A Registered Charity No. 220014 March 2011 / Circular 565 ... · A Registered Charity No. 220014 March 2011 / Circular 565 CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE: LATEST DEVELOPMENTS 14.00 –

YORKSHIREGEOLOGICAL

SOCIETYPresident: Dr Noel Worley

A Registered Charity No. 220014 March 2011 / Circular 565

CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE:

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS

14.00 – 17.00 Saturday 26th March 2011

Meeting Room 1, British Geological Survey, Keyworth

Nottingham, NG12 5GG

(Joint meeting with the East Midlands Geological Society)

www.yorksgeolsoc.org.uk NON MEMBERS WELCOME

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is an emerging technology that could help to

reduce global emissions of this greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. The techniques used to

plan, engineer and monitor CCS schemes are similar to those used in the hydrocarbons

industry. This meeting provides an opportunity to learn about new initiatives in this exciting

field that could be very important to the UK economy and help reduce CO2 emissions

worldwide.

John Powell, Convenor

14.00 - 14.05 Society Business

Noel Worley, President

14.05 - 14.35 Carbon Dioxide Storage: An Introduction

Mike Stephenson, British Geological Survey and National Centre

for Carbon Capture and Storage

14.35 - 15.05 The Carbon Dioxide Storage Project at Sleipner in the North Sea:

Time-lapse Monitoring Results

Andy Chadwick, British Geological Survey

15.05 - 15.40 Refreshments: and a chance to look at posters

15.40 - 16.10 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilisation

Mercedes Maroto-Valer, National Centre for Carbon Capture and

Storage and University of Nottingham

16.10 - 16.40 3D Modelling in CCS

John Williams, British Geological Survey

16.40 - 17.00 Closing Remarks

Tim Colman, President, EMGS

CONTINUOUS PROfESSIONAL DEvELOPMENTThis meeting counts as 3 hours of Continuous Professional Development under the

Geology Society CPD Scheme.

CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE: LATEST DEVELOPMENTS14.00 – 17.00 Saturday 26th March 2011Meeting Room 1, British Geological Survey, Keyworth Nottingham, NG12 5GG

2 www.yorksgeolsoc.org.uk YGS 2011

In countries which rely heavily on coal to generate electricity, carbon capture and storage

(CCS) could be a vital technology to allow them to continue to grow, but also to cut their

CO2 emissions. This is the main reason why CCS has such a high political profile. In Britain

the Government predicts that CCS could be an industry the size of present day North Sea

oil. According to 2006 figures, rocks under the UK North Sea could store about 22 billion

tonnes of CO2 which is 180 years production of CO2 from the UK’s 20 largest point sources

(e.g. power stations). The British

Government also thinks that the

CCS business could be huge:

estimates suggest a value of £2-4

billion per year by 2030, sustaining

between 30,000 and 60,000 jobs.

Other circum North Sea countries

are also becoming aware of the

value of their subsea pore space.

Further afield, in the Gulf Coast of

the United States where CCS is

close to being commercially viable

because of the value of CO2 to the

enhanced oil recovery business, the

U.S. Geological Survey is advertising

Texas pore space as the ‘CO2 sink for the USA’. Basins with high potential for CCS need

to be surveyed and in many areas geological surveys are leading, for example the BGS and

TNO in the southern North Sea, the Bureau of Economic Geology in the Texas Gulf Coast,

and Geoscience Victoria in the Gippsland Basin, Australia. Accurate storage estimation is

needed, as well as integrated regional basinwide modelling to handle multiple use of pore

space, for example oil and gas production, natural gas storage and water extraction. A

problem that is perhaps not considered enough is public acceptance. The science of CCS

needs to be well communicated to the public and to government, and independent

scientific organisations like geological surveys and universities have a special role. A broad

approach should ensure that the public sees the opportunity of CCS as just that - a way to

develop and sustain climate abatement and energy in the national interest.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing CCS scheme.

www.yorksgeolsoc.org.uk YGS 2011 3

CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE: AN INTRODUCTION

Mike Stephenson, British Geological Survey and National Centre for

Carbon Capture and Storage


THE CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE PROJECT AT SLEIPNER

IN THE NORTH SEA: TIME-LAPSE MONITORING RESULTS

Andy Chadwick, British Geological Survey

The Sleipner project in the Norwegian North Sea is the world’s longest running CO2

storage operation. Injection commenced in 1996 and has now stored around 12 million

tonnes of CO2 in the Utsira Sand, a large saline aquifer some 900 m beneath the seabed.

