Abnormal Psychology Ch1

8/19/2019 Abnormal Psychology Ch1

1/41

Abnormal psychology

Scientifc study to describe,

predict , explain, and changeabnormal patterns ounctioning.


2/41

Verbal debuts

• Unstable === 12!1"

• #adness

• $nsane

• %ra&y

• Unbalanced

• 'uts

• Abnormal• #ental illness

• (la)y or dysunctional impaired


3/41

*o+ to defne abnormalbehaior

• #any defnitions appear.

• #ost acceptable defnitioncomprising o our -s.

• -eiance

• -istress

•

-ysunction• -anger

page 2!/0


4/41

xclusie nature oabnormality

• Ultimately, each society selects general criteriaor defning abnormality and then uses thosecriteria to udge particular cases

•

S&as& argues that, because o the in3uence oculture, the +hole concept o mental illness isinalid, a 4444myth44444 o sorts

• -eiations called 5abnormal6 are only

5444444problems in liing444446• Societies inent the concept o mental illness to

better control or change people +ho threatensocial order


5/41

• en i +e assume that psychologicalabnormality is a alid concept, +emay be unable to apply our defnitionconsistently

• xamples7

• -iagnosis o alcohol problems incolleges

• $ssue o abnormality ersuseccentricity


6/41

• $n short, although abnormalitygenerally is defned as behaiourthat is deiant, distressul,dysunctional, and dangerous, thesecriteria oten are ague andsubectie

• (e+ categories o abnormality are asclear!cut as they seem8 mostcontinue to be debated by clinicians


7/41

9hat $s :reatment;

• uires careul defnition


8/41

9hat is treatment

• According to ?erome (ran), all orms o therapyhae three essential eatures7

• A suerer +ho see)s relie rom the healer

•

A trained, socially acceptable healer, +hoseexpertise is accepted by the suerer and his orher social group

• A series o contacts bet+een the healer and the

suerer, through +hich the healer, oten +iththe aid o a group, tries to produce certainchanges in the suerer@s emotional state,attitudes, and behaiour


9/41

• -espite their dierences, mostclinicians agree that large numberso people need therapy o one )ind oranother

• idence also indicates that therapyis indeed oten helpul


10/41

• %linical treatment is surrounded byconusion and con3icts.

• %arl rogers, pioneer in modernclinical feld +as een not atagreement in goals or aims otreatment.

• Some clinician ie+ it as illness,some are director, some are riends,some are teacher.

• en dier +t to call.


11/41

11 %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

*o+ 9as Abnormality Vie+edand :reated in the Bast;

• $n any gien year as many as " C o adultsand 1D C o children in the U.S. display seriouspsychological disturbances and are in need oclinical treatment

•

$n addition, most people hae diEculty copingat arious times• $s this the ault o modern society;

– Although modern pressures may contribute, they arehardly the primary cause8 eery society, past andpresent, has +itnessed psychological abnormality

– #odern ears such as terrorism terror – %rime phobia and cyber ear – Abnormality increases due to modern tech. and poor

amily support system.


12/41


*o+ 9as Abnormality Vie+edand :reated in the Bast;

• #any present!day ideas andtreatments hae roots in the past

• A loo) bac)+ard ma)es it clear thatprogress in the understanding andtreatment o mental disorders hashardly been a steady moement

or+ard


13/41

1" %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

Ancient Vie+s and :reatments

• *istorians hae concluded that ancientsocieties probably regarded abnormalbehaior as the +or) o eil spirits –

:his ie+ may hae begun as ar bac) as theStone Age

• :he cure or abnormality +as to orce thedemons rom the body through

trephination and exorcism.• :rephination ==trephine==cut brain to

get rid rom hallucinations andmelancholia

• xorcism!! shaman


14/41 Ancient skull with holes from


15/41

1/ %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

Free) and GomanVie+s and :reatments

• / H.%. to / A.-.• Bhilosophers and physicians oered many dierent

explanations and treatments or abnormal behaiors• *ippocrates ather o medicine 0belieed and

taught that illnesses had natural causes. Sa+ illnessas disease that is due to internal physical problems. – *e loo)ed to an unbalance o the our humors. (luid that

in3uence physical and mental unctioning. – *is suggested treatment attempted to 5rebalance6 –

