imroatulislamiya41.files.wordpress.com · Web viewUNIT 1. REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS. Subject Object Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun . I. You. They.

UNIT 1REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS

Subject Object Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun

IYouTheyWeHeSheIt You

MeYou

ThemUs

HimHerIt

You

MyYourTheir OurHisHerItsYour

MineYoursTheirsOursHisHers----Yours

MyselfYourselfThemselvesOurselvesHimselfHerselfItselfYourselves

Example:

When you see the African lions in the park, you see them in their true environment.

Both pronoun you are in the subject position. The pronoun them is the object pronoun and refers to the lions. The pronoun their is in the possessive adjective form because the environment discussed in sentence is that of the lions.

Possessive pronouns or adjectives are usually used with reference to parts of the body. Example:

1. She put the shawl over her shoulder2. She lifted the boy and put the shawl in his shoulder.3. She put a red hair on her head and a green one on his.

Observe the following example. Does the pronoun or possessive adjective agree with the word it refers to?Example:

The little girl put on her hat, and the little boy put on his hat.

If the hat girl put on belongs to the girl, the possessive adjective must agree with the word girl. If the hat the boy put on belongs to the boy, the possessive pronoun must agree with the word boy. If something in the sentence indicates that the hats they put on belong to someone else, agreement must be made between the possessive pronoun or adjective and that other person.

ExerciseA. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.1. When he comes back from vacation, Bob and me plan to look for another

apartment.When he comes back from vacation, Bob and I plan to look for another apartment.

2. The bus leaves Ted and she at the cornerThe bus leaves Ted and her at the corner

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B. Choose the Correct Answer

1. The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat and digest animals much larger than ____ a. it c. itselfb. its d. it has

2. Sports medicine experts agree that ice should be applied immediately when an athlete suffers an injury to______ leg a. its c. theb. an d. his

3. One property of radioisotopes is that _______decaying occurs in half-lives over a long period of time. a. they c. they’reb. them d. their

4. Since the earth’s crust is much thicker under the continents, equipment would have to be capable of drilling through 100,000 feet of rock to investigate the mantle ______a. beneath them c. beneath itsb. beneath their d. beneath they

5. There are ten children playing in the yard near my house, but your child is not-______a. among them c. among theirb. among us d. among theirs

6. The policemen ordered the suspect not to remove _______ from the hood of the car.a. their hands c. them handsb. his hands d. him hands

7. It was ________ who came running the into the classrooma. I c. mineb. me d. my

8. The company has so little money that ________ cannot hardly operate anymore.a. it c. itsb. their d. they

9. The students were interested in taking a field trip to The National History Museum, but _______ were not able to raise enough money.a. them c. theyb. their d. theirs

10. His father does not approve of _______ to the banquet without dressing formally.a. his going c. he goesb. him to go d. him going

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C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. According to the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, no person should be A B C

compelled to be a witness against him own U D

2. According to the theory of natural selection, the man who was able to use the hand

Aand feet most freely to walk and grasp was the one who survived and evolved. B C D

3. Although Barney Clark lived only a few months with that artificial heart, doctors were

Aable to learn a great deal from him having used it.

B C D

4. According to Amazon legends, men were forced to do all of the household tasks for

A Bthe women warriors who governed and protected the cities for they.

C D

5. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle. A B C D

6. Before my parents went home, she had bought me some food. A B C D

7. Peter and Tom play tennis every morning with Mary and I A B C D

8. A mosquito’s wings move about one hundred times per second. Their wing A B C

movement is the sound we hear when a mosquito is humming in our ears. D

9. The only teachers who were required to attend the meeting were George, Betty, A B C

and me. D10. Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were

unwilling A B C

to give the results to Joan. D

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UNIT 2MODAL AUXILIARIES

The modal auxiliaries in English are: can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would. Modal auxiliaries generally express a speaker’s attitude, or “moods”. For example, modals can express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable and addition, they can convey the strength of these attitudes.

Modal is used with a verb word. A verb word is the dictionary form of the verb. In some grammar books, the verb word is called the bare infinitive. Verb words are very important in many patterns, but they are used most often with modals.