Storage site monitoring is a key element in demonstrating storage integrity and Sleipner

provides an excellent example of this in action. The injection operation is being intensively

monitored with a number of geophysical tools including seismic, gravimetric and electromag-

netic methods. In the fourteen years since the start of injection 3D seismic surveys have been

repeated roughly every two years in a comprehensive time-lapse monitoring programme.

The seismic data provide dramatic images of the progressive development and growth of the

CO2 plume in the storage aquifer (Figure 1). They also provide assurance that none of

the CO2 is migrating upwards through the overburden towards the seabed. A crucial

aspect of monitoring is to demonstrate that predictive models of site performance can be

calibrated and verified. At Sleipner, detailed comparison and history-matching of the seismic

images with reservoir flow simulations of plume development demonstrate that the injection

project is proceeding according to plan, with no evidence of leakage from the storage

formation. Ongoing CCS research at BGS is using the Sleipner example to develop suitable

monitoring systems to address the recently developed regulatory requirements for

underground storage.

Figure 1: 3D time-lapse seismicimage at Sleipner from 2006,after 10 years of injection.Image shows two intersectingvertical seismic sections, themapped top reservoir surfaceviewed from below and verybright reflections correspondingto the CO2 trapped within thereservoir.


CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND UTILISATION

Mercedes Maroto-valer, National Centre for Carbon Capture and

Storage and University of Nottingham

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technologies aim to capture CO2 from major

point sources, e.g. power plants, for subsequent transportation and ultimately storage in

geological formations. This presentation will review the main technologies to capture CO2,

including post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxyfuel. However, the use of current

state-of-the-art flue gas CO2 capture technologies in existing coal-fired power plants would

result in an average reduction of efficiency of about 33% and would reduce net plant power

output by approximately 1/3. Therefore, the development of high-capacity, low-cost CO2

sorbents will also be discussed.

The second part of the presentation will describe routes for the utilisation of CO2 as this is

an important CCS strategy to ensure the permanent, safe storage of CO2. One of the

most advanced routes for CO2 conversion is mineralization, where CO2 is reacted with

oxides and silicates to form carbonates that are stable over geological times, as these

processes mimic the naturally occurring weathering of rocks to form stable carbonates.

Finally, this presentation will also look into recent developments and opportunities to

develop nanotechnologies for CO2 utilisation (ar tificial photosynthesis), including

nanostructured materials for photoconversion and photoreactor design.

3D MODELLING IN CCS


Carbon capture and storage (CCS) may prove to be an important technology in order

to assist the UK in cutting its CO2 emissions. Current predictions estimate that the CO2

storage capacity of the UK continental shelf (UKCS) is in excess of 22 billion tonnes in the

North Sea alone, while a CCS industry in the UK could sustain a vast number of jobs.

Because of this, the British Geological Survey (BGS) has been undertaking 3D modelling in

order to gain a greater understanding of the pore space relevant to CCS in the UKCS.

3D modelling can aid our understanding of reservoir geometry, thickness, depth, structure

and internal property variation. How a potential CO2 reservoir relates to its sealing

formations is important, as is its potential connectivity with other sub-surface operations

such as hydrocarbon fields, natural gas storage and potable water aquifers. The distribution,

geometry and properties of faults and other fracture networks are also important in


3D MODELLING IN CCS


characterising a particular formation or region for CO2 storage. 3D models can assist

geoscientists to assess how much of a reservoir’s pore volume is in fact exploitable for

storage, and can provide a platform for calculating the practical storage capacities and

constraining factors.

Along with outcrop data and published information, models are built using subsurface data

acquired by the hydrocarbon industry such as well and seismic data. Both 2D and 3D

seismic data are available from industry, and interpretations of these data are often

incorporated into models.

