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PSYCHOLOGY, Abnormal Psychology

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Page 1: PSYCHOLOGY, Abnormal Psychology

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Psychological Psychological DisordersDisorders

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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior

Patterns of emotion, thought & Patterns of emotion, thought & action considered pathological for 1 action considered pathological for 1 or more of the following reasons: or more of the following reasons: Statistical rarityStatistical rarityInterference with normal functioningInterference with normal functioningPersonal distressPersonal distressDeviance from social normsDeviance from social norms

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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior

1. Statistical rarity1. Statistical rarityBehavior does not occur oftenBehavior does not occur often

2. Interference with normal functioning2. Interference with normal functioningEmotionsEmotionsThoughtsThoughtsActions that interfere with ability to Actions that interfere with ability to

functionfunctionOwn lifeOwn lifeSocietySociety

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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior

3. Personal distress3. Personal distressPerson’s own judgment Person’s own judgment

4. Deviance from social norms4. Deviance from social normsViolates cultural normsViolates cultural norms

Walking down the street naked.Walking down the street naked.Can change over time Can change over time Vary across groupsVary across groups

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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior

InsanityInsanityLegal rulingLegal rulingNot responsible for a crimeNot responsible for a crimeInability to tell difference between right Inability to tell difference between right

& wrong at time of crime.& wrong at time of crime. Insanity pleaInsanity plea

Rarely usedRarely usedRarely successfulRarely successful

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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior

Medical modelMedical modelAbnormal behaviors no different from Abnormal behaviors no different from

illnessesillnessesSeeks to identify symptomsSeeks to identify symptomsPrescribe medical treatments Prescribe medical treatments

Psychodynamic modelPsychodynamic modelPsychological disorders result from Psychological disorders result from

unconscious conflicts related to sex & unconscious conflicts related to sex & aggression.aggression.

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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior

Behavioral modelBehavioral modelClassical conditioningClassical conditioningOperant conditioningOperant conditioningModelingModeling

Cognitive modelCognitive modelOur interpretation of events & beliefs Our interpretation of events & beliefs

influence our behavior influence our behavior

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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior Sociocultural modelSociocultural model

Emphasizes importance of social & cultural influences on Emphasizes importance of social & cultural influences on FrequencyFrequency DiagnosisDiagnosis Conception of psychological disordersConception of psychological disorders

Biopsychosocial modelBiopsychosocial model Incorporates Incorporates

Biological (medical-model)Biological (medical-model) Psychological and sociocultural (social) factors.Psychological and sociocultural (social) factors.

Most common beliefMost common belief Many disorders have multiple causesMany disorders have multiple causes Simultaneous use of several models is likely to advance Simultaneous use of several models is likely to advance

our understanding. our understanding.

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Classifying and Counting Classifying and Counting Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

DiagnosisDiagnosisProcess of deciding whether a person has Process of deciding whether a person has

symptoms that meet established criteria symptoms that meet established criteria of an existing classification system.of an existing classification system.

Major purposeMajor purposeMake predictions regarding course of disorderMake predictions regarding course of disorderWhether it will respond to treatmentWhether it will respond to treatmentWhich treatment is bestWhich treatment is bestCommunication between professionalsCommunication between professionals Insurance paymentsInsurance payments

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Classifying and Counting Classifying and Counting Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

American American Psychiatric Psychiatric Association’s Association’s Diagnostic and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Statistical Manual of Mental of Mental Disorders, 4th Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Edition, Text Revision Revision ((DSM-IV-DSM-IV-TRTR). ).

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Classifying and Counting Classifying and Counting Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

Rosenhan's pseudopatient studyRosenhan's pseudopatient study 7 colleagues 7 colleagues Mental hospitalsMental hospitals

Hearing voicesHearing voices Diagnosed schizophrenicDiagnosed schizophrenic

After admission reported no voicesAfter admission reported no voices Hospitalized 19 daysHospitalized 19 days Combined total of 2,000 pillsCombined total of 2,000 pills

Raises questionsRaises questionsAbility to distinguish normal & abnormal behaviorsAbility to distinguish normal & abnormal behaviorsShows how labels affect perception of behavior.Shows how labels affect perception of behavior.

