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A PROJECT REPORT ON
INTERNET PROTOCOL
(IP) ADDRESSING
L a x m i D e v i I n s t i t u t e o f
E n g i n e e r i n g & T e c h n o l o g y
C h i k a n i , A l w a r , R a j a s t h a n
M o b i l e : - + 9 1 9 5 3 0 2 - 3 7 1 1 6
9 J u l y 2 0 1 2
Abhishek Pal
[This Project Report described Internet Protocol Addressing,
IP Classes, Subnet Mask, Private and Public IP and
differences between IP v4 and IPv6.]
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Submitted by: Abhishek Pal,
Laxmi Devi Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Chikani, Alwar.
Submitted to: Mr.Mohit Sharma,
MTS India, Jaipur
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and thank Mr.
Mohit Sharma for his guidance and invaluable help without which this
project would not have been possible.
I must also acknowledge the invaluable help provided by Mr.Dipesh Ji
Teaching Assistant to Mr. Mohit Sharma during this project.
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INDEX
1.IP ADDRESS2.IP ADDRESS CLASSES3.SUBNET MASK4.SUBNETS5.PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES6.PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES7.BROADCAST ADDRESS8.DRAWBACKS OF IPv4 AND COMPARISON
WITH IPv6
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INTRODUCTION
The internet as we see today is a network of networks, a virtual worldwhere any computer on internet appears to be connected to every other
computer present on Internet.
The glue that holds the internet together is the IP (Internet Protocol). It
was designed from beginning with internetworking in mind. Its job is to
provide is to provide best-efforts way to transport datagrams from source
to destination, without regard to whether these machines are on the same
network or whether there are other networks in between them.
The Internet Protocol also has the task of routing data packets between
networks, and IP Addresses specify the locations of the source and
destination nodes in the topology of the routing system.
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The above window is used to manually configure the IP Address of any PC
running Microsoft Windows. In this the first half is used to configure IP
Address and the second half is used to configure the DNS server.
When the Obtain an IP address automatically is checked the computer
itself finds a DHCP server in the network and obtains an IP address
dynamically from it.
When the Use the following IP address is checked we can manually
assign an IP address to the current Network Interface. It has 3 entries:
IP address: The IP address to be assigned to current Network
Interface. Subnet Mask: This entry is done automatically by the
computer seeing the IP address assigned. It can also be assigned
manually. Default Gateway: This entry is the IP address of the Gateway
through which the computer can connect to other networks.
IP ADDRESS
An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical identification and
logical address that is assigned to devices participating in a computer
network utilizing the Internet Protocol for communication between its
nodes. Although IP addresses are stored as binary numbers, they are
usually displayed in human-readable notations, such as 208.77.188.166
(for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:1:1 (for IPv6).
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The designers of TCP/IP defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this
system, now named Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today.
However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the resulting
depletion of the address space, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128
bits for the address, was developed in 1995 and last standardized in 1998.
Every host and router on the internet has an IP address, which encodes its
network number and host number. The combination is unique: inprinciple, no two machines on the internet have the same IP address. An
IP address does not actually refer to a host, it really refers to network
interface, so if a host is on two network, it must have two IP addresses.
IP versions
The Internet Protocol (IP) has two versions currently in use, the IPv4
and the IPv6. Because of its prevalence, the generic termIP address
typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4.
IP version 4 addresses
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IPv4 uses 32-bit (4-byte) addresses, which limits the address space to32
4,294,967,296 (2) possible unique addresses. IPv4 reserves some addresses
for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or
multicast addresses (~270 million addresses). This reduces the number of
addresses that can be allocated to end users and, as the number of
addresses available is consumed, IPv4 address exhaustion is inevitable.
This foreseeable shortage was the primary motivation for developing IPv6,
which is in various deployment stages around the world and is the only
strategy for IPv4 replacement and continued Internet expansion.
IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation (four
numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g.208.77.188.166). Each part represents 8 bits of the address, and is
therefore called an octet.
IPv4 Header:
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IPv4 networks
In the early stages of development of the Internet protocol network
administrators interpreted an IP address as a structure of network number
and host number. The highest order octet (most significant eight bits) was
designated the network numberand the rest of the bits were called the host
identifierand were used for host numbering within a network. This method
soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were
independent from the existing networks already designated by a network
number. The Internet addressing specification was revised with the
introduction of Classful Network Architecture.
