A reflexive pronoun is apronounthat is preceded by the noun, adjective, adverb orpronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause. Ingenerative grammar, a reflexive pronoun is ananaphorthat must be bound by itsantecedent(seebinding). In some languages, there is a difference betweenreflexiveand non- reflexivepronouns; but the exact conditions that determine whether or not something be bound are not y et well defined and depend on the languag e in question. It depends on the part of the sentence containing the pronoun. InEnglish, the function of a reflexive pronoun is among the meanings of the words myself,yourself,thyself(archaic),himself(in some dialects, "hisself"),herself,itself,oneself,ourselves,ourself(asmajestic plural ),yourselves, andthemselves(in some dialects, "theirselves"). In the statements "I see him" and "She sees you", the objects are not the same persons as the subjects, and regular pronouns are used. However, when the person being seen is the same as the person who is seeing, the reflexive pronoun is used: "I see myself" or "She sees herself". metafrash [Μα αληαλαιαζηή αλησλπκία είλα κα αλησλπκία νπ ξνγείηα αό ην νπζαζηό, είεην, είξξκα ή αλησλπκία ζηλ ννία αλαθέξεηα (ξνγελέζηεξεο ηο) κέζα ζηλ ίδα ξήηξα. Σε αξαγσγή γξακκαηή, κα αληαλαιαζηή αλησλπκία είλα έλα anaphor νπ ξέε λα δεζκεύεηα αό ξνγελέζηεξεο ηο (βι. ζύλδεζ). Σε κεξέο γιώζζεο, πάξρε κα δαθνξά κεηαμύ αληαλαιαζη έο α κ αληαλαιαζηέο αλησλπκίεο? Αιιά ν αξβείο ζπλήεο νπ ανξίνπλ αηά όζν ή όρ άη νπ ξέε λα δεζκεύεηα λα κλ έρνπλ αόκ ζαθώο ανξζκέλεο α εμαξηώληα αό ηλ ελ ιόγσ γιώζζα. Εμαξηάηα αό ην ηκήκα ηο θξάζο νπ εξέρε ηλ αλησλπκία. Σηλ αγγιή γιώζζα, ιεηνπξγία καο απηόβνπιο αλησλπκία είλα κα αό ηο ζκαζίεο ησλ ιέμεσλ εαπηό κνπ, ηνλ εαπηό ζνπ, ηνλ εαπηό ζνπ (αξρατή), ν ίδνο (ζε νξζκέλεο δαιέηνπο, "hisself"), ηνλ εαπηό ηο, ίδα, ηνλ εαπηό ηνπ, ηνλ εαπηό καο, ηνλ εαπηό καο (όσο κεγαινξεή ιπληό) , ηνλ εαπηό ζαο, α ηνλ εαπηό ηνπο (ζε νξζκέλεο δαιέηνπο, "πνδέρηαλ"). Σηο διώζεο «Τνλ βιέσ» α «ζαο βιέε», ηα αληείκελα δελ είλα ηα ίδα ξόζσα α ηα έκαηα, α ρξζκννν ύληα ηαηά αλησλπκίεο. Ωζηόζν, όηαλ ην άηνκν λα δε είλα ην ίδν κε ην άηνκν νπ βιέε, απηναήο αλησλπκία ρξζκνν είηα: «Βιέσ ηνλ εαπηό κνπ" ή "βιέε ηνλ εαπηό ηο] InIndo-European languages, the reflexive pronoun has its origins inProto-Indo- European. In some languages, the distinction between the normal object and reflexive pronouns exists mainly in the third person : whether one says "I like me" or "I like myself", there is no question that the object is the same person as the subject; but, in "They like them(selves)", there can be uncertaint y about the identity of the object unless a distinction exists between the reflexive and the nonreflexive. In some languages, this distinction includes genitiveforms: see, for instance, the Danish
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A Reflexive Pronoun is a Pronoun That is Preceded by the Noun
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7/28/2019 A Reflexive Pronoun is a Pronoun That is Preceded by the Noun
Reflexive pronouns are primarily used in three situations: when the subject and object
are the same (e.g., "He watched himself on TV."), as the object of a preposition when
the subject and the object are the same (e.g., "That man is talking to himself."), and to
emphasize the subject through an intensive pronoun (e.g., "They ate all the foodthemselves.")
It is increasingly common to use reflexive pronouns without local linguistic
antecedents to refer to discourse participants or people already referenced in a
discourse: for example, "Please, forward the information to myself ." Such
formulations are usually considered non-standard and incorrect. These can often be
found within text where the writer has tried to formulate a more professional looking
letter without a true understanding of the language they are using. Within the
linguistics literature, reflexives with discourse antecedents are often referred to as
logophors. Standard English does allow the use of logophors in some contexts: for
example, "John was angry. Embarrassing pictures of himself were on display."However, within Standard English, this logophoric use of reflexives is generally
limited to positions where the reflexive does not have a coargument.[1] The newer
non-standard usage does not respect this limitation. In some cases, reflexives without
local antecedents may be better analyzed as emphatic pronouns without any true
reflexive sense.