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Classifying and Counting Classifying and Counting Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

• 1-year prevalence estimates for selected psychological disorders

•Based on combined data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study & National Comorbidity Survey.

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Classifying and Counting Classifying and Counting Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

Most common psychological Most common psychological disordersdisordersPhobiasPhobiasAlcohol Alcohol Drug abuse or dependenceDrug abuse or dependenceMajor depressive disorder Major depressive disorder

These & other psychological disorders often These & other psychological disorders often are comorbidare comorbid

Occur with other disordersOccur with other disorders

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Classifying and Counting Classifying and Counting Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

Simultaneous occurrence of disorders, or Simultaneous occurrence of disorders, or comorbidity, makes it more difficult to make comorbidity, makes it more difficult to make appropriate diagnoses & to develop effective appropriate diagnoses & to develop effective treatment plans.treatment plans.

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

AnxietyAnxiety Disorders (5) Disorders (5)General feeling of apprehension General feeling of apprehension

characterized by behavioral, cognitive, characterized by behavioral, cognitive, or physiological symptoms.or physiological symptoms.

Anxiety characteristic feature & Anxiety characteristic feature & avoidance of anxiety seems to motivate avoidance of anxiety seems to motivate behavior.behavior.

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

1. Generalized anxiety disorder1. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)(GAD)Chronically high level of anxiety that is Chronically high level of anxiety that is

not attached to a specific stimulus not attached to a specific stimulus Free-floatingFree-floating

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

2. Panic disorder2. Panic disorderMost severe anxiety disorderMost severe anxiety disorderCharacterized byCharacterized by

Intense physiological arousal not related to a Intense physiological arousal not related to a specific stimulus.specific stimulus.

Fear or discomfort arises abruptly & peaks in 10 Fear or discomfort arises abruptly & peaks in 10 minutes or less.minutes or less.

5 – 20 minutes5 – 20 minutes

About 50% of the people who suffer from About 50% of the people who suffer from panic attacks also experience agoraphobia.panic attacks also experience agoraphobia.

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Rapid Rapid increase increase in heart in heart rate rate during a during a panic panic attack. attack.

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

3. Phobias3. PhobiasExcessive, irrational fears of activities, Excessive, irrational fears of activities,

objects, or situations.objects, or situations.AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia

Fear of open spacesFear of open spacesAvoidance of public places or situations in which Avoidance of public places or situations in which

escape may be difficult should the individual escape may be difficult should the individual develop incapacitating or embarrassing develop incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms of panic.symptoms of panic.

Most common phobia treatedMost common phobia treated

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Specific phobias are common. Specific phobias are common.

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Cognitive psychologistsCognitive psychologistsPanic attacksPanic attacks

Occur when bodily sensations of anxiety are Occur when bodily sensations of anxiety are misinterpreted as signs of impending disaster. misinterpreted as signs of impending disaster.

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

4. Obsessive–compulsive 4. Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)disorder (OCD) Characterized by:Characterized by:

Obsessions Obsessions RepetitiveRepetitive Irrational intrusiveIrrational intrusive

ThoughtsThoughts ImpulsesImpulses ImagesImages

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

OCDOCD CompulsionsCompulsions

Irresistible, Irresistible, repetitive actsrepetitive acts

Checking that doors Checking that doors are lockedare locked

Washing handsWashing hands

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Behavioral psychologists view Behavioral psychologists view compulsionscompulsionsLearned habits that reduce anxiety.Learned habits that reduce anxiety.Compulsive behaviorCompulsive behavior

Associated with anxiety reduction through Associated with anxiety reduction through operant conditioning.operant conditioning.

OCD runs in families; identical twins OCD runs in families; identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins are more likely than fraternal twins to share the disorder. to share the disorder.

