missionary

excommunicate

concordat

Charles Martel

Charlemagne

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.


How did Gregory VII and Henry IV disagree?


How did geography influence where medieval Europeans settled andwhat they did?

How did religion affect life in the Middle Ages?

The Catholic Church was at the height of its power in A.D. 1198. On a separate sheet of paper, write a persuasiveessay of two or three paragraphs predicting the responseof kings to the pope’s control.


Gregory VII

Henry IV



Feudalism(Pages 334–343)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why did feudalism develop in Europe?• What was life like in a feudal society?


show the similarities and differences between serfs and slaves.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

SerfsBoth

Slaves

You live on the manor of a feudal lord in medieval Europe.Pick your role. You may be a vassal or a serf. Write anentry in your journal about the work you did today foryour lord. Use details from your reading. Then add yourown ideas about life in the Middle Ages.



Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

What Is Feudalism? (pages 335–338)

feudalism

vassal

fief

knight

serf



How could a noble be both a lord and a vassal?

Knights followed rules of conduct. They lived by their codeof chivalry. Read about the knights’ code, then write yourown in the space below. Include the values that are impor-tant to you.

What was the code of chivalry?


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

shift

samurai (Chapter 5, Section 2)

Life in Feudal Europe (pages 338–340)

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Fill in the chart below to show the relationships betweenfeudalism, new inventions, and the growth of manufactur-ing. Then write your answer to this question: What rela-tionship do you see between safety and stability, technology,trade, and the economy?



How did guilds change the way goods were made andsold?


Trade and Cities (pages 340–343)

Feudalism

makes Europe

safer

Technology

helps people

produce more

food and goods

guild

process

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



Why did feudalism develop in Europe?

What was life like in a feudal society?

Feudalism led to safer roads and increased production infarms and cities. On a separate sheet of paper, write anexpository essay on how the shift from a barter system toa money system changed medieval Europe.



Kingdoms and Crusades(Pages 346–354)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What types of governments did European kingdoms create?• Why did European Christians launch the Crusades?


causes and effects of the Crusades.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Cause: Effect:

Cause: Effect:

Cause: Effect:

As you read, answer the questions below about the MagnaCarta. Review your answers to ensure you understand thedocument and its importance.

1. Why did the nobles force King John to sign the Magna Carta?

2. What rights were guaranteed by the Magna Carta?

3. Why is the Magna Carta important?




Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

England in the Middle Ages (pages 347–349)

grand jury

trial jury

William the Conqueror

King John

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.


How did the Magna Carta affect the king’s power?

As you read, take notes on the actions of Philip IV. Then,based on your notes, write a short paragraph evaluatinghis leadership. Did he deserve the name Philip the Fair?Why or why not? Use specific examples from your notes tosupport your opinion.

Evaluation


document

guarantee

The Kingdom of France (page 350)

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.


How did King Philip II bring power back to French kings?

Who do you think was the most important leader in Russiabased on your reading? After you read, write a brief para-graph supporting your answer.



clergy

Eastern Europe and Russia (page 351)

nonetheless

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.


Why was Alexander Nevsky important?

As you read, number the following events in the correctorder.

1. Emperor Frederick, King Richard I, and King Philip II join tofight Saladin.

2. The Crusaders create four states.

3. Muslims conquer all the territory lost in the First Crusade.

4. Crusaders burn and loot the Byzantine capital.

5. The Muslims capture Edessa.

6. The Crusaders capture Antioch and Jerusalem.

7. Saladin unites the Muslims and declares war against the Christian states.

8. King Richard I agrees to a truce with Saladin.

9. Saladin captures Jerusalem.


missionary (Chapter 6, Section 1)

The Crusades (pages 352–354)

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

What did the First Crusade accomplish? What did the ThirdCrusade accomplish?


What types of governments did European kingdoms create?

Why did European Christians launch the Crusades?

Beginning in the 1100s with common law, the English developed a government that resembles today’s represen-tative government. On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparative essay describing elements of the Englishsystem that influenced modern democracy.




The Church and Society(Pages 355–363)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What role did the Catholic Church play in medieval Europe?• What new ideas developed in medieval Europe?

As you read pages 356–363 in your textbook, complete this Venn diagram

to show the similarities and differences between Romanesque and Gothic

cathedrals.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

RomanesqueCathedrals

GothicBoth Cathedrals

Before you read, scan the main headings and terms in thispassage. Write four questions about the main ideas pre-sented in the text. After you finish reading, write theanswers to these questions.

1.

2.

