Active Reading Note-Taking Guide Chapter 4 The Ancient Greeks.

Active Reading Note-Taking Guide

Chapter 4 The Ancient Greeks

Chapter 4, Section 1

The Early GreeksThe Early Greeks(Pages 116–123)

Main IdeaMain IdeaSetting a Purpose for

Reading Think about these questions as you read:

• How did early Greek kingdoms develop?

• What ideas developed in Greek city-states?

p. 65

Geography of Greece

• Mainland Greece is a mountainous peninsula – a body of land surrounded by water.*

• The Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the Sea of Crete

• Ancient Greeks made a living from the sea. They became fishers, traders, and sailors.


The Early Greeks: The Geography of The Early Greeks: The Geography of GreeceGreece (Page 117))

Terms to KnowTerms to KnowPeninsula: a body of land

with water on three sides

Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularycommunity: a group of

people living in the same place

p. 66


The Early Greeks: The The Early Greeks: The MinoansMinoans(Pages 118)

The Minoans

• Were not Greek , but they were the first civilization in the region that became Greece.

• They made their wealth from trade*

• Around 1450 BC, the Minoan civilization collapsed.

Minoans

Palace of Knossos

The First Greek Kingdoms

• The Mycenaeans invaded the Greek mainland around 1900 BC and conquered the people living there.*

• The center of each Mycenaean kingdoms was a fortified palace on a hill.**

• They traded with the Minoans and replaced them as the major power on the Mediterranean in 1400 BC.

• They were even greater warriors, and their most famous victory is the Trojan War.

• King Agamemnon used trickery to win that war.

The Trojan Horse


The Early Greeks: The First Greek The Early Greeks: The First Greek Kingdoms Kingdoms (Pages 119-120)

People To MeetPeople To MeetAgamemnon: Mycenaean king

who won the Trojan War.

Places To LocatePlaces To LocateMycenae: the city in which a walled

palace was discovered by Heinrich Schliemann;

Peloponnesus: peninsula in southwest Greece p.

69

Dark Age of the Early Greek Kingdoms

• Mycenaean civilizations collapsed by 1100 BC. Earthquakes and fighting among the kingdoms had destroyed their hilltop forts.

• 1100 B.C. – 750 B.C. was a difficult time for the Greek kingdoms.**

• It was not all bad though – a population shift occurred that helped expand the Greek culture.

• Dorians also invaded, bringing iron weapons and farm tools that were stronger.***

A Move to Colonize

• The population rose quickly as Greece recovered from its Dark Ages.*

• Cities began sending people outside of Greece to start colonies – a colony is a settlement in a new territory that keeps close ties to its homeland.**

• Colonies traded regularly with their parent cities – shipping them grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people.

• In return, the colonists received pottery, wine, & olive oil from the mainland.


The Early Greeks: A Move to ColonizeThe Early Greeks: A Move to Colonize(Page 121)

Sum It UpSum It UpHow did the new Greek colonies

affect industry?The growth of trade between

colonies and parent cities led to a growth in industry.

p. 71


The Early Greeks: A Move to ColonizeThe Early Greeks: A Move to Colonize(Page 121)

PreviewingPreviewingSkip

Terms To KnowTerms To Knowpolis: Greek city-state; agora: open area in a polis that

served as a market and a place to meet and debate

Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyvary: to show change; debate: to argue or discus

p. 71

The Polis• *By the end of the Dark Age,

many nobles who owned large estates had overthrown the kings.**

• Each city-state was known as a polis and was like a small, independent country.***

• Below the acropolis was as an open area called the agora, which was used for a market area and a place to meet for a debate.

What was Greek citizenship?• Citizens are members of a

political community who treat each other as equals and who have rights & responsibilities.*

• Athens dropped the land owning requirement, but slaves & foreign-born residents were still excluded.

• Citizens could choose officials & pass laws. They had the right to vote, hold office, own property, & defend themselves in court.**



As you read pages 122–123 in your textbook, complete this diagram by filling in details about the polis.

p.65

Polis

created by nobles

like a tiny independent country

made up of a town or city and the surrounding countryside;

Main gathering place was the acropolis

The Acropolis



OutliningOutliningI. What were the Mycenaean

Kingdoms like? A. The center was a protected palaceon a hill surrounded by farms.B. Artisans, workers, and government officials all worked in the palaces. p.

68



OutliningOutliningII. Power From trade and War

A. Mycenaeans learned from the Minoan culture.B. The Mycenaeans replaced the Minoans as the major power in the Mediterranean.

p. 68



OutliningOutliningIII. What Was the Dark Age?