Subject Modal Verb word ObjectThey Might Visit us

Must is also a modal. Must followed by the verb word have and a participle expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happened in the past.

Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a conclusion about something that happened in the past.

For example, “here is a message on my desk.” It may be concluded that “my friend must have called last night”.

Subject Must have Participle Past timeMy friend must have called last night

Avoid using should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead of have and a participle when referring to events in the past.

Must that is followed by be and an –ing form or an adjective expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that is happening now.

Subject Must be -ing Present tenseMy friend must be calling now

Subject Must be Verb word Present timeHe must be upset now

Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.

Subject Must Verb word Repeated time

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My friend must call often

Remember that know followed by a noun expresses knowledge.

Subject Know NounI Know the answer know how followed by an infinitive expresses ability

Subject Know How infinitiveMy friend know How to answer the question

Used to is similar to modal. Used to with a verb means that a custom in the past has not continued.

Subject Used to Verb word Phrase/ NounHe used to live in the country

Be used to with an –ing form means to be accustomed to.

Subject be Used to –ing form Phrase/ NounHe was used to living in the country

Had better is similar to a modal. Although had appears to be a past, had better expresses advice for the future.

Subject Had better Verb word Phrase/NounYou had better take Chemistry 600 this semester

Subject Had better Not Verb word Phrase/ NounYou had better Not Take Chemistry 600 this semester

The phrase would rather is similar to a modal. Although would rather appears to be a past, it expresses preference in present and future time

Subject Would rather VerbI would rather Drive

Subject Would rather Not VerbI would rather Not drive

When the preference is for another person or thing, would rather that introduces a clause. The other person or thing is the subject of the clause. Although the verb is past tense, the preference is for present or future time.

Subject Would rather That Subject Verb (past)I would rather That you drove

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Avoid using a present verb or a verb word instead of a past verb. Avoid using should and a verb instead of a past verb.

Subject Would rather That Subject Didn’t Verb wordI would rather That You didn’t drive

Exercises! A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. After you show me the way, I can to go by myself. After you show me the way, I can go by myself

2. He was used to drink too much He used to drink too much

3. You had better to hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus. You had better hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus.

4. If you don’t mind, I’d rather not to serve on the committee. If you don’t mind, I’d rather not serve on the committee.

5. Diane would rather that her husband doesn’t working so hard. Diane would rather that her husband didn’t work so hard.

B. Choose the correct answer!

1. By the time a baby has reached his first birthday, he should, without the help of an adult, _______sit up or even stand up.a. to be able to c. able to b. to be able d. be able to

2. The theory of Continental Drift assumes that there _______long term climatic changes in many areas during the past.a. must have been c. must beb. must have d. must

3. The general public________ a large number of computers now, because prices are beginning to decrease a. must buy c. must be buyingb. must have bought d. must buying

4. Since more than 50 percent of all marriages in the United States end in divorce, about half of the children in America must _______.in single parent homes. a. grow up c. growing up b. to grow up d. have grown up

5. In a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduates will ______.about English, languages, literature, history, and the other social sciences.

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a. know c. know howb. knowledge d. knowing

6. Harvard________ a school for men, but now it is coeducational, serving as many women as men. a. was used c. used to beb. was used to d. was used to be

7. To check for acidity, one had better _______litmus paper.a. use c. to useb. to use d. useful

8. The great apes, a generally peaceful species, _______.in groups.a. would rather living c. would rather liveb. would rather they live d. would rather lived

9. He told me a lot about the Philippines. He ________ there for a long time.a. must have lived c. might be livingb. ought to be lived d. should be living

10. When we got home, we found the front door open. Somebody ______entered the house while we were away.a. must have c. ought to have b. would have d. should have

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct1. It is said that the American flag has five-pointed stars because Betsy Ross told

A BGeneral Washington she would rather that he changing the six-pointed ones.

C D

2. Secretariat run the Kentucky Derby in 1.59 minutes, setting a record that has A B C

remained unbroken since 1973. D

3. Because doctors are treating more people fro skin cancer, it is widely believed that

A Bchanges in the protective layers of the earth’s atmosphere must produced harmful C D

effects.