*umors called biles!!!!blood,yello+ bile,blac) bile,phelgm – Iello+ bile excessJmania and blac) bile excess causes!

malencholia


16/41

treatment

• Vegetables

• xercise

•

%elibacy• :emperance

• en bleeding

•

Blato and Aristotle


17/41


urope in the #iddle Ages7-emonology Geturns

• / K 1"/ A.-.• :he church reected scientifc orms o

inestigation, and it controlled all education – Geligious belies came to dominate all aspects o lie

–


18/41

-isorders

• Tarantism –saint vitus dance

• Attac) by spider called tarantula

• ?ump, dance ,conulsions, dress oddly and

tore clothes.• -ance called tarantella

• Lycanthropy=== possessed by wolves

•

Act li)e +ol and imagined ur on their body• xorcism deeloped again by clergyman.


19/41

• At the end o middle ages,demonology lose aor

• Foernment gain po+er and too)oer non religious actiities.

• run hospitals.

• %are people

• #any people receie treatment inmedical hospitals.


20/41


:he Genaissanceand the Gise o Asylums

• 1L K 1 A.-.• -emonological ie+s o abnormality

continued to decline•

Ferman physician ?ohann 9eyer belieed Kfrst to speciali&e in mental illness. that themind +as as susceptible to sic)ness as thebody.

•

Mno+n as ounder o modernpsychopathology.• :he care o people +ith mental disorders

continued to improe in the positie

atmosphere.


21/41

• $n ngland the people +ere )ept inhome and their amily +as aided bylocal parish.

• Beople rom +orld come in at gheelthey +ere +elcomed by the localpeople in their homes

• :han the frst colony or mentally illpeople ormed.


22/41


:he Genaissanceand the Gise o Asylums

• Across urope, religious shrines +eredeoted to the humane and loingtreatment o people +ith mental disorders –


23/41

2" %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

:he 'ineteenth %entury7Georm and #oral :reatment

• As 1O approached, the treatment opeople +ith mental disorders began toimproe once again –

Binel (rance0 and :u)e ngland0 adocatedmoral treatment K care that emphasi&ed moralguidance and humane and respectultechni>ues

• $n the U.S., Henamin Gush ather o Americanpsychiatry0 and -orothea -ix Hoston schoolteacher0+ere the primary proponents o moral treatment

• :hey claimed that mentally ill people are sic) peopleand should be treated +ith care and loe.

• Binel did many reorms such lighted room,unchann,,,

• Suggest actiities ,tal) ,prayer and manual +or).


24/41

• Henamen rush reorms, intelligentand responsible sta, reading andtal)ing to them.

• $t +ould be therapeutic to gie gitsto subects.

• -orthea -ix== play important role in

the deelopment o public or statehospitals


25/41

2/ %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

:he 'ineteenth %entury7Georm and #oral :reatment

• Hy the end o the nineteenth century,seeral actors led to a reersal o themoral treatment moement7 – #oney and sta shortages – -eclining recoery rates – mergence o preudice

• Hy the early years o the t+entieth century, the moral treatment moement

had ground to a halt8 long!termhospitali&ation became the rule once again


26/41

2N %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

:he arly :+entieth %entury7-ual Berspecties

• As the moral moement +asdeclining in the late 1Os, t+oopposing perspecties emerged7 – :he Somatogenic Berspectie

• Abnormality has physical cause

– :he Bsychogenic Berspectie•

Abnormality has psychological cause4


27/41


:he arly :+entieth %entury7 :he Somatogenic Berspectie

• :+o actors +ere responsible or the rebirth o thisperspectie7 – mil Mraepelin@s textboo) argued that physical actors

li)e atigue0 are responsible or mental dysunction alsogie classifcation system.