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IP Address Classes
Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual networkassignments. The first four bits of the most significant octet of an IP
address was defined as the class of the address. Three classes,A,B, and C
were defined for universal unicast addressing and Class D was defined for
multicast and Class Ewas reserved for future use. Depending on the class
derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments
of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the
network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher
order classes (B and C). The following table gives an overview of this
system.
Table
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Class A: Class A addresses are specified to networks with large number of
total hosts. Class A allows for 126 networks by using the first octet for thenetwork ID. The first bit in this octet, is always set and fixed to zero. And
next seven bits in the octet is all set to one, which then complete network
ID. The 24 bits in the remaining octets represent the hosts ID, allowing 126
networks and approximately 17 million hosts per network. Class A
network number values begin at 1 and end at 127.
Class B: Class B addresses are specified to medium to large sized of
networks. Class B allows for 16,384 networks by using the first two
octets for the network ID. The two bits in the first octet are always set andfixed to 1 0. The remaining 6 bits, together with the next octet, complete
network ID. The 16 bits in the third and fourth octet represent host ID,
allowing for approximately 65,000 hosts per network. Class B network
number values begin at 128 and end at 191.
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Class C: Class C addresses are used in small local area networks (LANs).
Class C allows for approximately 2 million networks by using the first
three octets for the network ID. In class C address three bits are always set
and fixed to 1 1 0. And in the first three octets 21 bits complete the total
network ID. The 8 bits of the last octet represent the host ID allowing for254 hosts per one network. Class C network number values begin at 192
and end at 223.
Class D and E: Classes D and E are not allocated to hosts. Class D
addresses are used for multicasting, and class E addresses are not available
for general use: they are reserved for future purposes.
Subnet Mask
The subnet mask is used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a
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host is on the local subnet or on a remote network.
In TCP/IP, the parts of the IP address that are used as the network and
host addresses are not fixed, so the network and host addresses abovecannot be determined unless you have more information. This
information is supplied in another 32-bit number called a subnet mask.
Applying a subnet mask to an IP address allows you to identify the
network and node parts of the address. The network bits are represented by
the 1s in the mask, and the node bits are represented by the 0s. Performing
a bitwise logical AND operation between the IP address and the subnet
mask results in theNetwork Address or Number. The routeruses the Boolean AND operation with an incoming IP address to lose
the host portion of the IP addresses i.e. the bits that are '0', and match the
network portion with its routing table. From this, the router can determine
out of which interface to send the datagram. This means that the 'Don't care
bits' are represented by binary 0's whilst the 'Do care bits' are represented
by binary 1's.
For example, using our test IP address and the default Class B subnetmask, we get:
10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000 140.179.240.200 Class B IP
Address 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.000.000
Default Class B Subnet Mask 10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000
140.179.000.000 Network Address
Default subnet masks:
Class A -255.0.0.0 -11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Class B
-255.255.0.0 -11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 Class C -
255.255.255.0 -11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
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The same mask is applied throughout the physical networks that share
the same subnet part of the IP address. All devices connected to the
networks that compose the subnet must have the same mask.
Subnets
All hosts on a network must have the same network number. This
property of IP addressing can cause problems as networks grow. The
problem is the rule that a single class A, B or C address refers to one
network not a collection of LANs. Thus when many computers are
connected the broadcast requests and other network traffic lead tonetwork blockages. To avoid this situation we have two options:
Acquire a new network address for each network
Divide the current network into more sub-networks.
Getting a new network address for each sub-network may not be
economical and the IP addresses of the current network get wasted.
The solution is to allow a network to be split into several parts for internal
use but still act like a single network to the outside world. The parts of the
networks are called Subnets.
Sub-netting breaks a network into smaller realms that may use existing
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address space more efficiently, and, when physically separated, may
prevent excessive rates of Ethernet packet collision in a larger network.
The technique of sub-netting can operate in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
The IP address is divided into two parts: the network address and the hostidentifier.
Variable Length Subnet Mask
Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is used by the ISPs to reduce
Wastage of IP Addresses.
A Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a means of allocating IP
addressing resources to subnets according to their individual need rather
than some general network-wide rule.