4. Some astronomers contend that in ancient times, the Big Horn Medicine Wheel, an

Aarrangement of stones in Wyoming, must have serve as sighting points for

B C D

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observations of the sun. 5. The Amish people, descended from the Germans and Swiss, would rather using

Ahorses than machines for transportation and farm work because they believe that

B Ca simple life keeps them closer to God.

D

6. In today’s competitive markets, even small businesses had better to advertise A Bon TV and radio in order to gain a share of the market.

C D

7. As television images of the astronauts showed, even for trained professionals who A Bare used to move about in a lessened gravitational field, there are still problems.

C D

8. The Impressionists like Monet and Manet knew to use color in order to create an A B C

image of reality rather than reality itself. D

9. Sheep must have mate in fall since the young are born in early spring every year. A B C D

10. When the weather becomes colder we know that the air mass must originated A B C

in the Arctic rather than over the Gulf of Mexico. D

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UNIT 3CAUSATIVE VERBS

The causative verbs are used to show that one person causes second person to do something for the first person. It means that he can cause another person to do something for him by paying, asking, or forcing the person. The causative verbs commonly used are: have, get, make.

(1) ACTIVES + have / make* + complement + verb in simple form ....... (any tense) (usually person)

e.g.:

Gery had Tom clean the floor. ( Tom cleaned the floor) → active I have my husband buy me a new car.

* The causative verb make can be followed only by a clause in the active voice. It has stronger sense than have and get. It means force

The robber made the teller give him the money. (The robber forced the teller to give him the money.)

The president is making his cabinet members sign this document.

(2) ACTIVES + get + complement + to infinitive ................ (any tense) (usually person)

e.g.: Gery got Tom to clean the floor. (Tom cleaned the floor) active I get my husband to buy me a new car.

(3) PASSIVE

S + have / get + complement + V3 (past participle) ............ (any tense) (usually thing)

e.g.:

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Gery got (had) the floor cleaned. (The floor was cleaned by somebody) → passive

I have/get the new car bought.Other examples:

1. The lecturer had the students hand in the term paper on time.The lecturer got the students to hand in the term paper on time.The lecturer got/ had the term paper handed in.

2. Dick is having his sister make the bed.Dick is getting his sister to make the bed.Dick is getting/ having the bed made.

Exercise A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. The teacher made John to leave the class.

2. Ellen got Marley paint the wall.

3. The policeman made the robber lie on the ground.

4. Maria had Gene prepare the meal.

5. We have to have our children to study hard.

B. Choose the correct answer!

1. Nadia will have her friend______ her essay assignment next week.a. submit c. submittingb. submitted d. to submit

2. The students are getting the lecturer _______ the schedule.a. change c. to changeb. changing d. changed

3. The attorney had his client_______ the possibility of winning the case.a. consider c. to consider b. considering d. considered

4. All people make the new leader _______the need for justice and equality.a. emphasize c. to emphasizeb. emphasizing d. emphasized

5. The instructor had the trainees _______a project report.a. making c. madeb. make d. to make

6. The test administrator made us not _______our books until h told us to do so.a. open c. openingb. to open d. opened

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7. Jack always gets me _______beside him.a. not to smoke c. not smokingb. no smoking d. not smoke

8. The speaker is getting the audience ______to his speech.a. listen c. listeningb. listened d. to listen

9. The principal always has the students _______the school rules.a. obey c. to obeyb. obeying d. obeyed

10. The new government will have the budget of education_______.a. increased c. increaseb. to increase d.increasing


1. Luis got his sister read his class assignment, and then asked her to write the report

A Bfor him because he did not have enough time.

C D2. The director had them to work in committees to plan a more effective

advertising A B C

campaign for a new product.D

3. James’ lecturer had him to rewrite his thesis many times before allowing him to A B C

present it to the committee. D

4. I always go to the hairdresser’s to have my hair to cut every month. A B C D

5. Why don’t you make her doing it herself. A B C D

6. Hendry always gets the room cleanly every day. A B C D

7. Father will have the mechanic repaired my car before I use it tomorrow. A B C D

8. The police officer had the suspect to fill the form. A B C D

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9. Nadine usually gets the woman sweep the floor in the morning. A B C D

10. Father will have the room clean before the guests arrive. A B C D

UNIT 4SUBJUNCTIVE

(a) The teacher demands that we be on time.