3.

4.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Religion and Society (pages 356–359)

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.




How did the main goal of the Franciscans differ from themain goal of the Dominicans?


heresy

anti-Semitism

Francis of Assisi

job

mass

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

After you read each section, summarize the main idea ofthe section in one sentence in the space below.

1. Medieval Art and Architecture

2. The First Universities

3. Who Was Thomas Aquinas?

4. Medieval Literature

Define or describe the following terms from this section.


Medieval Culture (pages 360–363)

theology

scholasticism

vernacular

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.




What is natural law?


Thomas Aquinas

demonstrate

obtain

guild (Chapter 6, Section 2)

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.


What role did the Catholic Church play in medieval Europe?

What new ideas developed in medieval Europe?

The Inquisition was the Catholic Church’s attempt to getrid of non-believers. On a separate sheet of paper, write apersuasive essay to convince Church leaders that heresytrials and persecution of Jews was wrong.




The Late Middle Ages(Pages 364–369)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What was the Black Death?• What major conflicts affected life in Europe in the late Middle Ages?


path of the Black Death in Europe and Asia.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Time Period Affected Areas

1330s

1340s

1350s

After you read, write your answer to the following ques-tion in the space below.

How does a dramatic decrease in population affect the economy?



How many Europeans died of the plague between 1347 and1351?


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

The Black Death (pages 365–366)

plague

approximate

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

As your read, complete the table below to summarize theconflicts in Europe in the late Middle Ages. After you read,use your table for review.




A Troubled Continent (pages 367–369)

Groups in Name of

Conflict Conflict The Cause The Effect

Reconquista

Joan of Arc

Isabella of Castile

Ferdinand of Aragon

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



What caused the Hundred Years’ War?


What was the Black Death?

What major conflicts affected life in Europe in the late Middle Ages?

Joan of Arc convinced the leaders and soldiers of Francethat God was on their side in a war for freedom. On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrative essay from theperspective of Charles, deciding whether to support her in her efforts.


Crécy

Orléans

abandon



The Renaissance Begins(Pages 384–391)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Why did the Renaissance begin in Europe?• How did Italy’s city-states grow wealthy?• How did nobles of the Italian city-states make their living?


reasons Italian city-states grew wealthy.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Wealth Grows in City-States

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

As you read, complete the diagram below to show the rela-tionship between the growth of cities and the beginning ofthe Renaissance.


The Italian Renaissance (pages 385–386)



Cause

Italy’s populationbecomes moreurban

Effect/Cause

________________

________________

________________

Effect

________________

Renaissance

secular

Florence

Venice

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?

Before you read, look at the headings and terms in thepassage. Then write four questions. Find answers to yourquestions as you read. Revise your questions if the answeris not found in the reading.

1.

2.

3.

4.


The Rise of Italy’s City-States (pages 387–389)

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.




How did Florence and the Medici family become so wealthy?


Marco Polo

Medici

network

publish

caravan (Chapter 2, Section 1)

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

What is your personal response to Machiavelli’s ideasabout government? Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not? Present your response to Machiavelli in a briefparagraph.




The Urban Noble (pages 390–391)

doge

diplomacy

Niccolò Machiavelli

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

How were medieval and Renaissance nobles different fromeach other?


Why did the Renaissance begin in Europe?

How did Italy’s city-states grow wealthy?

How did nobles of the Italian city-states make their living?

Research the progression of the Renaissance throughEurope. On a separate sheet of paper, create a map,time line, or a narrative essay that shows where theRenaissance started, and how it spread throughoutEurope.




New Ideas and Literature(Pages 394–400)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What is humanism and how did it affect the Renaissance?• Why did literature become more popular during the Renaissance?

As you read pages 395–400, create a chart listing people who contributed to

Renaissance literature.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Contributor Role in Renaissance Literature

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

For each section of your reading, write a one-sentencesummary of the main idea presented.

1. Ancient Works Become Popular

2. How Did Humanism Affect Society?





Renaissance Humanism (pages 395–397)

humanism

anatomy (Chapter 1, Section 1)

Leonardo da Vinci

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

How did Renaissance thinkers view ancient writings?


1. What was The Canterbury Tales about?

2. What country was Miguel de Cervantes from?



Changes in Literature (pages 397–400)

vernacular




What was the benefit of writing in the vernacular?


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Canterbury

Dante Alighieri

Johannes Gutenberg

William Shakespeare

debate

credit


What is humanism and how did it affect the Renaissance?

Why did literature become more popular during the Renaissance?