It is common in some subsets of the English-speaking population to use standardobject pronouns to express reflexive relations, especially in the first and sometimes
second persons, and especially for a recipient: for example, "I want to get me some
A reciprocal is a linguistic structure that marks a particular kind of
relationship between two noun phrases. In a reciprocal construction, each of
the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each
other. For example, the English sentence "John and Mary cut each other's
hair" , contains a reciprocal structure: John cuts Mary's hair, and Mary cuts
John's. Many languages, such as Turkic or Bantu languages, have special reciprocal
morphemes in verbs. English does not, and it generally uses "each other" or
some other phrase to indicate reciprocity. Latin uses inter and the reflexive
pronoun of the subject of the verb: inter se (between themselves) when the
verb is third-person. Most Indo-European languages do not have special
markers for reciprocity on verbs, and reciprocal constructions are expressed
through reflexivity or other mechanisms. For example, Russian marks
reciprocity in intransitive verbs with the suffix -ся (self), which has also
reflexive and passive interpretations.
The reciprocal pronouns in English are one another and each other . Together withthe reflexive pronouns — myself , yourself , ourselves, yourselves, and others — they
are classified as anaphors.
Reciprocity is the broader concept, of which reflexivity is a special case. Reciprocity
has A relating to B and B relating in exactly the same way to A. Reflexivity is the
Reflexive: A↔A = A→A and A←A = A→A and A→A = simply A→A
Examples:
Reciprocal: They all said "Hello" to one another .
Reflexive: All alone, he had no friends but himself .
The classical Greek reciprocal pronoun was allēlōn (ἀιιἠισλ). From this stems the
word parallel : para allēlois (αξὰ ἀιιήινο) "beside each other".
In grammar , a reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically
represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are the same. For
example, the English verb to perjure is reflexive, since one can only perjure oneself .
In a wider sense, the phrase refers to any verb form whose grammatical object is areflexive pronoun, regardless of semantics; such verbs are also referred to as
pronominal verbs, especially in grammars of the Romance languages.
There are languages that have explicit morphology to transform a verb into a reflexive
form. English employs reflexive derivation idiosyncratically, as in "self-destruct";
Romance languages do the same with the Greek -derived prefix auto-.
In many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed
by a reflexive pronoun, as in English -self (e.g., "She threw herself to the floor.")
The "true" (literal) reflexive denotes that the agent is simultaneously the patient. The verb is
typically transitive, and can be used in non-reflexive meaning as well.
"Reciprocal" reflexive denotes that the agents perform the mutual actions among
themselves. In most cases, the transitive verbs are also used.
Μεταραςη*Στη γραμματική, μια αντανακλαςτική ρήμα είναι ζνα ρήμα οποίων το
ςημαςιολογικό παράγοντα και τον αςθενή (ςυνήθωσ εκπροςωποφνται ςυντακτικά από το
θζμα και το άμεςο αντικείμενο) είναι το ίδιο. Για παράδειγμα, το αγγλικό ρήμα ψευδορκϊ
είναι αντανακλαςτική, αοφ μπορεί κανείσ να ψευδορκϊ τον εαυτό του και μόνο. Σε μια
Σε πολλζσ γλϊςςεσ, οι αντανακλαςτικζσ καταςκευζσ που παρζχονται από μεταβατικά
ρήματα που ακολουθείται από μια αντανακλαςτική αντωνυμία, όπωσ ςτα αγγλικά-αυτο
(π.χ., "Η ίδια ζριξε ςτο πάτωμα.")
Η "αλήθεια" (κυριολεκτικά) αντανακλαςτικζσ ςημαίνει ότι ο πράκτορασ είναι ταυτόχρονα η
αςθενοφσ. Το ρήμα είναι τυπικά μεταβατικό, και μπορεί να χρηςιμοποιηθεί ςε μη
αντανακλαςτικζσ ζννοια, καθϊσ και.
"Αμοιβαία" αυτόβουλησ ςημαίνει ότι οι πράκτορεσ εκτελοφν τισ αμοιβαίεσ δράςεισ μεταξφ
τουσ. Στισ περιςςότερεσ περιπτϊςεισ, τα μεταβατικά ρήματα χρηςιμοποιοφνται επίςησ.+
Inherent
"Inherent" or "pronominal" (inherently or essentially) reflexive verbs lack thecorresponding non-reflexive from which they can be synchronically derived.[5] In
other words, se is an inherent part of an unergative reflexive or reciprocal verb with
no meaning of its own, and an obligatory part of the verb's lexical entry":[7]
κεηαθξαζ["Εγγελήο" ή "αλησλπκόο" (εγγελώο ή πξίσο) αληαλαιαζηέο ξήκαηα δελ έρνπλ ην αληίζηνρν κ
αλαιαζηή αό ηλ ννία κνξνύλ λα ζπγρξνλά ξνέξρεηα. [5] Με άιια ιόγα, se είλα έλα αλαόζαζην