(b) I insisted that he pay me the money(c) I recommended that she not go to

the concert(d) It is important that they be told the

truth

In (a): be is a subjunctive verb. The subjunctive is used in a noun clause that follows certain verbs and expressions. The sentences generally stress importance. In this sentence, the subjunctive verb is used only in its simple form. It does not have present, past, or future form; it is neither singular nor plural.

Negative : not + simple form, as in (c). Passive : simple form of be + past

participle, as in (d)(e) I suggested that she see a doctor(f) I suggested that she should see a

doctor

Should is also possible after suggest and recommend

Common verbs and expressions followed by the subjunctive in the noun clause

demand suggest it is importantinsist recommend it is necessary request advise it is essentialask propose it is vitalwould rather it is imperative

ExerciseA. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. Mr. Adams insisted that we be careful in our writing.2. It is essential that no one will be admitted to the room without proper

identification.3. It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation.4. I requested that I permit to change my class.5. Her advisor recommended that she takes five courses.

B. Choose the correct answer!1. It is imperative that he_____ home immediately.

a. returns c. will returnb. return d. shall return

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2. The government proposed that a new high way _____.a. is built c. buildsb. will be built d. be built

3. She specifically asked that I ______anyone else about it. a. not tell c. will not tellb. does not tell d. do not tell

4. Most insurance agents would rather you _____anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation.

a. do c. not dob. do not d. did not

5. It is necessary that calcium ______for the development of strong bones and teeth.a. be used c. is used b. will be used d. used

6. The judge insisted that the jury ________ a verdict immediately.a. return c. returnedb. returning d. returns

7. The university requires that all its students _______ this course.a. taking c. takeb. took d. are taking

8. Congress has recommended that the gasoline tax _______ abolisheda. be c. wasb. is d. to be

9. It is imperative that the committee ________ discussion on this issuea. suspended c. suspendb. suspending d. suspends

10. It is advised that you ________ the prerequisites before registering for this course.

a. takes c. takeb. took d. to take

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct1. It is essential that the temperature is not elevated to a point where the substance

A Bformed may become unstable and decompose into its constituent elements.

C D

2. When a patient’s blood pressure is much higher than it should be, a doctor usually

A B Cinsists that he will not smoke.

D

3. He insisted that the food is canned for later consumption.

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A B C D

4. The instructor recommended that everyone takes the placement test.A B C D

5. The government urged that all citizens will vote in the next election. A B C D

6. It is most important that he speaks to the dean before leaving for his vacation.A B C D

7. It was suggested that Pedro studies the materials more thoroughly before A B

attempting to pass the exam. C D

8. The doctor advised Mr. Andrew that he lies in bed for a few days as a precaution A B C

against further damage to the tendons. D

9. It is urgent that the committee will study the proposals before making a decision.

A B C D10. The director suggested that his staff to plan a more effective advertising

campaign A B C

for the new product. D

UNIT 5TENSES

THE SIMPLE TENSETense Examples Meaning

Simple Present (b) It snows in Alaska(c) I read newspaper every morning

In general, the simple present expresses events or situations that exist always, usually, habitually. They exist now, have existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future.

Present Progressive (Continuous)

(d) John is eating dinner now(e) We are leaving for the theater

at seven o’clock.

This present progressive is used to indicate present time (now) with all (c).It is also used to indicate future time (d).

Tense Examples MeaningSimple Past (a) John went to Spain last year. The simple past is used for

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(b) Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.

(c) Maria washed the dishes last night

a completed action that happened at one specific time in the past. It began and ended in the past.

Past Progressive (Continuous)

(d) When Mark came home, Martha was watching television.

(f) Martha was watching television while John was reading a book.

Past progressive is used to indicate an action which was occurring in the past and was interrupted by another action.(d) It is also used to indicate two actions occurring at the same time in the past. (e)

THE PERFECT TENSETense Examples Meaning

Present Perfect (a) John has travelled around the world.

(b) George has seen this movie three times.