A. The Mycenaean civilization collapsed by 110 B.C., and the Dark Age began.B. The Dorians invaded Greece, bringing more advanced technology, resulting in farming, trade, and a new alphabet. p.

68



Sum It UpSum It UpWhat changes occurred during

the Dark Age in ancient Greece?Changes include slowing of trade,

poverty, a decrease in learning and craftwork, and a population shift.

p. 70


The Early Greeks: The PolisThe Early Greeks: The Polis(Pages 122-123)

Determining The Main IdeaDetermining The Main IdeaSkip

Terms To KnowTerms To Knowcolony: group that settles in a distant

land

Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyculture: traits, beliefs, and

behaviors shared by a group of people

overseas: located across the seap. 70


The Early Greeks: The PolisThe Early Greeks: The Polis(Pages 122-123)

Terms To ReviewTerms To ReviewCity-State (Ch. 1): Greek city-states

were like tiny, independent countries.

Sum It UpSum It UpHow did citizenship make the Greeks

different from other ancient peoples?The Greeks were the first to treat a

group of people (citizens) as equals who had rights and responsibilities. Other cultures treated most people as subjects with no rights. p.

71



Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpHow did early Greek kingdoms

develop?The Mycenaeans built the first Greek

kingdoms. They invaded the Greek mainland and conquered the people living there. They built palaces and developed trade as they spread their power across the Mediterranean region.

p. 72



Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpWhat ideas developed in

Greek city-states?The Greek city-states were the

first to develop the idea of citizenship. They developed armies of ordinary citizens.

p. 72

Chapter 4

Section 2


Sparta and Athens(Pages 124–130)

Main IdeaMain IdeaSetting a Purpose for Reading

Think about these questions as you read:

Why did Spartans conquer and control groups of people?

How were the people of Athens different from the people of Sparta?

p. 73

Chapter 4, Section 2 Sparta and Athens (Pages 124–130)

Reading Strategy Reading Strategy As you read pages 125–130 in your textbook, complete this graphic

organizer comparing and contrasting life in Sparta and Athens.

p. 73

conquered and enslaved neighbors; controlling government; trained boys and men for war; girls were trained in sports; oligarchy; discouraged foreign visitors and travel; frowned upon study; fell behind in trade

set up colonies; valued education for boys; girls learned household duties; reforms lead to democratic ideas; allowed male citizens to vote; included a council and assembly

played key roles in defending Greece


Sparta and Athens: Tyranny in the

City-States (Pages 125–126)

SummarizingSummarizing1. ______________, ______________, and

_____________ all wanted a part in Greek government. Their unhappiness led to the rise of ______________, men who took power by force. These tyrants took power away from the ______________.

2. Most Greeks wanted all ______________ to be a part of the government. So most city-states became either ______________ or ______________.

p. 74

Small farmers

merchantsartisans

tyrants

noblescitizens

oligarchiesdemocracies


Sparta and Athens: Tyranny in the City-

States (Pages 125–126)

Academic VocabularyAcademic VocabularyStructure: the way parts

are put together to form a whole

participate: to take part in something

p. 74




Terms To KnowTerms To KnowTyrant: someone who takes

power by forceOligarchy: government in which

a small group of people holds power

Democracy: government in which all citizens share in running the government

p. 74




Sum It UpSum It UpWhy were tyrants so popular

in the city-states?Small farmers, merchants, and artisans wanted change. The tyrants could overthrow the nobles with the backing of the common people. They built new marketplaces, temples, and walls.p. 75


Sparta and Athens: Sparta (Pages 126–127)

Drawing ConclusionsDrawing ConclusionsSkip

Terms To KnowTerms To Knowhelots: people who were

conquered and enslaved by the ancient Spartans

Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyenforce: to make someone

obey by using force p. 75-76



Terms To ReviewTerms To ReviewOligarchy( Ch.4): In an oligarchy, the

government is run by just a few people

Sum It UpSum It UpWhy did the Spartans stress military

training? Spartans wanted to conquer their

neighbors and control the large helot population. p. 75-

76



p. 75-76


Sparta and Athens: Athens (Pages 128–130)

ConnectingConnectingSkip

*People To Meet*People To MeetSolon: a noble, trusted by both farmers

and nobles, who canceled farmers debts and freed enslaved people

Peisistratus: a tyrant who seized power in 560 B.C.; he provided for the poor

Cleisthenes: the most important leader of Athens following Peisistratus; he gave the people more power in government p. 76

Athens

• Early Athens was ruled by landowning nobles during the 600s BC.