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSDPTSDOccurs following a deeply disturbing Occurs following a deeply disturbing

eventeventDifficulty concentratingDifficulty concentratingEmotional numbingEmotional numbingGuiltGuiltFlashbacksFlashbacksNightmaresNightmares

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Mood DisordersMood DisordersDepressionDepression

Category includesCategory includesDysthymic DisorderDysthymic DisorderDepressive DisorderDepressive DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderCyclothymic DisorderCyclothymic DisorderMood disorder due to general medical Mood disorder due to general medical

conditionconditionSubstance-induced mood disorderSubstance-induced mood disorder

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Mood disordersMood disordersRanging from severe depression to Ranging from severe depression to

excessive euphoria.excessive euphoria.Symptoms of depression fall into 4 Symptoms of depression fall into 4

categories: categories: EmotionalEmotionalCognitiveCognitiveMotivationalMotivationalSomatic/behavioralSomatic/behavioral

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DSM-IV TR Diagnostic Criteria Diagnostic Criteria for Dysthymic Disorderfor Dysthymic Disorder

Depressed mood most of the day, for more days Depressed mood most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated either by subjective account than not, as indicated either by subjective account or observation by others, for at least 2 years. or observation by others, for at least 2 years.

Note:Note: in children and adolescents, mood can be in children and adolescents, mood can be irritable and duration must be at least 1 year.irritable and duration must be at least 1 year.

Presence, while depressed, of 2 (or more) of the Presence, while depressed, of 2 (or more) of the following:following: Poor appetite or overeating Poor appetite or overeating Insomnia or hypersomnia Insomnia or hypersomnia Low energy or fatigue Low energy or fatigue Low self-esteem Low self-esteem Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions Feelings of hopelessness Feelings of hopelessness

(Rule-outs not included)(Rule-outs not included)

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Mood DisordersMood DisordersDepressionDepression

Dysthymia Dysthymia Mild depressionMild depression Sadness (dysphoria)Sadness (dysphoria) Describe themselves in unflattering termsDescribe themselves in unflattering terms

Example:Example: InferiorInferior Unattractive Unattractive

Insomnia frequently associated with Insomnia frequently associated with depression:depression:

Difficulty falling asleep (Difficulty falling asleep (sleep-onset insomniasleep-onset insomnia))Awakening early in the morning with an Awakening early in the morning with an

inability to return to sleep.inability to return to sleep.

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DSM-IV TR Diagnostic Criteria Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Episodefor Major Depressive Episode 5 (or more) of the following 5 (or more) of the following

symptoms have been present during symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period & represent the same 2-week period & represent a change from previous functioninga change from previous functioning At least 1 of the symptoms is either (1) At least 1 of the symptoms is either (1)

depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.pleasure.

Depressed mood most of the dayDepressed mood most of the day Markedly diminished interest or pleasure Markedly diminished interest or pleasure

in all, or almost all, activities most of the in all, or almost all, activities most of the dayday

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DSM-IV TR Diagnostic Criteria Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Episode for Major Depressive Episode

Cont.Cont. Significant weight loss when not dieting or Significant weight loss when not dieting or

weight gain weight gain Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly

every day every day Fatigue or loss of energyFatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate

guilt guilt Diminished ability to think or concentrate, Diminished ability to think or concentrate,

or indecisivenessor indecisiveness DeathDeath

Recurrent thoughts of death Recurrent thoughts of death Recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific planRecurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan Suicide attempt Suicide attempt Specific plan for committing suicideSpecific plan for committing suicide

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Mood DisordersMood DisordersMajor DepressionMajor Depression

Major depressionMajor depression 4th leading cause of worldwide disease4th leading cause of worldwide disease Responsible for more disability than heart Responsible for more disability than heart

disease.disease. 1 of most common identified psychological 1 of most common identified psychological

disorder in U.S.disorder in U.S. Children also effected. Children also effected. Twice as high among womenTwice as high among women

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

SuicideSuicideOften associated with depressionOften associated with depression1 of the leading causes of death in US 1 of the leading causes of death in US

Risk factors for suicideRisk factors for suicideMaleMaleUnmarriedUnmarriedDepressionDepression

If you suspect that someone you know If you suspect that someone you know might attempt suicide you should not be might attempt suicide you should not be afraid to ask, “Are you thinking about afraid to ask, “Are you thinking about suicide?” suicide?”