(c) John has lived in the same house for twenty years. (he still lives there)

The present perfect is used to indicate an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past (a) It is also used to indicate an action that happened more than once in the past (b) It is also used to indicate an action began in the past and is still occurring in the present (c).

Present Perfect Continuous

(a) I have been waiting for her since you left

Present perfect continuous is used to indicate an action that began in the past and still occurring in the present (present perfect rules). It is also possible to use the present perfect progressive.

Tense Examples MeaningPast Perfect (a) John had gone to the store before

he went home. Past perfect is used to indicate an action that happened before another action in the past; there usually are two actions in the sentence.

Exercise A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.1. Please, be quiet. I am trying to concentrate.

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2. Kathy is always washing her hair every other day.3. I called Mary last night.4. In her whole life time, I have never see snow.5. She will probably attends the meeting.

B. Choose the correct answer!1. A: ” How long has she been the principal of our school?”

B: “ Since I _____this school.”a. was entering b. have enteredb. would entered d. entered

2. A: “ Can I borrow your magazine?”B: “ I’ am sorry, my sister ______it.

a. is still reading b. has been readingb. will still read d. still reads

3. “ Oh dear! I forgot to bring my dictionary”.“ That’s all right. I ______you mine.”

a. am lending. c. am going to lendb. will lend d. will be lending

4. “Where is my dictionary? It was on my desk.”“Perhaps, somebody ______it.”

a. takes c. has taken b. is taking d. had taken

5. Political demonstrations on American campuses have abated_______a. after 1970 c. in 1970b. for 1970 d. since 1970

6. People who have very little technical background have______ to understand computer language.

a. learn c. learningb. learned d. learns

7. Before the Angles and Saxons ______to England, the Ibarians had lived there.a. came c. comesb. had come d. has come

8. My nephew______ working for me about ten years ago.a. begun c. beginb. have begun d. began

9. Doctoral students who are preparing to take their qualifying examinations have been studying in the library every night _______the last three months.

a. since c. untilb. before d. after

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10. The internal Revenue service ______their tax forms by April 15 every year.a. makes c. make b. is making d. has made


1. Before she died, Andrew Jackson’s daughter, who lives in the family mansion, used

A B Cto take tourists through her home.

D

2. Aging in most animals can be readily modified when they will limit caloric intake. A B C D

3. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in All Star A B C D

game.

4. The first electric lamp had two carbon rods from which vapor serves to conduct A B C Dthe current across the gap.

5. Before dinosaurs became extinct, plant life is very different on earth. A B C D

6. When Columbus seen the new world, he thought that he had reached the East A B C

Indies by way of a Western route. D

7. Nerve impulses will send sensation to the brain at a speed of about one hundred A B C

yards per second. D

8. In 1970, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, the average life A B

expectancy for people born during year is 72.4 years. C D

9. The professor had already given the homework assignment when he had A B

remembered that Monday was a holiday. C D

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10. John lived in New York since 1990 to 2000, but he is now living in Detroit. A B C D

UNIT 6PASSIVE

A. Form

We make passive verb forms with the verb TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

To be includes: am, is, are, was, were, be, and been.

B. Uses

o To focus on something that happens to someone rather than the person

who does the action.

Over 36% of Guatemalan workers are employed in the agricultural sector.

o To talk about systems and processes

Many of the world’s diamond are mined in South Africa. The stones are sent to Amsterdam, where they are sold to international dealers. The stone are cut in Antwerp, and they are then sold on to jewelers.

o To have business correspondence, because it is less personal.

Compare:

Peter Jason, who opens our post at this branch, received your letter yesterday. He has forwarded it to Head Office. (Active)Thank you for your letter which was received at this branch yesterday. It has been forwarded to Head Office, as complaints are dealt with there. (Passive)

o To describe changes

The factory is completely different. The whole place has been modernized and computerized, and a lot of people have been

made redundant.

o To have scientific writing or lab reports.

The new species of dinosaurs, one a quick-moving meet-eater and the other a giant-plant-eater, have been discovered in Antarctica. The 70 million years old fossil of the carnivore would have rested for millenniums at the bottom of the Antarctica sea, while the remains of the 30 meters long plant-eater were found in the top of mountain.