• Around 600 BC, the Athenians began to rebel against the nobles.*

• To help with the situation, nobles turned to the one man both sides trusted: a noble named Solon.**

• A tyrant named Peisistratus seized power in 560 B.C.***

• The most important leader after Peisistratus died was Cleisthenes****


Sparta and Athens: Athens (Pages 126–127)

Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabulary nonetheless: howeverprocess: a series of actions

leading to an end result

Terms To ReviewTerms To Reviewdemocracy( Ch.4): In an

democracy, many people can vote and have a vote in their government p. 77



Sum It UpSum It UpHow did Cleisthenes build a

democracy in Athens? He reorganized the assembly to play

the central role in governing and created a new council to help the assembly carry out daily business.

p. 77



Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpWhy did Spartans conquer and

control groups of people?The Spartans needed more land to grow, so they conquered and enslaved their neighbors. They used military force to keep the people they had conquered from rebelling. p. 77



Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpHow were the people of Athens

different from the people of Sparta?The Athenians valued learning as well as sport. Boys were educated. Girls learned household duties. Athenians also allowed citizens a voice in government.

p. 77


Sparta and Athens: Guided Guided Reading 4-2Reading 4-2 (Pages 124–130)I. TyrantsII. oligarchies;

democraciesA. FewB. citizens

III. SpartaA. Helots

1. seven2. sports

B. Government1. Kings; elders

1. 28; 602. assembly

2. 301. Voted2. ephors

IV. DemocracyA. Solon; debtsB. PeistratusC. Cleisthenes

1. Assembly2. 500


Persia Attacks The Greeks(Pages 131–137)

Main IdeaMain IdeaSetting a Purpose for Reading

Think about these questions as you read:

• How did the Persian Empire bring together such a wide area?

• What role did Athens and Sparta play in defeating the Persians?

p. 78



Reading StrategyReading StrategyRuler Accomplishment

Cyrus united Persians into powerful kingdom;captured Babylon; treated all subjects well

Darius reorganized government to make itwork better; divided the empire into states; defeated in the Battle of Marathon

Xerxes launched invasion of Greece to avenge his father

p. 78


Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Empire(Pages 132–133)

OutliningOutliningI. The Rise of the Persian EmpireA. Cyrus’s armies conquered

many landsto build an empire.B. Other leaders added territory

and built miles of roads to connect their holdings.

p. 79



OutliningOutliningII. What Was Persian Government

Like?A. Darius reorganized the

governmentto make it work better.B. The government paid full-time

soldiers to protect the king’s power.

p. 79



OutliningOutliningIII. The Persian ReligionA. The Persian religion was calledZoroastrianism.B. Zoroaster believed in one god andtaught that humans had the freedomto choose between good and evil.

p. 79



Terms To KnowTerms To KnowSatrapies: states that formed the

empire.Satrap: an official that ran a SatrapyZoroastrianism: the religion of Persia

People To MeetPeople To MeetCyrus the Great: leader who united the

Persians into the largest empire in the world

p. 79


Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Empire(Pages 132–133)Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyvision: mystical experience of seeing thesupernatural dominate: to control or rule by superior

power

Terms To ReviewTerms To ReviewNomads (Ch. 1): Hunters and gatherers

were nomads because they had to move from place to place to find food.

Empire (Ch. 1): Persia conquered many lands to build its great empire.

p. 80



Sum It UpSum It UpWhy did Darius create

Satrapies? The empire was very big

and difficult to manage. Dividing it into smaller states made the government work better. p. 80


Persia Attacks The Greeks: The Persian Wars (Pages 134–137)

SequencingSequencing1. ____ Greek army crushed the Persian army at

Plataea2. ____ Persian fleet landed 20,000 soldiers on

the plain of Marathon3. ____ Athenian army helped the Greeks in Asia

Minor rebel against Persian rulers4. ____ Xerxes launches invasion of Greece5. ____ Alexander invades the Persian Empire6. ____ Darius dies

p. 81

1

2

3

4

5

6



Places To LocatePlaces To LocateMarathon: plain where the Persian

army was defeated by the Greeks;Thermopylae: a narrow pass through

the mountains where the Greeks fought bravely against the Persia.

Salamis: a narrow strip of water where the Greeks destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet.

