KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES FACULTY OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE AND RANGE MANAGEMENT THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT SPECIES ON DISTRIBUTION OF KOB (KOBUS KOB) IN THE HEADQUARTERS AREA OF MOLE NATIONAL PARK HOWARD HENRY ABUAKU MAY, 2012
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KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
FACULTY OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE AND RANGE MANAGEMENT
THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT SPECIES ON DISTRIBUTION OF KOB (KOBUS KOB) IN
THE HEADQUARTERS AREA OF MOLE NATIONAL PARK
HOWARD HENRY ABUAKU
MAY, 2012
KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
FACULTY OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE AND RANGE MANAGEMENT
THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT SPECIES ON DISTRIBUTION OF KOB (KOBUS KOB) IN THE HEADQUARTERS AREA OF MOLE NATIONAL PARK
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT.
HOWARD HENRY ABUAKU
MAY, 2012
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ABSTRACT
The number of plant species in an area is expected to influence the number of animal species,
and at small spatial scales such positive associations have been widely found in both
experimental and observational studies. The study was conducted to estimate kob (Kobus kob)
sign density, plant species density and determine the relationship between plants species density
and kob density. The study was conducted at the Headquarters area of Mole National Park to
survey kob density. A combination of direct and indirect methodology was used to record kob
signs on line transects whiles quadrats were used to survey plants species. An overall density of
10 signs per km of kob was estimated and a total of 44 plant species were estimated out of which
9 were significant. Generally the regression models showed two patterns, for some plant species
highest kob abundance occurred at lowest plant densities indicating a negative relationship
whereas for other plant species highest kob abundance occurred at highest plant densities
indicating a positive relationship. Kob activity was not much at the headquarters area and could
be attributed to tourist disturbance and human activities. Various plant species were found in
MNP and it is recommended that further studies should be conducted to explain the negative
influence they have on kob density.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank God for His mercies and love shown on me during all the years spent on campus and for
His inspiration and wisdom granted me during the writing of this work. I am also indebted to my
supervisor Mr. Emmanuel Danquah, Senior lecturer, Head of Department Wildlife and Range
Management, whose immense contributions, criticism and unwavering commitment has made this
research a success. To all the lecturers in Wildlife and Range Management Department I say
thank you for such a wonderful tuition and discipline you instilled in me during my education.
To Mr. Mac Elikem Nutsuakor a Senior Technician, Department of Wildlife and Range
Management I say thank you for your assistance and critique.
I also cannot forget all the sacrifices made by my parents Mr. and Mrs. Howard and my siblings
for contributing to who I am today, I hereby dedicate this work to. To my uncle Mr. Ben Adu-
wusu, for your contributions you have made towards my education since infancy I say thank you.
To my friends Franz Alex Gaisie-Essilfie, Alfred Barah, Josiah Aduko, Christiana Adofoa, Abena
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................................ iii
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................. v
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Aim and Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................ 4
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Kob Traits and Ecology .................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Kob Social Behaviour ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Reproduction in Kob ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.7 Plant and Animal interactions ......................................................................................................... 9
2.8 Density .......................................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................................... 11
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 Data collection ...................................................................................................................... 15
3.2.2 Data analysis ......................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................................... 24
5.2 Plant density .................................................................................................................................. 25
5.2.1 Summary of Major Plant Species .......................................................................................... 25
5.3 Relationship between Plant Species density and Kob Sign Density ............................................. 28
CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................................. 31
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 31
Appendix 1: Type and Density of Plant Species ....................................................................................... 38
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List of Figures
Figure 3.1: Map of Study Area ....................................................................................................... 11 Figure 3.2: Map of Study Area showing transect origins ............................................................... 16 Figure 4.1: Spatial pattern of Kob signs distribution in Mole National Park……………………..19 Figure 4.2: Relationships between Kob signs per km and a suite of plant species.........................21 Figure 4.3: Relationships between Kob signs per km and a suite of plant species……………….22
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List of Tables
Table 4.1: Correlation coefficients (r) between kob signs per km and a suite of plants species recorded on transects. Sample size is 8 transects ............................................................................ 20
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The number of plant species in an area is expected to influence the number of animal species,
and at small spatial scales such positive associations have been widely found in both experimental
and observational studies (Siemann et al., 1998; Knops et al., 1999; Haddad et al., 2001). Such
associations have also been used to argue that one of the ecosystem functions provided by diverse
plant communities is the maintenance of rich animal communities (Knops et al., 1999).