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TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT Jim plays a toy. A toy is played by Jim.

SIMPLE PAST Jim played a toy. A toy was played by Jim.

SIMPLE FUTURE Jim will play a toy. A toy will be played by Jim.

PRESENT

CONTINOUS

Jim is playing a toy. A toy is being played by Jim.

PAST CONTINOUS Jim was playing a toy. A toy was being played by Jim.

BE GOING TO Jim is going to play a toy. A toy is going to be played by Jim.

PRESENT

PERFECT

Jim has played a toy. A toy has been played by Jim.

PAST PERFECT Jim had played a toy. A toy had been played by Jim.

FUTURE PERFECT Jim will have played a toy. A toy will have been played by Jim.

MODAL Jim may play a toy. A toy may be played by Jim.

ExerciseA. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. My wedding ring made of yellow and white gold

My wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold

2. Laura was born in Iowa

Laura born in Iowa

3. Most of us are sponsored from our parents

Most of us are sponsored by our parents

4. The car was inspected for customs

The car was inspected by customs

5. Her watch needed repaired

Her watch needed repairing

B. Choose the Correct Answer!1. If more than five thousand dollars in monetary instruments is transported into

the United States, a report needs ________with the customs office. a. file c. fileb. to file d. to be filed

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2. The famous architect, Frank Wright, was greatly _______., who wanted him to study architecture.

a. influenced by his mother c. from his mother’s influenceb. his mother influenced him d. influencing for his mother.

3. In the stringed instruments, the toners _______.by planting a bow across a set of strings that may be made of wire or gut.

a. they produce c. producingb. are produced d. that are producing

4. ________.Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike animal.

a. It is generally believed that c. Generally believed it is b. Believed generally is d. That is generally believed

5. Hundreds of houses and other buildings ________ by the raging tropical storms which later developed into a hurricane.

a. were developing c. were developedc. are developing d. are developed

6. The biology class will _______into two sections to prevent overcrowding in his classroom.

a. be divided c. be divideb. divide d. be dividing

7. We arrived at the store to purchase the dishwasher which _________ in the local newspaper.

a. has been advertised c. have been advertisedb. had been advertised d. is advertised

8. A great deal of property _______ by hurricanes each year.a. is destroyed c. was destroyedb. destroyed d. destroy

9. Next week, some new equipment _______ by the company to increase the production.

a. will be ordered c. was orderedb. is ordered d. ordered

10. These contracts _______ by the manager in the next meeting.a. should be signed c. was signedb. is signed d. signed


1. Work is often measure in units called foot pounds.

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A B C D

2. In the ionosphere , gases have been partly ionize for high frequency radiation from

A B Cthe sun and other sources.

D

3. Because the interstate highway system linking roads across the country was built A Babout thirty-five years ago, most of the roads in the system now need repaired.

C D

4. It is believe that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the A B C D

youngest mountain ranges-----the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra Nevada.

5. With special enzymes that are call restriction enzymes, it is possible to spilt off A B

segments of DNA from the donor organism. C D

6. All the participants of the seminar have been informing by the committee. A B C D

7. He is sent an e –mail last week to inform him about the new schedule A B C D

8. We are suppose to read all of the chapter seven and answer the questions for A B C

tomorrow’s class D

9. The house were renovated by some workers several weeks ago. A B C D

10. We should have been informed Janis about the change in plans regarding our A B C

weekend trip to the mountains. D

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UNIT 7SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

In all patterns, there must be agreement of subject and verb. Avoid using a verb that agrees with the modifier of a subject.

USING EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY (BE AS VERB)

SINGULAR VERB PLURAL VERB(a) Some of the book is

good.(b) A lot of the

equipment is new.

(c) Some of the books are good.

(d) A lot of my friends are here.

The verb is determined by the noun (or pronoun) that follows of in most expressions of quantity. Notice in (a) and (c)Some of + singular noun + singular verbSome of + plural noun + plural verb

(e) One of my friends is here

(f) Each of my friends is here

(g) Every one of my friends is here

EXCEPTION: one of, each of, every one of take singular verbs.

one of, each of, every one of + plural noun + singular verb

(h) None of the boys is here

(i) None of the boys are here. (informal)

Subjects with none of are considered singular in very formal English, but plural verbs are often used in informal speech and writing.