Platea: location of the battle where the Greeks crushed the Persian army, convincing the Persians to retreat. p. 81



People To MeetPeople To MeetXerxes: son of Darius who vowed

revenge against the Athenians and launched a new invasion of Greece

Themistocles: Athenian general

Academic VocabularyAcademic VocabularyInternal: located inside

p. 81-82



p. 81-82



Sum It UpSum It UpWhat led to the Persian Wars?

Greeks setting up colonies in the Mediterranean area often clashed with the Persians. In 499 B.C., the Athenian army helped the Greeks in Asia Minor rebel against their Persian rulers. King Darius decided that the mainland Greeks had to be stopped from interfering in the Persian Empire. p. 82



Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpHow did the Persian Empire bring

together such a wide area?Cyrus united the Persians into a powerful kingdom and sent armies to take over Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and the Phoenician cities. Cyrus’s merciful rule helped hold the empire together

p. 82



Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpWhat role did Athens and Sparta play

in defeating the Persians?The Athenians defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon. Then the Athenians and Spartans united to defeat the Persians when Xerxes launched an invasion. Sparta sent the most soldiers. Athens provided the navy.

p. 82


The Age of Pericles (Pages 138–146)

Main IdeaMain IdeaSetting a Purpose for Reading Think

about these questions as you read:• How did Athens change under the rule of

Pericles?• What happened when Sparta and Athens

went to war for control of Greece?

p. 83



Reading Reading StrategyStrategyAs you read pages 139–144 in your textbook, create a circle graph showing how many citizens, foreigners, and enslaved people lived in Athens in the 400s B.C.

p. 83

Citizens 150,000

Foreigners

35,000

Enslaved

People 100,000


The Age of Pericles: The Athenian Empire (Pages 139–140)

Evaluating Evaluating Skip

Terms to KnowTerms to KnowDirect democracy: Direct democracy: system of government in

which people vote firsthand to decide government matters and make laws and policies

Representative democracy: Representative democracy: system of government in which people elect a smaller group of people to make laws and decisions on their behalf

• Philosophers: Philosophers: people who pursue wisdomp. 84



Places To LocatePlaces To LocateDelos: Delos: island serving as headquarters to the

Delian League

People To MeetPeople To MeetPericles: leading figure in Athenian politics

after the Persian Wars

Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularybehalf: in the interest ofachieve: to carry out with success

p. 84-85



Sum It UpSum It UpWhat is the difference between a

direct democracy and a representative democracy?

In a direct democracy, individuals have a direct voice in their government. In a representative democracy, individuals elect people to make decisions on their behalf. p. 85


The Age of Pericles: Daily Life in Athens (Pages 142–144)

QuestioningQuestioningSkip

People To MeetPeople To MeetAspasia: well-educated woman in Athens who

shaped the ideas of Plato and was consulted by Athenian leaders

Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyeconomy: a system of producing and managing

wealth philosophy: a system or group of thoughts or

beliefs p. 85-86



Sum It UpSum It UpHow did Athenian men and women

spend their time?Men worked in the morning, then

exercised or attended meetings of the assembly. Upper class men enjoyed all-male gatherings in the evenings. Women took care of household duties and rarely went out. They could leave the house only with a male relative. Women had no political rights. Poor women might also work. p. 85


The Age of Pericles: The Peloponnesian War (pages 144–146)

PredictingPredictingSkip

Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabularyframework: structure for supporting something

elsecooperate: to work together toward a common goal

Terms To ReviewTerms To Review• Colony (Ch. 4): Each colony in America was

originally part of England. p. 87


The Age of Pericles: The Peloponnesian War (pages 144–146)

Sum It UpSum It UpWhat effects did the Peloponnesian

War have on Greece?The Spartans tore down the Athenian

empire in their victory. The long war weakened all the major Greek city-states. Many were dead and left without farms or jobs, and the Greeks could no longer unite to fight together.

p. 88



Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpHow did Athens change under the rule of

Pericles?Athens dominated the Delian League.

The government became more democratic. Culture blossomed. Artists, architects, writers, and philosophers were supported.

p. 88



Section Wrap UpSection Wrap UpWhat happened when Sparta and Athens

went to war for control of Greece?Ultimately, all of Greece was weakened by

the long war. The Spartans surrounded Athens for more than 25 years. Many died, lost farms, and lost jobs. Ultimately the victors, the Spartans destroyed the Athenian empire. But the city-states rebelled against Spartan control.

p. 88

Active Reading Note-Taking Guide Chapter 4 The Ancient Greeks.

Documents

early greeks chapter

early greeks pages

greek kingdoms chapter

greek kingdoms pages

greek mainland

palace of knossos slide

trojan horse slide

greek citystates