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Immediate medical & psychological helpImmediate medical & psychological help Talk about Talk about Attempt suicide Attempt suicide

Most suicidal people are ambivalent about Most suicidal people are ambivalent about committing suicidecommitting suicide In painIn pain HelplessnessHelplessness Hopelessness Hopelessness

Time is important ally to prevent a suicideTime is important ally to prevent a suicide Most do not remain seriously suicidal for long.Most do not remain seriously suicidal for long.

MedicMedic Keep them busy until professional help Keep them busy until professional help

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder

Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder Person experiencesPerson experiences

Episodes of mania & depressionEpisodes of mania & depression Usually alternateUsually alternate

ManiaMania Excessive activityExcessive activity Accelerated speechAccelerated speech ImpulsiveImpulsive Delusions of grandeurDelusions of grandeur EuphoriaEuphoria

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Biological factors Biological factors Role in development of mood disorders.Role in development of mood disorders.Symptoms of depression cross cultural Symptoms of depression cross cultural

Drugs Drugs Depression Depression

Elavil & Prozac Elavil & Prozac Mania Mania

LithiumLithium

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Mood Mood disorders disorders tend to run tend to run in familiesin families Suggests Suggests

genetic genetic transmissitransmission. on.

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

DepressionDepressionLow levels of norepinephrine or Low levels of norepinephrine or

serotonin. serotonin. Psychodynamic modelPsychodynamic model

Emphasizes early childhood Emphasizes early childhood experiences as the foundation of adult experiences as the foundation of adult behavior and emotional reactions. behavior and emotional reactions.

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Rate for mood disorders among both Rate for mood disorders among both identical twins is approximately 65%; identical twins is approximately 65%; the rate among fraternal twins is the rate among fraternal twins is about 14%.about 14%.

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Anxiety, Somatoform, and Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

Somatoform disorders Somatoform disorders Complaints of bodily symptoms that do Complaints of bodily symptoms that do

not have a known medical cause; not have a known medical cause; instead psychological factors are instead psychological factors are involved. involved. HypochondriasisHypochondriasisSomatization disorderSomatization disorderConversion disorderConversion disorder

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Anxiety, Somatoform, and Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

HypochondriasisHypochondriasis Believes serious disease Believes serious disease

Despite repeated medical findings to contrary.Despite repeated medical findings to contrary.

Somatization DisorderSomatization Disorder Vague but complicated & dramatic medical Vague but complicated & dramatic medical

histories.histories. Conversion disorderConversion disorder

Mainly sensory & motor functions that are Mainly sensory & motor functions that are normally under voluntary control. normally under voluntary control.

Symptoms can be dramatic & include apparent Symptoms can be dramatic & include apparent blindness, deafness, paralysis, & seizures.blindness, deafness, paralysis, & seizures.

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Anxiety, Somatoform, and Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

Dissociative disordersDissociative disordersDisruptions in a particular function of Disruptions in a particular function of

the mind, such as memory for events, the mind, such as memory for events, knowledge of one’s identity, or knowledge of one’s identity, or consciousness. consciousness.

Dissociative amnesiaDissociative amnesiaSudden inability to recall important Sudden inability to recall important

personal information; it often occurs personal information; it often occurs in response to trauma or extreme in response to trauma or extreme stress.stress.

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Anxiety, Somatoform, and Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

Dissociative fugueDissociative fugueAmnesia & flight from workplace or Amnesia & flight from workplace or

home; it may involve establishing a new home; it may involve establishing a new identity in a new location.identity in a new location.

Dissociative identity disorder Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality)(multiple personality)Person has 2 or more separate Person has 2 or more separate

personalities, which usually alternate.personalities, which usually alternate.