(j) The number of students in the class is fifteen.

((9(k) A number of

students were late for class

COMPARE: In (j) the number is the subject. In (k) a number of is an expression of quantity, meaning “a lot of.” It is followed by a plural noun and a plural verb.

Exercise: State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file, is among the best in the country.

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The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file, are among the best in the country.

2. Since the shipment of supplies for our experiments were delayed, we will have to reschedule our work.Since the shipment of supplies for our experiments was delayed, we will have to reschedule our work.

USING MAIN VERB

SINGULAR VERB PLURAL VERB(a) The student always

borrows the book.(b) The book has a

good story.(c) The child usually

sleeps at 9 am.

(d) The students always borrow the book.

(e) The books have good story.

(f) The children usually sleep at 9 am.

If a main verb is used:Singular noun + main verb+ s/esPlural noun + main verb (without s/es)

Exercise: State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. Several pets, two dogs and a cat, needs to be taken care of while we are gone.Several pets, two dogs and a cat, need to be taken care of while we are gone.

2. State University, the largest of the state-supported schools, have more than 50,000 students on main campus.State University, the largest of the state-supported schools, has more than 50,000 students on main campus

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: SOME IRREGULARIES

SINGULAR VERB(a) The news is interesting.(b) Mathematics is easy for her.

Physics is easy for her, too.(c) Ghosts is the best film I have

ever watched.(d) The United Nations has its

headquarters in New York City.

Sometimes a noun that ends in –s is singular. Notice the examples: If the noun is changed to a pronoun, the singular pronoun it is used (not the plural pronoun they).

Note: Fields of study, as in (b), that end is -ics take singular verbs.

(e) Eight hours of sleep is enough.

(f) Ten dollars is too much too pay.

(g) Five thousand miles is too far to travel.

Expression of time, money, and distance usually take a singular verb.

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PLURAL VERB(h) Those people are from Canada(i) The police have been called.

People and police do not end in –s but are plural nouns and take plural verbs

SINGULAR VERB PLURAL VERB(j) English is

spoken in many countries.

(k) Chinese is his native language

(l) The English drink tea.

(m) The Chinese have an interesting history

In (j): English – languageIn (l): the English – people from EnglandSome nouns of nationality that end in –sh, -ese, and –ch can mean either language or people.E.g. English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, French

(n) The poor have many problems.

(o) The rich get richer.

A few adjectives can be preceded by the and used as a plural noun (without final –s) to refer to people who have this quality. Other examples: the young, the old, the living, the dead, the blind, the deaf, the handicapped.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BEThere and here introduce verb-subject order. The verb agrees with the subject following it.

There Verb SubjectThere Are a lot of people in the park.

Here Verb SubjectHere Is the result of the discussion

Avoid using a verb that does not agree with the subject

EXERCISESA. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.1. I think there was ten people in line.

I think there were ten people in line.

2. There has been very little rain this summer. There have been very little rain this summer.

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B. Choose the correct answer!1. A group of tissues, each with its own function, ____ in the human body

a. it makes up the organsb. make up the organs

c. they make up the organsd. makes up the organs

2. Cupid, one of the ancient Roman gods, ____a. were a little winged childb. representing as a little winged childc. was represented as a little winged childd. a little winged child

3. In a suspension bridge ____ that carry one or more flexible cables firmly attached at each end.a. there is two towers on itb. there are two towers

c. two towers there ared. towers there are two

4. The Palo Verde tree ____ in spring.a. has beautiful yellow blossomsb. beautiful yellow blossoms

c. having beautiful yellow blossoms

d. with beautiful yellow blossoms

5. Nine of every ten people in the world ____in the country in which they were born.a. livingb. they are living

c. livesd. live

6. The average temperature of rocks on the surface of the earth ____55 degrees F.a. be b. are c. is d. been

7. All of the people at the AAME conference are ____a. mathematic teachersb. mathematics teachers

c. mathematics teacherd. mathematic’s teachers

8. Oscillatona, one of the few plants that can move about, ____ a wavy, gliding motion.a. having b. has c. being d. with

9. In the ocean, ____ more salt in the deeper water.a. is thereb. it may be

c. there isd. it is

10. The yearly path of the sun around the heavens ____a. is known as the eclipticb. known as the ecliptic

c. it is known to be eclipticd. knowing as the ecliptic


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1. Columbus, Ohio, the capital of the state, are not only the largest city in Ohio but also a

A B Ctypical metropolitan area, often used in market research.