In the Southern North Sea and East Irish Sea, static 3D reservoir models of saline aquifers

and depleted hydrocarbon fields are being constructed in order to map the subsurface, and

it is hoped that dynamic simulation of these models will vastly improve our ability to

determine suitable storage sites for CCS. Simulation of CO2 injection will predict the

transport routes that CO2 will take within the storage formation, and will also provide

information on the evolving pressure distribution resulting from injection. Injectivity of

the storage formation can therefore be assessed, as can the fate of the CO2 over various

timescales.

Image 2: Map, 3D view and cross-section of the East IrishSea Basin regional 3D model. The model describes the relationship between the Triassic sandstone formations and the thick sealing strata across the basin - the reservoir outcrops to surface and sea bed at the basin margins and at several other localities within the model area.

Image1: 3D image of a near-depleted Southern North Sea gas field, showing extent of initial gas water contact. It is thought that once depleted, gas field structures such as this could be used to store CO2.


I was very pleased to see the continued popularity and

convivial atmosphere of the Leeds meeting New

Advances in Palaeontology and Palaeoclimatology, held

at Weetwood Hall. We have jointly met with friends

from Leeds Geological Association for many years and

this continues to be a very successful arrangement.

The meeting organisers try to provide a variety of topics

and we enjoyed four excellent talks covering the latest

research on climatic changes during the Devonian and

Tertiary. Our next meeting in Keyworth is on a closely

related and topical theme about advances to manage the

harmful effects of carbon dioxide emissions by looking

at carbon capture. A further new benefit for Society

Members is available from Northern Geological Supplies

who are now offering significant discounts on their stock of geological equipment.

For many years the Society has benefited from storage of back issues of the Proceedingsand other printed materials at York Museum. Alterations to the buildings have meant that

this facility is no longer available. Council decided that these should be removed and

temporarily stored in Leeds for sorting pending a decision about possible re-housing. The

search for a General Secretary goes on and it was agreed by Council that enquiries should

now be commenced to evaluate the use of bought in secretarial services.

You will have received in the last Circular more details of the 2011 Programme. As we

move away from the winter months I am looking forward to the field season which opens

in May with Yorkshire Geology Month. Last year the Society’s web pages and Circularcontained details of all the events that take place throughout the County and the same

arrangements are planned for this year. The Society’s contribution is an excursion to the

Sedgwick Trail near Dent led by John Knight, which promises to be an interesting and

no doubt popular day. If you are running any local events for Yorkshire Geology Month

please let us know and we can include details on the web pages.

Noel

[email protected]

A WORD fROM THE PRESIDENT

Dr Noel Worley

WHAT WAS THE fIELDTRIP ABOUT?

This field excursion aimed to examine the history and the landscapes of the Ironstone

Industry in North Yorkshire. The exploitation of the geological raw materials of North

Yorkshire created an area of rapid economic growth and industrialisation during the 19th

century. The Cleveland ironstone industry saw the peak of production between 1875 to

around 1898. The field excursion aimed to investigate the Jurassic geological foundations of

the industry and the social and landscape transformation that took place as a result.

Figure 1. Location of sitesvisited and geological mapfrom DiGMapGB50 (BritishGeological Survey, 1998).The Cleveland IronstoneFormation is highlighted inbright green, above thepale blue of the StaithesSandstone Formation.

GOING UNDERGROUND

A group of 12 YGS members met in the windswept car park of Skinningrove Ironstone

Mining Museum [471170, 519225], just north of the former mining town of Loftus (Locality

1, Figure 1). The Museum’s guides showcased some of the best documented history of

North Yorkshire ironstone mining and set the scene for a day’s exploration of its industrial

legacy and geological foundation.

After a short video telling the story of the discovery of the rich ironstone seams, the group

were treated to a visit underground. In the cool, dark adit the group experienced a little of

the life of the miners and their daily routine underground. After lighting a fuse and loading the

trucks full of ore the group emerged at the surface and travelled to the first surface locality.