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Anxiety, Somatoform, and Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

Alters in DID contrast sharply with Alters in DID contrast sharply with one another and have very different one another and have very different personal histories, behavior patterns, personal histories, behavior patterns, friends, beliefs, habits, values, and friends, beliefs, habits, values, and even voices and facial expressions.even voices and facial expressions.

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Depression may involve low levels of Depression may involve low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin. norepinephrine or serotonin.

According to the learned According to the learned helplessness model, depression can helplessness model, depression can also be brought on when people also be brought on when people believe that they cannot control believe that they cannot control outcomes. outcomes.

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Learned helplessnessLearned helplessnessYou believe you have no control over You believe you have no control over

the reinforcements in your life.the reinforcements in your life.This model of depression explains This model of depression explains

the lethargy and lack of motivation the lethargy and lack of motivation seen in depressed individuals.seen in depressed individuals.

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Hopelessness modelHopelessness modelFocuses on people’s beliefs about the Focuses on people’s beliefs about the

situations in which they find themselves. situations in which they find themselves. Some people become depressed not Some people become depressed not

because they lack control over a because they lack control over a situation but because of the way they situation but because of the way they explain the situation. explain the situation.

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Mood DisordersMood Disorders

The hopelessness model has much in The hopelessness model has much in common with the cognitively common with the cognitively oriented theories of researchers who oriented theories of researchers who view depression as stemming from view depression as stemming from problems in the way people think. problems in the way people think.

Depressed people may draw Depressed people may draw arbitrary inferences,arbitrary inferences, conclusions conclusions drawn in the absence of supporting drawn in the absence of supporting information.information.

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

SchizophreniaSchizophreniaPsychotic disorder characterized byPsychotic disorder characterized by

Positive symptoms (excesses)Positive symptoms (excesses)or or

Negative symptoms (deficits)Negative symptoms (deficits)

PsychosisPsychosisGeneral term for disorders in which General term for disorders in which

severely disturbed people lose contact severely disturbed people lose contact with reality & may require hospitalization.with reality & may require hospitalization.

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Schizophrenia means “split brain”Schizophrenia means “split brain”Often confused with dissociative identity Often confused with dissociative identity

disorder (MPD) disorder (MPD) “ “split” split”

From realityFrom realitySplit between thoughts & emotions. Split between thoughts & emotions.

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

The The positive symptoms positive symptoms of schizophrenia of schizophrenia are distortions or excesses of normal are distortions or excesses of normal functions, such as fluent but disorganized functions, such as fluent but disorganized speech, delusions, and hallucinations.speech, delusions, and hallucinations.

While listening to the speech of a patient While listening to the speech of a patient with schizophrenia, you may struggle to with schizophrenia, you may struggle to follow his or her pattern of thought; the follow his or her pattern of thought; the disorganized speech is thought to reflect disorganized speech is thought to reflect disturbances in the underlying thought disturbances in the underlying thought processes.processes.

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

The ideas expressed by a person The ideas expressed by a person with schizophrenia can be like a train with schizophrenia can be like a train that has slipped off its track onto that has slipped off its track onto another track; this pattern of speech another track; this pattern of speech is called is called loose associationsloose associations. .

Among the most frequently observed Among the most frequently observed positive symptoms are positive symptoms are delusions, delusions, or or false beliefs that cannot be corrected false beliefs that cannot be corrected despite strong evidence to the despite strong evidence to the contrary. contrary.

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Hallucinations Hallucinations are perceptions that are perceptions that are not caused by stimulation of the are not caused by stimulation of the relevant sensory receptors. relevant sensory receptors.

They can occur in any of the senses, They can occur in any of the senses, although although auditory hallucinations auditory hallucinations are are the most common. the most common.

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Negative symptoms are reductions or Negative symptoms are reductions or losses of function.losses of function.

These behavior deficits or defects These behavior deficits or defects include include poverty of speech poverty of speech as well as as well as disturbances in affect and volition (will). disturbances in affect and volition (will).

These symptoms are associated with These symptoms are associated with more cognitive impairment and poorer more cognitive impairment and poorer prognoses than positive symptoms.prognoses than positive symptoms.