Research some of the inventions and ideas of Leonardo da Vinci. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, write a narrative essay, or create detailed sketches, describingthings you think might be invented in the next two or three hundred years.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.



Renaissance Art(Pages 408-413)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What makes Renaissance art different from previous art?• What important method was developed by Northern Renaissance artists?

As you read Section 3, create a diagram like the one below to show features of

Renaissance art.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Art

As you read the passage, take notes about the differencesbetween medieval and Renaissance art. Then answer thisquestion: How was Renaissance art affected by humanism?




Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Artists in Renaissance Italy (pages 409–411)

chiaroscuro

fresco

Sandro Boticelli

Raphael Sanzio

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Titian


What were some of the differences between medieval andRenaissance artists?

When have you seen a painting or picture, read a story, orseen a play or movie that made you feel a strong emotion?Why did you connect with that work of art? Write a briefparagraph describing the work of art and your reaction to it. Be sure to write about techniques used by the artistto make the work more real to you.



Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

differentiate

perspective

The Renaissance Spreads (pages 412–413)

Flanders



How did the Northern Renaissance differ from the ItalianRenaissance?


What makes Renaissance art different from previous art?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Jan Van Eyck

Albrecht Dürer

knight (Chapter 6, Section 2)

What important method was developed by Northern Renaissance artists?

Research elements of Renaissance art that make it unique.On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptive essaythat explains some of these elements in detail. If possible,include visual examples from your research.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



The Reformation Begins(Pages 422–429)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did Martin Luther’s ideas change the Church?• Why did political leaders support Protestanism?


causes of the Reformation.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Reformation

Begins


I. What Ideas Led to the Reformation?

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

II. The Church Upsets Reformers

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

D. __________________________________________________________

III. Who Was Martin Luther?

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

D. __________________________________________________________

E. __________________________________________________________

IV. Revolt Leads to New Churches

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

V. Peasant Revolts

A. __________________________________________________________

B. __________________________________________________________

C. __________________________________________________________

D. __________________________________________________________


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Calls for Church Reform (pages 423–426)

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.





Reformation

indulgence

denomination

Martin Luther

Desiderius Erasmus

John Wycliffe

William Tyndale

Wittenburg

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



What was the result of the Catholic Church’s decision to sellindulgences in 1517?


conclude

clergy (Chapter 6, Section 3)

excommunicate (Chapter 6, Section 1)

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

As you read, take notes on the reasons German rulersdecided to become Lutherans. Now think about differentcountries and governments around the world today. Somegovernments favor or support specific religions. Others do not. Write a paragraph summarizing your opinionabout the relationship between church and government.Use specific examples from history, from current events,and from your notes to support your opinion.


Why did many German princes support Martin Luther’sideas?


Politics and Lutheranism (pages 428–429)

energy

resource

convert


How did Martin Luther’s ideas change the Church?

Why did political leaders support Protestanism?

Luther’s ideas led to revolutions in religion and politics.Research Martin Luther’s life and his reasons for challeng-ing the Roman Catholic Church. Use what you learn towrite a narrative essay on a separate sheet of paper,answering the question of why Luther’s ideas were soprovocative.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



The Reformation Spreads(Pages 430–434 )

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What did John Calvin teach?• Why did Henry VIII create the Anglican Church?

As you read pages 431–434 in your textbook, complete a table to show the

major impact of rulers on the English Reformation.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Ruler Impact


1. Who was John Calvin?

2. What is Calvinism?





Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Calvin and Calvinism (pages 431–432)

theology

predestination

John Calvin

Geneva


How did Calvin’s ideas differ from those of Luther?

Think about what you have already read about the effectsof Protestantism in Europe. Now, before you read, make aprediction about what will happen in England. After youread, write your response to the actual events.

Prediction

Reaction


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

clarify

consent

The English Reformation (pages 432–434)





Why did Henry VIII create the Anglican Church?


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

London

Henry VIII

annul

Mary I

Elizabeth I

excommunicate(Chapter 6, Section 1)


What did John Calvin teach?

Why did Henry VIII create the Anglican Church?

On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparative essaythat highlights similarities and differences between Luther’steachings and Calvin’s teachings.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.



The Counter-Reformation(Pages 435–441)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What was the Counter-Reformation?• How did the Reformation allow kings to become more powerful?


results of the Catholic Church’s attempts to reform.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Reform

Results Results Results

As you read, list the effects of the Reformation on the fol-lowing kingdoms in the chart below.




Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Counter-Reformation (pages 436–440)

seminary

heresy

Ignatius of Loyola

Huguenot

King Ferdinand

France

Bohemia

Spain

Queen Isabella

Maimonides





Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Trent

Navarre

Paris

contradict

impact

philosophy

eliminate

reform (Chapter 1, Section 2)

clergy (Chapter 6, Section 3)

What deal earned Henry of Navarre the French throne?

As you read, write three details about the legacy of theReformation. Then write a general statement summarizingwhat you learned.

1.

2.

3.



Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Legacy of the Reformation (pages 440–441)

divine right


In what parts of the world did Catholic missionariesteach?


What was the Counter-Reformation?

How did the Reformation allow kings to become more powerful?

Research the Spanish Inquisition. On a separate sheet ofpaper, write an expository essay explaining what life waslike during this terrible time.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Francis Xavier



The First Americans(Pages 450–455)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• Who were the first people in the Americas and how did they get there?• What was life like for people in the first American civilizations?


characteristics of the Olmec and Moche.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Location Dates Lifestyle

Olmec

Moche

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

After you read, complete the chart below to identify theeffects of the end of the Ice Age.


Farming Begins in Mesoamerica (pages 451–452)

glacier

environment




How did the agricultural revolution begin in America?

End of

Ice Age

Beringia

Mesoamerica

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

As you read, make a list of the important accomplishmentsof the first American civilizations. Then write a generalstatement that answers what these accomplishments tellyou about these ancient peoples.


Early American Civilizations (pages 453–455)

Civilization Accomplishments

Olmec

Maya

Toltec

Moche

Inca

General Statement



monopoly

Olmec

Maya

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.




design

Toltec

Moche

Inca

Teotihuacán

Yucatán Peninsula

Cuzco

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

What do historians think caused Teotihuacán’s collapse?


Who were the first people in the Americas and how did they get there?

What was life like for people in the first American civilizations?

Research the early peoples of the Americas. On a separatesheet of paper, create a map showing where each civiliza-tion lived. If possible, locate the capital city of the civiliza-tion, and show the area under its influence or controlledby it.




Life in the Americas(Pages 456–464)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What was life like in the Mayan, Incan, and Aztec cultures?• How did the different climates and environments of North America shape

Native American cultures?

As you read pages 457–464 in your textbook, complete the pyramid to show

Incan social classes.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Glance over the reading to find details related to the fol-lowing topics. After you read, fill in any missing detailsfrom the passage.

Discovery of Mayan Civilization

Government





The Mayan People (page 457)

source

cooperate

sinkhole

Petén

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

What was the main advantage of living in a tropical rain forest?

As you read, write three questions about the main ideaspresented in this passage. After you finish reading, writethe answers to your questions.

1.

2.

3.


Mayan Culture (page 458)

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.



How did the Maya treat enslaved people?

As you read, look for answers to the first three questions.Then use your answers to draw a conclusion about Aztecbeliefs and values. Answer this question: What do theseanswers tell you about the Aztec?

1. What did the Aztec expect of their kings?


The Aztec (pages 460–462)

alliance

Jasaw Chan K’awiil I

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

2. Who was worthy of an afterlife and why?

3. How was the Aztec civilization able to support such a large population?



How could commoners move into the noble class?


Tenochtitlán

codices

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

As you read, summarize the contributions of Pachacuti inone sentence. Then use the chart below to list the ideasfrom your reading that support this main idea.

Main Idea

Supporting Ideas





quipu

Life in the Inca Empire (pages 462–464)

Pachacuti

Machu Picchu

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

How did Pachacuti make sure local leaders would be loyal to him?


What was life like in the Mayan, Incan, and Aztec cultures?

How did the different climates and environments of North America shapeNative American cultures?

The Aztec, Incan, and Mayan cultures all built buildings ofincredible size and precision. Select any one of these cul-tures and research their style of building and architecture.On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptive essayexplaining the current thought on how they accomplishedthese amazing feats.




The Fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires(Pages 470–477)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did Spain conquer Mexico?• What brought an end to the Inca Empire?


reasons Cortés was able to conquer the Aztec.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc. Cortés Conquers the Aztec

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

You are one of the Taino people, living on the island ofHispaniola. For you, it is a day like any other day untilyou see Spanish soldier-explorers approaching from thebeach. Based on the passage, write a paragraph aboutyour first encounter with the Spaniards. How do you reactto them? How do they react to you?




Spain Conquers Mexico (pages 471–474)

conquistador

Christopher Columbus

Hernan Cortés

Montezuma II

Malintzin



Who were the conquistadors?

