A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4-Polling QuestionSection 4-Polling Question How interested are you in owning your own business someday? A.Very interested B.Somewhat.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

How interested are you in owning your own business someday?

A. Very interested

B. Somewhat interested

C. Somewhat uninterested

D. Very uninterested

A B C D

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Chapter 13 North and South (1820-1860)

Section 4 The South’s People

How did unique elements of culture develop among enslaved African Americans in the South?

Farms and Plantations• The Southern

economy was based on agriculture

• Most believed the South was full of wealthy white slaveholders

• In reality, most white Southerners did not have any slaves or only a few

• Most white Southerners fit into 4 categories

• Yeoman, tenant farmers, the rural poor, or plantation owners

Small Farmers and the Rural Poor• YeomenYeomen (Farmers

without slaves) made up the largest group of whites in the South

• Yeomen grew crops for their own use and to sell

• Yeomen lived in the Upper South and in the hilly areas of the Deep South

• Some white Southerners worked as tenant farmerstenant farmers

• Worked the land for landlords

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

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What group made up the largest number of whites in the South?

A. Tenant farmers

B. The rural poor

C. Enslaved workers

D. Yeomen

Small Farmers and the Rural Poor Continued• Most Southern whites

lived in simple homes• The rural poor lived in

crude cabins in wooded areas

• Rural poor were looked down upon by other whites

• Stubbornly independent• Proud of being self-

sufficient• Often avoided jobs that

were normally done by enslaved people

Plantations• A large plantation (big farm)

might have several thousand acres

• Owners measured how rich they were by how many slaves they had

• Only 4% of plantation owners owned 20 or more slaves

• Most had less than 10• A few free African Americans

also held enslaved workers• Some free African Americans

purchased members of their own families to free them

Plantations Continued• The goal of plantations

were to earn profits• Cotton prices varied

from season to season• Cotton was sold to and

held by agents • Agents then sold

cotton when prices rose

• Only when the cotton sold were planters paid

• This kept the planters in debt

Plantation Wives• Plantation wives took

charge of their household

• They watched over the house slaves and took care of them when they became sick

• Wives might be in charge of financial records

• Often a lonely and difficult life

• Planters often absent, dealing with cotton agents

• Wives spent long periods alone

Life Under Slavery• Enslaved African

Americans suffered hardships and misery

• They worked hard- for no money

• Had little hope of freedom

• Often sold from planter to planter and taken from their loved ones

• Often they resisted slavery

Family Life• American laws did not

protect enslaved families in the early 1800s

• A slaveholders death could lead to a breakup of an enslaved family

• Family members could be sold

• Although not recognized by law, marriages between enslaved people occurred

• The vows included “until death or separation do us part”

• Extended families became a vital feature of African American culture

African American Culture• 1808- Congress outlawed

the slave trade, but slavery remained legallegal

• No new enslaved people could enter the US

• By 1860- almost all slaves in the South were born there

• African traditions of music, dance, and folk stories remained

• Often slaves accepted Christianity, but kept religious beliefs and practices of their African ancestors as well

African American Christianity• Christianity became a religion

of hope and resistance for many enslaved people

• They prayed for their freedom• The passionate beliefs of the

enslaved Southerners found expression in the spiritualspiritual (African American folk song)

• “Didn’t my Lord deliver Daniel”• Spirituals also enabled

enslaved people to communicate secretly among themselves

• Often combined the Christian faith with their earthly suffering

Slave Codes• Between 1830 and 1860- slave slave

codescodes were passed to control slaves

• Slave codes existed since the 1700s

• One purpose was to prevent a slave rebellion

• Slave codes prohibited slaves from assembling in large groups

• Also had to have passes before leaving the slaveholders property

• Slave codes made it a crime to teach a slave to read or write

• White Southerners feared that an educated slave might lead a revolt

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D A B

C

D

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Which of the following was not a part of the slave codes?