YGS fIELD EXCURSION REPORT: HEAvY METAL:

AN EXPLORATION Of THE GEOLOGY Of NORTH

YORKSHIRE’S IRONSTONE HISTORY; 10TH JULY 2010

Simon Price, BGS, Jon ford, BGS and Rebecca Levell, Atkins






BACK TO THE SURfACE

The Railway Cutting at Spawood (Slapwith)

[463300, 515780] exposes sections in part

of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation

(Locality 2, Figure 1). Together with the

underlying Staithes Sandstone Formation, it

forms part of Yorkshire’s ‘Middle Lias’

sequence. With the exception of the Eston

Hills area, this area represents one the thick-

est developments of the ironstone seams,

with the Main Seam reaching thicknesses up

to 2.5 m. After lunch and in the shelter of the

cutting, the group examined the marine

ooidal, bethierine (chamosite) ironstone and

surrounding sideritic mudstone of the Pecten

Seam (Figures 2 and 3). The Pecten Seam,

here, is approximately 0.7 m thick and

contains abundant coarse-ribbed bivalves and

brachiopods. The Main Seam was worked

extensively in the nearby Spawood, Spa and

Slapwith mines between 1853 and 1906.

A combination of drifts and shafts were used

to work the Main Seam, which in the area

of Slapwath was approximately 86m below

ground level. An examination of the sequence

about 2 m below the Pecten Seam, on

the opposite side of the cutting, identified

an additional thin partly oolitic ironstone

seam that some members suggested may

belong to the Two Foot Seam.

After discussing the possibility of an exposure

of even lower seams next to the road below

the railway cutting, the group travelled west

towards Hutton Village [460215, 513690],

(Localities 3 and 4, Figure 1). Examination

of historical mine plans (Figure 4) and identi-

fication of former miner’s cottages in the

Figure 2. Martin Whyte examines macrofossils in screefrom the Pecten Seam of the Cleveland IronstoneFormation

Figure 3. Simplified Iithological logs and lateral correlationof the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations between Osmotherley in the west andHawsker Bottoms in the east following the northernescarpment of the Cleveland Hils. From Howard (1985).


village, revealed the presence of a number

of disused mines in the Hutton area. The

Hutton Mines were a cluster of smaller mines

exploiting the Main and Pecten seams using

quarrying and drift methods. Mining of this

area was undertaken in 1852, one of the

earliest operations in the area. This was, in

part, a result of the arrival of the railway

from Middlesbrough to Guisborough (built,

incidentally, by the mine owner). The mining

in this area of the district was short lived

and production ended in 1865. Walking up

the hill from Hutton Village, the group

passed through mudstones and siltstones of the Redcar Mudstone Formation and the

Staithes Sandstone Formation before reaching seams of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation.

The lowermost exposed seam was interpreted to be the Raisdale Seam. Walking towards

High Cliff Nab, overlying seams and their shelly fossils of the Two Foot and Pecten were

examined.

Many interesting discussions took place throughout the day reflecting the close association of

the Cleveland Ironstone sequence and the industry that it once supported. We would

particularly like to thank Andy Howard and Dennis Goldring for providing expert perspec-

tives on the Cleveland Ironstone Formation and its history. The Tees Valley RIGS group is

also thanked for the resources provided on its website. After a vote of thanks by Martin

Whyte the day concluded at 16:00 in the bright sunshine of Hutton Village.

General References and information

Blake, S. 2000. Cleveland Ironstone walks: Levendale. Published by Peter Tuffs Publisher and Printer

British Geological Survey. 1998. Guisborough. Solid and Drift geology map. 1:50 000 Geological Sheet E034

Chapman, S. Various publications describing ironstone mining in the area. Published by Peter Tuffs Publisher and Printer

Chowns, T.M. 1968. Environmental and diagenetic studies of the Cleveland Ironstone Formation of north east Yorkshire.

PhD Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne

Harrison, B.J.D and Dixon, G. 1994. Guisborough before 1900. Published by MTD Rigg Publications.

Hemingway, J.E. 1974. Jurassic. In: Rayner, D.H & Hemingway, J.E (eds);The Geology and Mineral Resources of Yorkshire.

Yorkshire Geological Society.

