Absolutism

AbsolutismThe Hapsburg Empire1519, Charles V ruled two empires Spain and HapsburgYears of war religious and against the OttomansStressful Monastery in 1556Hapsburg to Ferdinand (brother), other to son Philip (29)

Philip II and Divine RightRule for 42 yearsFocused on governmentAbsolute Monarchy ruler with complete authority over governmentDivine Right Authority to rule came directly from GodSpent lots of time defending Catholicism

The WarsThe NetherlandsProtestant RebelsFought against oppression and high taxesBroke off to make Dutch NetherlandsEnglandQueen Elizabeth encouraged Sea Dogs to rob Spanish shipsSent Spanish Armada (fleet) to fightLost but remained world powerSpains Golden AgePainter El GrecoMeans The GreekStudied Renaissance ArtPictures of royalty in bright colorsReligious pictures for king

Economic DeclineLack of strong leaders after Philip brought country downExpensive wars around the worldLost power, France took its place

France Under Louis XIVAbsolute MonarchyHuguenot French Protestants

Rebuilding FranceHenry IVHuguenot Prince became Catholic to ruleEdict of Nantes (1598) Religious ToleranceBuilt up royal bureaucracy

Richelieu

Cardinal who was 9 year old Louis XIIIs advisorOutlawed Huguenots, destroyed nobilityPicked successor to keep building royal powerLouis XIV, the Sun KingI am the StateBecame king at 5Sun became symbol of absolute power Sun KingDeeply involved in governmentIntendents Royal officials who collected taxesIntendents became loyal middle classStrong French army to enforce policies

Colbert and the EconomyFinance minister Jean Baptiste ColbertSet up policies to get money for FranceKing spent much of it on his court or wars

http://en.chateauversailles.fr/the-palace-Court CeremoniesDays spent with small, elaborate ceremoniesHonor to buckle shoes or hold wash basinLevee RisingHaving nobles at court means they were not fighting each other or him

Cultural FloweringSponsored many artistsIntroduction of ballet at Louis courtFunded art schools

Wars of Louis XIVFor 72 years, fought almost constantlyBalance of Power distribution of military and economic power to prevent one country from total ruleCountries tried to keep France in checkTried to unite France and Spain but France wouldnt allow itPersecution of the Huguenots1685 Revoked the Edict of NantesHuguenots were work force, persecution hurt economy100,000 fled France

The Tudors and Parliament1485 to 1603 Tudor DynastyRecognized value of relationship with ParliamentParliament got used to being asked for important decisions

Early Stuarts: Royal ChallengeRuling family from ScotlandKing James I clashed with ParliamentDissenters Protestants who differed with the Church of EnglandNew Group Puritans wanted to purify the church

Parliament Responds1625 Charles I takes the throneWanted to raise taxes but Parliament required Petition of RightsSigned then dissolved Parliament, ignored for 11 yearsNeeded them, they revolted

The Long ParliamentRevolted against the KingTried and executed ministersKing Charles lead army to attack, they raised own army

English Civil WarCivil War from 1642 to 1649Cavaliers Wealthy, noble supporters of Charles IRoundheads Lead by skilled general Oliver CromwellTook the King in 1647

Execution of a KingSet up court for KingTried for tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemyBeheaded on his own signal

Challenges of CommonwealthSet up new republic CommonwealthSupporters of Charles II (uncrowned King), attackedLevellers all men and women should have rights in parliamentCromwell took title as Lord Protector

Puritan SocietyImposed a rule of SaintsLaw required Sunday to be religiousEvery person should be able to read the BibleReligious tolerance to all but Catholics

End to CommonwealthCromwell died in 1658, Puritans lost grip on EnglandCharles II came back from exile to rule

New clash with ParliamentKing James II took throne in 1685Flaunted his Catholic ReligionParliament invited Mary and William to ruleBloodless coup called Glorious Revolution

English Bill of RightsHad to pass English Bill of Rights firstSuperiority of Parliament over monarchHabeas Corpus Cant be held in prison without being chargedLimited Monarchy Legislative body limits monarchs powerRadical idea at the time

The Thirty Years WarElectors Seven leading German princes of EmpireReligious and Political WarProtestant North vs. Catholic SouthRevolt against King FerdinandKings changed alliances to suit interestsFighting all over continent

Brutal ConflictMercenaries wandered Europe and killedMurder, torture, famine, diseaseDepopulation reduction of populationWolves roamed the streets1/3 German population died

Peace1648 Peace of WestphaliaFrance won war, Hapsburg lost everythingSmall countries got recognition (Switzerland)Germany broke up in to 360 small states

Hapsburg Unity and DiversityHapsburgs kept title of Holy Roman EmperorWanted to add landGrew but never centralized

Maria TheresaDaughter of Charles VICharles had princes swear to recognize her ruleBrilliant rulerSon, Joseph II inherited crown

Rise of Prussia Fredrick IISon of Fredrick William strong leaderTaught art of war, but preferred artsTried to run away, friend who helped was beheaded

Military SuccessHarsh training created harsh rulerBecame known as Fredrick the Great

Keeping the Balance of PowerAustria, Prussia, France, England, RussiaMany alliances changed oftenMany other wars around the world

Peter the GreatBecame King at 10Fascinated by the WestPushed Russia to a world power

Journey to the WestWent to Europe to learn everythingPushed Russians to become WesternizedWesternization adoption of Western ideas

Autocrat and ReformerBrought all Russian institutions under his control even churchBoyars landowning noblesSerfdom spread, tying peasants to landImported Western technology and educationForced nobles to dress like Westerners and shaveKilled any who disobeyed

Expansion Under PeterSearch for Warm-Water PortMost ports were on Arctic OceanWanted place where water would be free of ice Tried to force through Ottoman Empire - lostWar with Sweden1700 Fought with Sweden, lost early1709 Defeated Swedes and won land on Baltic

Expansion Under PeterPeters City New land built St. Petersburg Window on the WestSwamp land turned in to large modern cityToward the PacificSigned treaties with China for north landsVitus Bering found Bering Straight

Legacy of Peter the GreatExpanded territory, gains ports, huge armyEnded isolationUsed terror to rule

Catherine the GreatEfficient RulerNo heir from Peter, Romanovs fought for powerGot power by mentally unstable husband being killedSmart, efficient, reorganized governmentEncouraged Western ideas

Catherine the GreatA Ruthless Absolute MonarchCruel and repressive to peasantsMany peasants forced in to serfdomExpanded land to get warm water portPartition of PolandPoland wasnt centralizedThree rulers decided not to fight partitionedPartition Divide upDivided 3 times, disappeared completely until 1919

Looking Ahead4 of 5 world powers were absolute monarchsEngland had parliamentRadical changes would cause revolutions