However, whether or not this ‘function’ operates at larger extents or for all animal groups is less
certain.
At some very gross level plant and animal richness patterns must be congruent, since both increases
from the poles to the tropics. But even if true, it begs the more interesting ecological question of
the extent that this covariation is causal or coincidental. If plant diversity strongly influences
animal diversity at broad scales , then it follows that to understand animal diversity gradients we
need only know what drives plant diversity and then explain total biotic diversity as a special
case of resource–consumer interactions, whereas if links between plant and animal diversity are
non-causal, then we need to understand what aspects of the environment can drive both patterns
simultaneously.
Given that there is widespread evidence that elements of climate influence both plant and animal
diversity gradients at broad spatial scales (Wright et al., 1993; Hawkins et al., 2003), the key to
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answering this question is not simply to correlate plant and animal richness gradients, but to include
simultaneously both plant richness data and climatic variables in analyses of animal diversity
patterns to determine how they covary in concert.
Plant-animal interactions and their effects on ecosystem properties assume particular importance
in protected areas where management decisions have to be taken according to vegetation status
and animal distribution and density. Browsing impact on vegetation communities also assumes
particular importance in protected areas where management decisions have to be taken
according to vegetation status, and animal distribution and density.
The headquarters area of the Mole National Park (MNP) was selected for this study because the
high visitor influx in the area has resulted in substantial variation in the level of anthropogenic
disturbance, making it an ideal setting to test the joint effects of vegetation modifications on
species distributions. The study focused on kob (Kobus kob) that have been widely used as
indicators of forest fragmentation and habitat disturbance due to their close relationships with
forest cover and vegetative complexity (Chiarello, 2000) and can be sampled with relatively
simple methods like transects (Conroy,2006). Another reason for the study of kob was that they
serve as important sources of food for indigenous people and are the focus on many ongoing
conservation efforts in the region.
1.2 Justification
Effective conservation of kob in Mole National Park requires scientific knowledge underpinning
management decisions and on-ground actions. Yet, there is general lack of ecological research on
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kob in Ghana which limits our ability to make even generalizations about the habitat requirements
of the species living in such landscapes, and hence suggest management recommendations. A
further complication is the large variation in habitat requirements among species (Jellinek et al.,
2004; Monamy and Fox, 2005). Hence, conservation managers face significant uncertainty
regarding the most appropriate management strategies for achieving long-term conservation
outcomes for kob and the diversity of native fauna species in MNP. If kob are to be conserved in
MNP, it is vital that we understand the habitat requirements and sensitivities of the species. This
requires understanding how both species’ density is influenced by local-level habitat factors like
vegetation type and its implications for tourism.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The study provides some of the first quantitative data on kob species density in the headquarters
area of the Mole National Park (MNP), and one of the first comparisons across vegetation types.
Specifically, the objectives of the study are to;
1. Estimate kob sign density (encounter rate) at the headquarters area of MNP.
2. Estimate the density of plant species in the study area.
3. Determine the relationship between plant species density and kob sign density.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Kob Traits and Ecology
The Kob (Kobus kob) is a medium sized antelope; the males are heavier than females they stand
approximately 92cm high at the shoulder. Kobus kob has a short reddish brown coat with a white
throat-patch and white underparts. The male kob is robustly built and has a muscular neck and
thick, lyrate horns. Females are more slender and lack horns (Kingdon, 2007). Males are 90-100
cm long and have an average weight of 94 kg. Females are 82-92 cm long and weigh on average
63 kg (Kingdon, 2007) (Estes, 1991).The bushy tail is white underneath and terminates with a
black tip with a length of 20-40 cm.
The kob has a scattered and patchy distribution ranging from Senegal and Guinea-Bissau to
Uganda, southern Sudan, and south-east Ethiopia (IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008).
It requires low-lying flats or gently rolling country close to permanent water with no severe
seasonal extremes (Kingdon, 2007). Having likely evolved from a reedbuck-like ancestor, the kob
is largely tied to floodplain grasslands. However, it is not cover-dependent and avoids flooded
ground and steep slopes (Estes, 1991). Kob are herbivores and its preference for perennial grasses
in early, palatable stages and its need to drink daily makes it tied to green pastures that are well
watered (Kingdon,2007). During the rainy season, kob concentrate in areas of short grass and
high dry ground and keep these pastures short while ungrazed grassland grow tall and rank (Estes,
1991). Due to its dependence on water, any extension of ecological range into drier habitats stops
short of the point where there is no more access to moist green growth, or adequate water