– 'e+ biological discoeries +ere made, such as the lin)bet+een untreated syphilis and general paresis!!!paralysis and delusion

– Syphilis lead to paresis

• -espite the general optimism, biologicalapproaches yielded mostly disappointing resultsthrough the frst hal o the t+entieth century,+hen a number o eectie medications +erefnally discoered


28/41

• 'e+ techni>ues deeloped such as

• :oothextraction,hydrotherapy,lobotomy,sergical cutting o nere fbers.

• $mmoral biological treatment such aseugenic sterili&ation.


29/41

2D %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

:he arly :+entieth %entury7 :he Bsychogenic Berspectie

• :he rise in popularity o this perspectie+as based on +or) +ith hypnotism7 – (riedrich #esmer and hysterical disordersJ

pain,numbness and paralysis – Sigmund (reud@s theory o psychoanalysis

• :he psychoanalytic approach had littleeect on the treatment o seerely

disturbed patients in mental hospitals


30/41

" %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

%urrent :rends

• *ae +e come a long +ay; – L"C o people sureyed beliee that

people bring mental health disorders

upon themseles and "C considermental health disorders to be caused bysinul behaior

– 'eertheless, the past / years hae

brought maor changes in the +aysclinicians understand and treatabnormal unctioning


31/41

"1 %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

*o+ Are Beople +ith Seere-isturbances %ared (or;

• $n the 1D/s, researchers discoered anumber o ne+ psychotropic medications7 – Antipsychotic drugs

–

Antidepressant drugs – Antianxiety drugs

• :hese discoeries led todeinstitutionali&ation and a rise in

outpatient care – :his change in care +as not +ithout problems


32/41

Handout 32


33/41

"" %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

*o+ Are Beople +ith Seere-isturbances %ared (or;

•


34/41

"L %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

*o+ Are Beople +ith Pess Seere-isturbances :reated;

• Since the 1D/s, out patient care is thepreerred mode o treatment or those +ithmoderate disturbances –

Although this type o care +as once exclusielypriate psychotherapy, it no+ includes arioussettings, as +ell as specialty care

• $n any gien year,adults receie some type

o mental health care, the maority ore+er than fe sessions per year


35/41

"/ %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

A Fro+ing mphasis on Breenting-isorders and Bromoting #ental *ealth

• :he community mental health approachhas gien rise to the preentionmoement

– #any o today@s programs are trying to7• %orrect the social conditions associated +ithpsychological problems• 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

– Breention programs hae been urtherenergi&ed by the gro+ing interest in

444444444positie psy44444444444 K thestudy and enhancement o positieeelings, traits, and abilities


36/41

"N %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

#ulticultural Bsychology

• $n response to gro+ing diersity inthe U.S., this ne+ area o study hasemerged – #ulticultural psychologists see) to

understand ho+ culture, race, ethnicity,and gender aect behaior and thought,

and ho+ people o dierent cultures,races, and genders may dierpsychologically


37/41

" %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

:he Fro+ing $n3uenceo $nsurance %oerage

• :oday the dominant orm o insurancecoerage is the managed care program K aprogram in +hich the insurance company

determines )ey care issues – At least /C o all priately insured persons in

the U.S. are enrolled in managed careprograms

–

A )ey problem is that reimbursements ormental disorders tend to be lo+er than thoseor medical disorders


38/41

"O %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e

9hat Are :oday@s Peading :heoriesand Broessions;

•


39/41

"D %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e


• $n addition to multiple perspecties,a ariety o proessionals no+ oerhelp to people +ith psychological

problems


40/41

L %omer, Abnormal Psychology , e


41/41

L1 % Ab l P h l


• uired

Abnormal Psychology Ch1

Documents