For Example: We require 6 different sub-networks having different
number of computers. Since we require maximum 30 computers in any
network we can take 3 MSBs of Host ID into network ID.
The following comparison shows the wastage of IP Addresses in
Subnetting and VLSM technique:
Requirement Subnetting Wastage Sub-netting Wastage
(A) Before (B-A) After (C-A)
VLSM (B) VLSM(C)
30 30 00 30 00
20 30 10 20 10
10 30 20 14 04
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74 180 106 86 22
The VLSM was introduced as a technique to delay the IPv4 Exhaustion. It was based not on the
number of sub-networks required but on the
number of hosts in any particular network. This technique considerably reduced IP wastage but
lead to another problem of routing. VLSM was not supported by many older routers and switches
and hence implementing them required some hardware up-gradation which was not economical.
The comparison between IP Network IDs for Subnetting and VLSM
Simple Subnetting Variable Length Subnet Mask
Network ID Subnet Mask Network ID Subnet Mask
192.168.0.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.32 255.255.255.224
192.168.0.64 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.64 255.255.255.224
192.168.0.96 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.96 255.255.255.240
192.168.0.128 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.112 255.255.255.240
192.168.0.160 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.128 255.255.255.248
192.168.0.192 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.136 255.255.255.252
Private IP Addresses
In the Internet addressing architecture, a P rivate Network is a network
that uses private IP address space, following the standards set by RFC
1918 and RFC 4193. These addresses are commonly used for home, office,
and enterprise local area networks (LANs), when globally routable
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addresses are not mandatory, or are not available for the intended network
applications. Private IP address spaces were originally defined in an effort
to delay IPv4 address exhaustion, but they are also a feature of the next
generation Internet Protocol, IPv6.
These addresses are characterized as private because they are not
globally delegated, meaning they are not allocated to any specific
organization, and IP packets addressed by them cannot be transmitted
onto the public Internet. Anyone may use these addresses without
approval from a regional Internet registry (RIR). If such a private
network needs to connect to the Internet, it must use either a network
address translator (NAT) gateway, or a proxy server.
The most common use of these addresses is in residential networks, since
most Internet service providers (ISPs) only allocate a single routable IP
address to each residential customer, but many homes have more than one
networked device, for example, several computers and a video game
console. In this situation, a NAT gateway is usually used to enable Internet
connectivity to multiple hosts. Private addresses are also commonly used
in corporate networks, which for security reasons, are not connected
directly to the Internet. In both cases, private addresses are often seen as
enhancing security for the internal network, since it is difficult for an
Internet host to connect directly to an internal system.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has directed the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to reserve the following IPv4
address ranges for private networks, as published in RFC 1918:
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RFC19
18
name
IP address
range
number
of
address
es
classfuldescrip
tion
largest CIDR
bl ock (subnet
mask)
hos
t id
siz
e
10.0.0.0
24-bit
block10.255.255.2
55
16,777,2
16
single class A 10.0.0.0/8
(255.0.0.0)
24
bits
172.16.0.0
20-bit 172.31.255.2 1,048,57 16 contiguous 172.16.0.0/12 20block 55 6 class B's (255.240.0.0) bits
192.168.0.0
16-bit
block192.168.255.
255
65,536 256 contiguous
class C's
192.168.0.0/16
(255.255.0.0)
16
bits
Public IP Addresses
The IP Addresses provided by the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are
called Public IP Addresses. These addresses are recognizable on the
internet and any machine connecting to internet must have a Public IPAddress. These addresses are provided by the Regional Internet Registries
to the ISPs.
The machines which are assigned Private IP Address must go on the
Internet via NAT server having Public IP Address.
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The IP Address Ranges not included in the Private IP Address Ranges are
Public IP Ranges.
Broadcast Address
Broadcast address refers to the ability to address a message that is
broadcast to all stations or hosts on a network. Ethernet networks are
shared-media networks in which computers transmit signals on a cable
that all other computers attached to the cable can receive. Thus, all the
computers are part of the same "broadcast domain."
A broadcast address is an IP address that allows you to target all systems
on a specific subnet instead of single hosts. The broadcast address of any
IP address can be calculated by taking the bit compliment of the subnet
mask, sometimes referred to as the reverse mask, and then applying it with
a bitwise OR calculation to the IP address in question.