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

The speech of people with The speech of people with schizophrenia may be adequate in schizophrenia may be adequate in amount yet convey little information: amount yet convey little information: Language that is vague, too abstract, Language that is vague, too abstract, too concrete, or repetitive is termed too concrete, or repetitive is termed poverty of contentpoverty of content. .

A restriction in the amount of A restriction in the amount of spontaneous speech that is evident spontaneous speech that is evident in brief and unelaborated replies to in brief and unelaborated replies to questions is called questions is called poverty of speechpoverty of speech. .

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Failure to experience any emotion is called Failure to experience any emotion is called flat affectflat affect; an inability to experience the ; an inability to experience the typical range of emotions is called typical range of emotions is called blunted blunted affectaffect. .

Avolition Avolition (difficulty making decisions) and (difficulty making decisions) and apathy apathy are characterized by a lack of are characterized by a lack of energy and drive such that a person is energy and drive such that a person is unable to initiate or persist in tasks. unable to initiate or persist in tasks.

A number of disturbances in motor A number of disturbances in motor movements and a lack of self-care also movements and a lack of self-care also characterize some forms of schizophrenia.characterize some forms of schizophrenia.

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

5 subtypes of schizophrenia: 5 subtypes of schizophrenia: CatatonicCatatonic DisorganizedDisorganized ParanoidParanoid ResidualResidual UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated Undifferentiated subtype Indeed, the is a Undifferentiated subtype Indeed, the is a

category for cases that do not fit into other category for cases that do not fit into other subtypes.subtypes.

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Schizophrenia Schizophrenia tends to run in tends to run in families.families.

Risk of developing Risk of developing the disorder the disorder increases with the increases with the degree of genetic degree of genetic relatedness relatedness between an between an individual and a individual and a family member family member who has who has schizophrenia.schizophrenia.

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

BiologicalBiologicalVarious brain abnormalitiesVarious brain abnormalities

Larger ventriclesLarger ventriclesExcess of neurotransmitter dopamineExcess of neurotransmitter dopamine

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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

Environmental influences on Environmental influences on schizophreniaschizophreniaStressStress

Hostile family communicationHostile family communication

Neurodevelopmental modelNeurodevelopmental modelSchizophrenia results from a Schizophrenia results from a

combination of combination of Genetic predispositionGenetic predispositionOther factors Other factors

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PersonalityPersonality

Personality disordersPersonality disorders Long-standing patterns of maladaptive Long-standing patterns of maladaptive

behavior that are usually evident during the behavior that are usually evident during the adolescent years & are resistant to treatment. adolescent years & are resistant to treatment.

DSM-IV-TR DSM-IV-TR 10 personality disorders 10 personality disorders divided into 3 clusters:divided into 3 clusters: Cluster ACluster A

Odd or eccentric behaviorOdd or eccentric behavior Cluster BCluster B

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviorDramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior Cluster CCluster C

Anxious or fearful behaviorAnxious or fearful behavior

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PersonalityPersonality

Antisocial personality disorderAntisocial personality disorderCharacterized by deceitful, impulsive, Characterized by deceitful, impulsive,

reckless actions that violate social reckless actions that violate social norms for which the individual feels no norms for which the individual feels no remorse.remorse.

PastPastTerms Terms

PsychopathPsychopathSociopathSociopath

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PersonalityPersonality

Rarely seek professional help Rarely seek professional help UnlessUnless

Excuse to be absent from workExcuse to be absent from workAcquire drugsAcquire drugsAvoid prisonAvoid prison

Submitting to court-ordered treatmentSubmitting to court-ordered treatment

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PersonalityPersonality

Antisocial individuals do not experience the Antisocial individuals do not experience the warning signals of anxietywarning signals of anxiety

ImpulsiveImpulsive No regard for feelings or well-being of No regard for feelings or well-being of

others.others. Immediate gratificationImmediate gratification Lack emotional attachmentsLack emotional attachments No remorseNo remorse Antisocial persons do not develop Antisocial persons do not develop

conditioned fear responses readily. conditioned fear responses readily.