Howard, A.S. 1985. Lithostratigraphy of the Staithes Sandstone and Cleveland Ironstone formations (Lower Jurassic) of

north-east Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, v.45 p.261-275

Powell, J.H. 1984. Lithostratigraphical nomenclature of the Lias Group in the Yorkshire Basin. Proceedings of the Yorkshire

Geological Society, v.45 p.51-57

Powell, J.H. 2010. Jurassic sedimentation in the Cleveland Basin – a review. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological

Society, v.58 p.21-73

Staithes Town Web (retrieved 05/07/10). Fossils found around Staithes. http://www.staithes-town.info/geology/fossils.htm

Tees valley RIGS Group (retrieved 05/07/10) Sites of Geodiversity Interest in the Tees Valley. Tees Valley RIGS Group Site

Evaluation: Site Details. http://www.teeswildlife.org/GAP%20Database/Pages/Waterfall%20Railway.htm





Figure 4. Rebecca Levell presents historical ironstone mineplans and a digital elevation model of North Yorkshire


Professor Mike Bowman Holmfirth Ordinary

Mr David Craven Durham Student

YGS - NEW MEMBERS

Barry Roberts of Northern Geological Supplies Ltd is kindly offering a 20% discount off

goods ordered from his company. They are situated in Bolton, Lancashire. Their web address

is www.geologyshopsupplies.co.uk if you wish to have a look before you buy. Please note:

discounts do not apply on books and publications. Members purchase goods at their own

risk, the Yorkshire Geological Society can in no way be held responsible for purchases from a

third party.

20% DISCOUNT fOR YGS MEMBERS

Please note the field Meeting planned for the 21st & 22nd May 2011 has been moved to

14th & 15th May 201 due to the leader, John Knight, having other commitments on the

weekend originally allocated for this meeting. Obviously we will try to ensure this is correct

in the next circular, which will be the Field meeting circular.

CHANGE Of DATE


CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES

Contact society representatives for the latest information

CRAvEN & PENDLE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY - Celebration of 20 years of CPGSContact: Paul Kabrna, tel: 01282 813772; e-mail: [email protected] or

www.cpgs.org.uk/

Venue: Rainhall Centre, Barnoldswick.

Members Evening friday 8th April

Geology of Anglesey

Paul Kabrna

CUMBERLAND GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Contact: Rosemary Vidler, tel: 017697 79326 or www.cumberland-geol-soc.org.uk

Annual Dinner Saturday 26th March

EAST MIDLANDS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Janet Slatter, tel. 01509-843.297; e-mail: [email protected] or www.emgs.org.uk

Venue: Lecture Theatre B3, Biological Sciences Building, University of Nottingham

Members Evening Saturday 16th April

EDINBURGH

Contact: Sarah Bailey, tel: 0131 466 9653; e-mail: [email protected]

Global Nitrogen cycling in the Anthropocene and Wednesday 30th March

consequences for food security and human health

David Fowler

Gold in Scotland with reference to Scotgold’s Wednesday 13th April

Grampian Gold Project

Chris Sangster

HUDDERSfIELD GEOLOGY GROUP

Julie Earnshaw (Secretary). Telephone: 01484 311 662 or e-mail: [email protected]

The Tectonic History of New Zealand: Monday 11th April

squeezed, baked, chopped, rotated, sliced and glazed

Rick Ramsdale

Natural pollution of Ground Water Aquifers Monday 9th May

Bob Appleyard




HULL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Mike Horne. Tel: 01482 346 784 or e-mail: [email protected] or www.go.to/hullgeolsoc

Venue: Department of Geography, University of Hull, at 7.30pm.

field Meeting Sunday 1st May

Speeton Booking required - further details will be given when you book.

Part of Yorkshire Geology Month

Led by Mike Horne

Limestone, the only rock you can see from the inside Thursday 5th May

Roger Sutcliffe

LEEDS GEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

Anthea Brigstocke (General Scretary). Tel: 01904 626013. Email: [email protected]

Venue: Rupert Beckett Lecture Theatre, Michael Sadler Building, Leeds University at 7:15pm

Website: www.leedsga.org.uk for directions.