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Normally, one computer transmits frames to only one other computer on
the network by placing the MAC address of the destination computer in the
frame. This frame is then transmitted on the shared media. Even though
other computers see this frame on the network, only the target receives it.A broadcast message is addressed to all stations on the network. The
destination address in a broadcast message consists of all 1s
(0xFFFFFFFF). All stations automatically receive frames with this
address. Normally, broadcast messages are sent for network management
and diagnostic purposes.
On IP networks, the IP address 255.255.255.255 (in binary, all 1s) is the
general broadcast address. You can't use this address to broadcast a
message to every user on the Internet because routers block it, so all you
end up doing is broadcasting it to all hosts on your own network. The
broadcast address for a specific network includes all 1s in the host portion
of the IP address. For example, on the class C network 192.168.1.0, the last
byte indicates the host address (a 0 in this position doesn't refer to any
host, but provides a way to refer to the entire network). The value 255 in
this position fills it with all 1s, which indicates the network broadcastaddress, so packets sent to 192.168.1.255 are sent to all hosts on the
network.
Drawbacks of IPv4
On todays Internet, IPv4 has the following disadvantages:
Limited address space. The most visible and urgent problem with
using IPv4 on the modern Internet is the rapid depletion of public
addresses. Due to the initial address class allocation practices of the
early Internet, public IPv4 addresses are becoming scarce. Flat routing
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infrastructure, i.e. the IP address ranges are not allocated according to
any meaningful hierarchy. In the early Internet, address prefixes were
not allocated to create a summarizable, hierarchical routing
infrastructure. Instead, individual address prefixes were assigned andeach address prefix became a new route in the routing tables of the
Internet backbone
routers. Todays Internet is a mixture of flat and hierarchical
routing, but there are still more than 85,000 routes in the routing
tables of Internet backbone routers. Thus to reach a router from one
country to another the packet might need to go to a backbone router
in a third country thereby increasing cost and delay. Security for
IPv4 is specified by the use of Internet Protocol security (IPSec).
However, IPSec is optional for IPv4 implementations. Because an
application cannot rely on IPSec being present to secure traffic, an
application might resort to other security standards or a proprietary
security scheme. The need for built-in security is even more
important today, when we face an increasingly hostile environment
on the Internet.
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Another drawback was the 32 bit header which had much of the values
which were generally never used and which only increased the bandwidth
usage. A final challenge has been the real-time delivery of multimedia
content and the necessary bandwidth allocation that goes along with it. A
bandwidth allocation method called Quality of Service (QoS) has been
used with IPv4. While QoS does work, there are a number of different
interpretations of the IPv4 QoS standards. This means that not all QoS-
compliant devices are compatible with one another.
Internet Protocol Version 6
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Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next-generation Internet
Protocol version designated as the successor to IPv4, the first
implementation used in the Internet that is still in dominant use currently.
It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. Themain driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol is the foreseeable
IPv4 address exhaustion.
The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space, despite conservation
techniques, prompted the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to
explore new technologies to expand the Internet's addressing capability.
The permanent solution was deemed to be a redesign of the Internet
Protocol itself. This next generation of the Internet Protocol, aimed to
replace IPv4 on the Internet, was eventually namedInternet Protocol
Version 6(IPv6) in 1995.IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4.
This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses128 38
only 32 bits. The new address space thus supports 2(about 3.410)
addresses.
This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing
traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation
(NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4
address exhaustion.
The new design is not based on the goal to provide a sufficient quantity of
addresses alone, but rather to allow efficient aggregation of subnet routing
prefixes to occur at routing nodes. As a result, routing table sizes aresmaller, and the smallest possible individual allocation is a subnet
64
for 2hosts, which is the size of the square of the size of the entire IPv4
Internet. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of
entire networks should the global connectivity or the routing policy change
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without requiring internal redesign or renumbering.
Benefits of IPv6
Hierarchical routing infrastructureThe Internet is hierarchical in nature, and the IPv6 protocol is designed
with this in mind. Think about it. The computer you're using right now
doesn't have a direct connection to an Internet backbone. Instead, you're
probably behind a NAT firewall, which is connected to an ISP. That ISP
may be connected to another ISP or to a backbone router. Either way, apacket must make quite a few hops to go from an Internet backbone router
to you.