After you read, answer the question below.

Why were the Inca so easily defeated by Pizarro?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Hispaniola

Extremadura

finance

generate

Pizarro Conquers the Inca (pages 476–477)



How did Pizarro fail to keep his promise to Atahualpa?


How did Spain conquer Mexico?

What brought an end to the Inca Empire?

Research the life of one of the conquistadors mentioned in this section. On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrative essay describing this person’s life.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

treason

Francisco Pizarro



Europe Explores the World(Pages 486–492)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What led to a new era of exploration in the 1400s?• Which European countries explored and where?

As you read pages 487–492 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show

why Europeans began to explore.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

How did the events listed in this passage lead to explo-ration? As you read, write a one-sentence summary foreach of the main headings to answer this question.

1. Trade with Asia

2. New Technology

3. The Rise of Strong Nations

4. Did Maps Encourage Exploration?



Europe Gets Ready to Explore (pages 487–488)

astrolabe

compass

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.


What were the main reasons the Europeans began exploringthe world in the 1400s?

Before you read, look at the headings and terms in thepassage. Then write four questions. Find answers to yourquestions as you read. Revise your questions if the answeris not found in the reading.

1.


fund

Exploring the World (pages 489–492)

caravel

cartography

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

2.

3.

4.



Azores

Madeira

Hispaniola

Strait of Magellan

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.




Vasco da Gama

Newfoundland

St. Lawrence River

Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand Magellan

John Cabot

Jacques Cartier

locate

Who was the first European to sail to India? Whose crewfirst sailed around the world?


What led to a new era of exploration in the 1400s?

Which European countries explored and where?

Advances in sailing technology enabled explorers to sailfarther from land than every before. Research the astro-labe or another advance mentioned in the text. On a sepa-rate sheet of paper, write an expository essay explaininghow the device was used.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



Trade and Empire(Pages 493–499)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did the Spanish and the Portugese build world empires?• How did Europeans increase trade?

As you read the section, complete a diagram like the one below showing what

led to the rise of modern capitalism.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Ideas of Modern Capitalism

As you read, write the main idea of the passage. Reviewyour statement when you have finished reading and reviseas needed.





Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Europe’s Empires (pages 494–495)

Netherlands

Henry VIII

Elizabeth I

primary

aid

How did the arrival of the Spanish change the Americas?

How did exploration affect European economies? Afteryou read, complete the diagram below to analyze theeffects of exploration on trade and commerce.



Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

The Commercial Revolution (pages 497–499)

Cause:

European

exploration

Effects

mercantilism

export

import

colony




How did merchants raise the money for overseas trade?


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

commerce

invest

capitalism

Moluccas

Pedro Alvares Cabral

anticipate


How did the Spanish and the Portugese build world empires?

How did Europeans increase trade?

Capitalism is the economic system still used in the UnitedStates, and in many parts of the world today. On a sepa-rate sheet of paper, write a comparative essay describingboth the advantages and disadvantages of the capitalistsystem.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.



A Global Exchange(Pages 502–505)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What did exploration and trade lead to?• In what ways did global exchange have both a positive and a

negative impact?

As you read the section, create a chart like the one below showing the positive

and negative effects of the global exchange.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

The Global Exchange

Positive Effects Negative Effects

New goods from the Americas changed the lives ofEuropeans. Make a note of any points that support thisstatement. After you read, go back and fill in additionalinformation.





Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Columbian Exchange

pampas

Argentina

Great Plains

transfer

The Columbian Exchange (pages 503–504)

Describe the Columbian Exchange.

To preview this section, first skim the section. Then write a sentence or two explaining what you think you willlearn. After you finish reading, revise your statements asnecessary.




Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Problems with the Exchange (pages 504–505)

East India Company

Dutch East India Company

Caribbean


Use these terms that you studied earlier in a sentence thatreflects the term’s meaning.

How did the global exchange create problems?


What did exploration and trade lead to?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

positive

shogun(Chapter 5, Section 2)

daimyo(Chapter 5, Section 2)

In what ways did global exchange have both a positive and a negativeimpact?

Research the East India Company and the English empirein India. On a separate sheet of paper, write an exposi-tory essay describing the influence of the English on India.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



The Scientific Revolution(Pages 514–523)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did the Scientific Revolution change life in the 1600s?• What is the scientific method and how did it change ideas about society?


similarities and differences in the views of Ptolemy and Copernicus.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

PtolemyBoth

Copernicus

What factors led to the growth of scientific knowledge inEurope? As you read, list the factors in the chart below.