Galactic Cosmic Rays and Earthquakes: using exotic Thursday 12th May

particles to determine earthquake magnitude and frequency

Richard Phillips

LEICESTER LITERARY & PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY SECTION C (GEOLOGY)

Chairman: Joanne Norris. Tel: 0116 283 3127, e-mail: [email protected],

www.charnia.org.uk/ Venue: Ken Edwards Building, University of Leicester

Annual General Meeting and Chairman’s Address: Wednesday 23rd March

Some new plesiosaur discoveries

Mark Evans

NORTH EASTERN GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Mavis Gill. Tel: 01207 545907, e-mail [email protected] or

www.northeast-geolsoc.50megs.com

visit to Whitby - Saltwick Bay Sunday 19th June

Meet at 10.30 am in the Whitby Abbey Car Park NZ 905110 (pay and display).

Finish about 3.30pm.

Dr. Martin Whyte




ROTUNDA GEOLOGY GROUP

Sue Rawson. Tel: 01723 506502, e-mail: [email protected]

Venue: Quad 4, Scarborough Campus of the University of Hull, Filey Road, Scarborough.

7.30pm

Geological settings of field excursions Thurday 5th May

The Animals that David Attenborough forgot: Thursday 7th April

the natural history of fossil and living bryozoans

Paul Taylor

WESTMORLAND GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

E-mail: [email protected], westmorlandgeolsoc.org.uk/

Venue: Shakespeare Centre, Kendal

field Meeting - Eden valley RIGS Sunday 17th April

Meet10:30am in Church Brough village at NY 794143

Michael Dewey

field Meeting - Settle to Horton in Ribblesdale Sunday 1st May

Meet in Settle at 10am in car park by railway viaduct (not town centre) (SD 818638)

Alan Diggles


SUBMISSION Of PAPERSManuscripts for publication in the Proceedings should be submitted to ‘The Editors,

Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, Geological Society Publishing House, Unit 7,

Brassmill Lane Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, BATH, BA1 3JN’. Typescripts should be

prepared using the updated instructions for authors given on the inside back cover of the

latest issue (Volume 58 Part 2, November 2010).

Publication of manuscripts may be expected in the next, or next but one part, following

acceptance. The Proceedings will be abstracted and/or indexed in, GeoArchive, GeoRef,

Geobase, Geological Abstracts and Mineralogical Abstracts, Research Alert and Science

Citation Index Expanded (SCIE).

COPY fOR CIRCULAR Copy deadline for Circular 566 is 28th March 2011

Copy deadline for Circular 567 is 23rd August 2011

NEXT YGS fIELD MEETING14th/15th May 2011 - Adam Sedgwick Country, Sedbergh area

NEXT YGS INDOOR MEETING24th September 2011 - National Coal mining Museum

CONTACTS

GENERAL SECRETARY

Awaiting appointment.

MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY

Ms Chris Jennings-Poole B.Sc., 6 Wolsey Drive, Norton, Stockton on Tees, TS20 1SY

e-mail: [email protected]

CIRCULAR EDITOR

Keith Park, B.Sc. (Hons), 24 Ings Lane, Guiseley, West Yorkshire LS20 8DA

Telephone: (Work) 0113 278 4286 (Home) 01943 878787

e-mail: [email protected]

GENERAL INfORMATION

Please Note: Articles and opinions published in the YGS Circular reflect the view of theindividuals writing those parts of the Circular and in no way necessarily reflect the viewof Council or of the Society as a whole.

CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE:

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS

14.00 – 17.00 Saturday 26th March 2011

Meeting Room 1, British Geological Survey, Keyworth

Nottingham, NG12 5GG

(Joint meeting with the East Midlands Geological Society)

Meeting venue.

Front cover: 3D time-lapse seismic image at Sleipner from2006, after 10 years of injection. Image shows two intersecting vertical seismic sections, the mapped top reservoir surface viewed from below and very bright reflections corresponding to the CO2 trapped within the reservoir.

A Registered Charity No. 220014 March 2011 / Circular 565 ... · A Registered Charity No. 220014 March 2011 / Circular 565 CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE: LATEST DEVELOPMENTS 14.00 –

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