The IPv6 protocol is designed so that Internet backbone routers will
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have much smaller routing tables than they have now. Instead of
knowing every possible route, the routing tables will include routes to
only those routers connected directly to them. The IPv6 protocol will
contain the rest of the information necessary for a packet to reach itsdestination.
IPv6 addresses that are reachable on the IPv6 portion of the Internet,
known as global addresses, have enough address space for the hierarchy of
Internet service providers (ISPs) that typically exist between an
organization or home and the backbone of the Internet. Global addresses
are designed to be summarizable and hierarchical, resulting in relatively
few routing entries in the routing tables of Internet backbone routers.
Network securityNetwork security is integrated into the design of the IPv6 architecture.
Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) was originally developed for IPv6, but
found widespread optional deployment first in IPv4 (into which it was
back-engineered). The IPv6 specifications mandate IPSec implementation
as a fundamental interoperability requirement.
The IPv6 protocol has a newly designed IP header. It's designed to make
the protocol more efficient by keeping overhead to a minimum. An IP
packet header is made up of required components and optional
components; in IPv6, the required components are moved to the front of
the header. Optional components are moved to an extension header. This
means that if optional components aren't used, the extension headers aren't
necessary, reducing the packet size.
The downside to the new header is that it isn't compatible with IPv4. If a
router is to handle both IPv4 and IPv6, it must be configured to recognize
both protocols. You can't just set up a router to recognize IPv6 and expect
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it to be backward-compatible with IPv4.
New configuration optionsOne of the coolest things about IPv6 is the way it's configured. While you
can still manually configure IPv6, or lease an address from a DHCP server,
there is a new automatic configuration option available. If an un-
configured PC tries to connect to a network that doesn't offer a DHCP
server, the PC can look at either the network's router or the other PCs on
the network and determine an address that would be appropriate for it to
use. This technique is referred to as link local addressing.
Standardized QoS supportIPv6 also includes standardized support for QoS. The QoS implementation
is set up so that routers can identify packets belonging to an individual
QoS flow. This allows those routers to allocate the necessary amount of
bandwidth to those packets. Furthermore, QoS instructions are included in
the IPv6 packet header. This means that the packet body can be encrypted,
but QoS will still function because the header portion containing the QoS
instructions is not encrypted. This will make it possible to send streaming
audio and video over the Internet with IPSec encryption, but in a manner
that guarantees adequate bandwidth for real-time playback.
Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6
Description IPv4 IPv6
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Address 32 bits long (4
bytes). Address is
composed of a
network and a host
portion, whichdepend on address
class. Various
address classes are
defined: A, B, C, D,
or E depending on
initial few bits. The
total number of IPv4
addresses is
4,294,967,296. The
text form of the IPv4
address is
nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn,
where
0
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entity
Classless Inter- be allocated a/48 subnet prefix
Domain Routing length. This would leave 16 bits
for
(CIDR) are made. the organization to do subnetting.Allocation has not The address space is large enough
been balanced among to give every person in the world
institutions and their own /48 subnet prefix length.
nations.
Address Used to designate Not used.
mask network from host
portion.
Address Sometimes used to
Used to designate the subnet
prefix
prefix designate network
from host portion.
of an address. Written as /nnn (up
to 3 decimal digits, 0
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Address
scope
For unicast
addresses, the
concept does not
In IPv6, address scope is part of
the architecture. Unicast
addresses
apply. There are
designated privateaddress ranges and
loopback. Outside of
have two defined scopes,
including link-local and global;and multicast addresses have 14
scopes. Default address selection
for both source
that, addresses are
assumed to be
global.
and destination takes scope into
account.
Address
types
Unicast, multicast,
and broadcast.
Unicast, multicast, and anycast.
Configuratio
n You must configure
a newly installed
Configuration is optional,
depending on functions required.
system before it can IPv6 can be used with any
Ethernet
communicate with adapter and can be run over the
other systems; that
is,
loopback interface. IPv6
interfaces
IP addresses and are self-configuring using IPv6
routes must be stateless auto-configuration. You
assigned. can also manually configure the
IPv6 interface. So, the system
will
be able to communicate with
other
IPv6 systems that are local and
remote, depending on the type ofnetwork and whether an IPv6
router exists.