A. Enslaved people were prohibited from assembling in large groups.

B. It was a crime to teach enslaved people to read or write.

C. An enslaved person must have a written pass before leaving the slaveholder’s property.

D. Engaging in slave trade was made illegal.

Resistance to Slavery- Nat Turner• Some slaves rebelled

against their owners• Nat Turner, Nat Turner, a religious a religious

leader,leader, taught himself to read and write

• Turner led his followers on a briefbrief violent rampage in Southhampton County, Virginia

• Before he was captured, Turner and his followers killed at least 55 whites

• Nat Turner was hanged• Nat Turner’s Rebellion led

to more severe slave codes

Resistance to Slavery• Armed revolts were

rare• Most resistance by

slaves was working slowly or pretending to be ill

• Sometimes slaves would set fire to a plantation building or break tools

• This helped slaves tolerate their lack of freedom

• Resistance also set boundaries that slaveholders would respect

Escaping Slavery• Some slaves tried to escape

to the North• Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman and

Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass fled to the North

• Getting to the North was difficult for slaves and they often got aid from a secret network called…

• The Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad• Safe houses along the way

owned by those that opposed slavery.

• Most runaways were caught and returned

• Discipline was severe- whipping was most common

Life in Southern Cities• The 10 largest cities in the

South were either seaports or river ports (Baltimore and New Orleans)

• Cities at crossroads of the railways began to grow (Atlanta)

• Whites, slaves, and free African Americans lived in these cities

• Free African Americans’ lives were not secure

• Their rights were limited• Most states would not allow

them to move state to state• Free African Americans

were denied an equal share in economic and political life

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

A B

C

D

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Which of the following was not a large Southern city in the mid-1800s?

A. Baltimore

B. New Orleans

C. Pittsburgh

D. Atlanta

Education• There were no public schools, if

you wanted to be educated you would have to go to a private school

• Mid 1800s- North Carolina and Kentucky set up and ran public schools

• The South was behind other sections of the country in literacyliteracy

• One reason was because the South’s geography

• The South had few people per square mile

• Would have to travel great distances to send their children to school

• Many Southerners also believed that education was a private matter, not a state function

How did unique elements of culture develop among enslaved African Americans in the South?

-The possibility of family separation led to large, close knit extended families

-Christianity and African religious beliefs were practiced simultaneously and blended

-Christianity stressed hope for freedom and resistance to bondage, and out of it came the spiritual, which evolved as a secret communication methods

All Southerners owned land, even if it was only a small amount.

Tru

e

Fal

se

50%50%A. True

B. False

Plantation owners with many enslaved workers were considered very wealthy.

Tru

e

Fal

se

50%50%A. True

B. False

Plantation wives often worked in the fields with the enslaved workers.

Tru

e

Fal

se

50%50%A. True

B. False

Enslaved African Americans often were separated from their families.

Tru

e

Fal

se

50%50%A. True

B. False

The largest group of whites in the South was made up of

yeo

men

.

pla

ntat

ion o

wners.

tena

nt far

mer

s.

rura

l poor.

25% 25%25%25%A. yeomen.

B. plantation owners.

C. tenant farmers.

D. rural poor.

The main goal of large plantation owners was to

ensl

ave

people

.

pro

duce m

ore c

otton.

ear

n a p

rofit

.

build

a la

rger

pla

ntatio

n.

25% 25%25%25%A. enslave people.

B. produce more cotton.

C. earn a profit.

D. build a larger plantation.

Who was the religious leader who led a slave revolt in 1831?

Har

riet T

ubman

Nat

Turn

er

Fre

deric

k Dougla

ss

Eli

Whi

tney

25% 25%25%25%A. Harriet Tubman

B. Nat Turner

C. Frederick Douglass

D. Eli Whitney

African American folk songs that expressed the passionate beliefs of the South's

enslaved workers were called

ove

rsee

rs.

yeo

men

.

sla

ve c

odes

.

spiri

tual

s.

25% 25%25%25%A. overseers.

B. yeomen.

C. slave codes.

D. spirituals.

What was the network of safe houses that assisted runaway enslaved persons?

sla

ve h

ouse

s

runaw

ay h

ouses

Under

grou

nd Rai

lroad

sla

ve c

odes

25% 25%25%25%A. slave houses

B. runaway houses

C. Underground Railroad

D. slave codes

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