Describe scientific knowledge during the Middle Ages.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

The Scientific Revolution (pages 515–517)

theory

Scientific Knowledge

Grows in Europe

Ptolemy

investigate

approach

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

As you read the passage, take notes on Galileo’s experi-ments. Think about what you have read so far about theCatholic Church. Then answer this question: Why did theCatholic Church force Galileo to withdraw many of hisstatements?




A Revolution in Astronomy (pages 517–519)

Copernicus

Kepler

Galileo

heresy(Chapter 8, Section 3)

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

How did Galileo support Copernicus’s theory?

As you read, complete the chart below to identify the majordiscoveries in the Scientific Revolution. Use your notes toreview later.


New Scientific Discoveries (pages 519–520)

Scientist Discovery

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.


According to Newton, what force held the planets in orbit?

Write the steps of the scientific method in the proper orderin the diagram below.


The Triumph of Reason (pages 522–523)

Newton

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.



What is the scientific method?


rationalism

scientific method

hypothesis

Descartes

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.


How did the Scientific Revolution change life in the 1600s?

What is the scientific method and how did it change ideas about society?

New ideas, such as Copernicus’s theory of a heliocentricuniverse, are often met with criticism and even hostility.Imagine that you were Copernicus and had to persuadeother people that you were right. On a separate sheet ofpaper, write a persuasive essay that would help convincepeople of your idea.




The Ideas of theEnlightenment(Pages 524–530)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What was the Enlightenment? • How did Enlightenment ideas affect government?


major ideas of Enlightenment thinkers.

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Thinkers Ideas

As you read, complete the Venn diagram below to compareand contrast the views of Hobbes and Locke on government.




Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Views of Both John Locke

New Ideas About Politics (pages 525–528)

Views of Thomas Hobbes

natural law

social contract

separation of powers

Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

Baron Montesquieu

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.


error


According to Montesquieu, how should government be organized?

Select one of the philosophers from your reading and eval-uate his or her ideas. Do you agree with the ideas? Do youdisagree? Write a brief paragraph summarizing your viewof the philosopher’s ideas.


The French Philosophes (pages 528–530)

Voltaire

Denis Diderot

Mary Wollstonecraft

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.


Compare Voltaire’s ideas to those of Rousseau.


What was the Enlightenment?


topic

advocate

Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

How did Enlightenment ideas affect government?

Many of the ideas for the Declaration of Independence andthe Constitution of the United States are based on ideasexpressed during the Enlightenment. On a separate sheetof paper, write an expository essay that identifies some ofthese key ideas and how they were influential.




Politics and theEnlightenment(Pages 531-541)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What ideas of government influenced Americans?• Why did American colonists fight to form a new nation?• How do Enlightenment principles influence the world today?

As you read pages 532–541 in your textbook, complete a cause-and-effect dia-

gram showing how Enlightenment ideas led to the American Revolution and the

French Revolution.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

Quickly look over the entire selection to get a general ideaabout the reading. Then briefly describe on the lines belowwhat the selection is about.





Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

The Age of Absolutism (pages 532–534)

absolutism

Prussia

Louis XIV

Frederick II

Catherine II


How did the ideas of absolute monarchs conflict with theideas of Enlightenment thinkers?

As you read, complete the diagram below to identify thereasons that English settlers came to North America.


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

serf(Chapter 6, Section 2)

Austria

St. Petersburg

Revolution and Enlightenment (pages 534–539)

Reasons English Settlers Came to America





Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

representative government

constitution

popular sovereignty

estate

bourgeoisie

George Washington

Thomas Jefferson

tension

Why did the colonists decide to separate from Great Britainand create a new nation?

As you read, write three questions about the main ideaspresented in this passage. After you finish reading, writethe answers to your questions.

1.

2.

3.

How did Martin Luther King, Jr., use Enlightenment principles?


Cop

yrig

ht ©

by

The

McG

raw

-Hill

Com

pani

es, I

nc.

The Enlightenment’s Legacy (pages 539–541)


What ideas of government influenced Americans?

Why did American colonists fight to form a new nation?

How do Enlightenment principles influence the world today?

The ideas of the Enlightenment continue to shape ourworld today. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essay that examines how the Enlightenment is still influential.


Copyright ©

by The M

cGraw

-Hill C

ompanies, Inc.

Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - · PDF fileActive Reading Note-Taking Guide are arranged in two columns,which will help you organize your thinking.This two-column ... edge.When

Documents