Fragments When a packet is too
big for the next link
over which it is to
For IPv6, fragmentation can only
occur at the source node, and
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travel, it can be
reassembly is only done at the
destination node. The
fragmented by the
sender (host orfragmentation extension header is
Description IPv4 IPv6
router). used.
IP headerVariable length of
20Fixed length of 40 bytes. There are
60 bytes, depending
on IP options
present.
no IP header options. Generally,
the IPv6 header is simpler than the
IPv4 header.IP header Various options that The IPv6 header has no options.
options might accompany an
IP header (before
any
Instead, IPv6 adds additional
(optional) extension headers. The
transport header). extension headers are AH and ESP
(unchanged from IPv4), hop-by-
hop, routing, fragment, and
destination. Currently, IPv6supports some extension headers.
IP header Used by QoS and Designates the IPv6 traffic class,
Type ofdifferentiated
servicessimilarly to IPv4. Uses different
Service to designate a traffic codes. Currently, IPv6 does not
(TOS) byte class. support TOS.
Loopback An interface with an The concept is the same as inIPv4.
address address of
127.*.*.*(typically
The single loopback address
is0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
127.0.0.1) that can
only be used by a
:0000:0001or ::1 (shortened
version). The virtual physical
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node to send packets
to itself. The
physical
interface is named LOOPBACK.
interface (line
description) isnamed
LOOPBACK.
Maximum Maximum IPv6 has an architected lower
Transmissiotransmission unit of
a
bound on MTU of 1280 bytes.
That
n Unit link is the maximum is, IPv6 will not fragment packets
(MTU)number of bytes that
a
below this limit. To send IPv6
over
Description IPv4 IPv6
particular link type, a link with less than 1280 MTU,
such as Ethernet or the link-layer must transparently
modem, supports.
Forfragment and defragment the IPv6
IPv4, 576 is the packets.
typical minimum.
Network Basic firewall Currently, NAT does not support
Address functions integrated IPv6. More generally, IPv6 does
Translation into TCP/IP not require NAT. The expanded
(NAT) configured using address space of IPv6 eliminates
iSeries Navigator. the address shortage problem and
enables easier renumbering.
Node info Does not exist. A simple and convenient network
query tool that should work like ping,
except with content: an IPv6 nodemay query another IPv6 node for
the target's DNS name, IPv6
unicast address, or IPv4 address.
Currently, not supported.
PING Basic TCP/IP tool to Same for IPv6 and IPv6 is
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test reach ability. supported.
Private andAll IPv4 addresses
are
IPv6 has an analogous concept,
but
public public, except for with important differences.
addresses three address rangesthat have been
designated as private
by IETF :10.*.*.*
(10/8),172.16.0.0
thro
ugh172.31.255.255
(172.16/12) ,
and192.168.*.*
(192.168/16). Private
address domains are
commonly used
Addresses are public ortemporary, previously termed
anonymous. Unlike IPv4 private
addresses, temporary addresses
can be globally routed. The
motivation is also different; IPv6
temporary addresses are meant to
shield the identity of a client when
it initiates communication (a
privacy concern). Temporary
addresses
Description IPv4 IPv6
within organizations.
Private addresses
have a limited lifetime, and do
not contain an interface identifier
that
cannot be routedacross the Internet.
is a link (MAC) address. They aregenerally indistinguishable from
public addresses.
IPv6 has the notion of limited
address scope using its
architected scope designations.
Quality of
service(QoS)
Quality of service
allows you to requestpacket priority and
bandwidth for
TCP/IP
Currently, the i5/OSimplementation of QoS does not
support IPv6.
applications.
Renumberin Done by manual Is an important architectural
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g reconfiguration, with element of IPv6, and is largely
the possible
exception of DHCP.
Generally,
automatic, especially within
the/48 prefix.
for a site ororganization, a
difficult and
troublesome process
to avoid if possible.
Route Logically, a mapping
of a set of IP
addresses (might
contain only one) toa physical interface
and a single next-hop
IP address. IP
packets whose
destination address is
defined as part of the
set are
Conceptually, similar to IPv4.
One important difference: IPv6
routes are associated (bound) to a
physical interface (a link, such asETH03) rather than an interface.
One reason that a route is
associated with a physical
interface is because source
address selection functions
differently for IPv6 than
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Thank You,
ABHISHEK PAL