D

2. There is about 600 schools in the United States that use the Montessori Method to A B Cencourage individual initiative.

D

3. A thunderhead, dense clouds that rise high in the sky in huge columns, produce hail, A B C Drain, or snow.

4. Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease are likely to develop A B C Dsymptoms of it.

5. Both a term paper and a final exam is required for Chemistry 320. A B C D

6. Studies of job satisfaction are unreliable because there is so many variables and because

A B Cthe admission of dissatisfaction may be viewed as a personal failure.

D

7. The popularity of soccer in the United States were increased significantly by the playing

A B Cof the World Cup in cities throughout the country in1994.

D

8. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in the All Star

A B C Dgame.

9. The information officer at the bank told his customers that there was several different

A B C Dkinds of checking accounts available.

10. Never before has so many people in the United States been interested in soccer. A B C D

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UNIT 8PARALLEL STRUCTURE

One use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunctions is called parallel structure. The conjunctions used in this pattern are and, but, or nor.

(a) Steve and his friend are coming to dinner.

(b) Susan raised her hand and snapped her fingers.

(c) He is wearing his arms and (is) shouting at us

(d) These shoes are old but comfortable

(e) He wants to watch TV or (to) listen to some music

(f) They must put the book on the table or the chair

(g) We know where he went and what he did

(h) Both my brother and my sister are doctors

(i) Neither Paul nor Linda lives in New York

(j) You can either sit there or wait here

(k) Jane went to the post office not only to buy stamps but also to send letters.

In (a): noun + and + noun

In (b): verb + and + verb

In (c): verb + and + verb ( The second auxiliary may be omitted if it is the same as the first auxiliaryIn (d): adjective + but + adjective In (e): infinitive + or + infinitive (the second to may be omitted) In (f): phrase or phrase

In (g) clause + and + clause In (h): both ……..and ………….

In (i): neither ………nor …………

In (j): either …………..or ……………In (k): not only ……….but also ……….

(l) Steve, Joe, and Alice are coming to dinner

(m)Susan raised her hand, snapped her fingers, and asked a question.

(n) The colors in that fabric are red, gold, black, and green.

A parallel structure may contain more than two parts. In a series, commas are used to separate each unit. The final comma that precedes the conjunction is optional but is customarily used. (No commas are used if there are only parts to a parallel structure).

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ExercisesA. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. We learned to read the passage carefully and underlying the main idea.

We learned to read the passage carefully and to underline the main idea.

2. She is not only famous in the United States, but also abroad.

She is famous not only in the United States, but also abroad.

B. Choose the correct answer 1. In a hot, sunny climate, acclimatizes by eating less, drinking more liquids, wearing

lighter clothing, and ________a skin changes that darken c. his skin may darkenb experiencing a darkening of the skin d darkens his skin

2. Both historically and _______, Ontario is the heartland of Canada a. in its geography c. also its geographyb. geographically d. geography

3. He knows where she lives and ________a. what she does c. she does b. her address d. her job

4. Peter is not reading a novel but ________a. to wait her c. type a reportb. writing a letter d. wash his car

5. A vacuum will neither conduct heat nor ________.a. transmit sound waves c. sound waves are transmittedb. transmitting sound waves d. the transmission of sound waves

6. North Carolina is well known not only for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ________.for the Cherokee Indian settlements.

a. also c. but alsoc. and d. because of

7. To generate income, magazine publishers must decide whether to increase the subscription price or ________.

a. to sell advertising c. selling advertisingb. if they should sell advertising d. sold advertising

8. When teenagers finish high school, they have several choices: going to college, getting a job, or ___________.

a. joining the army c. joins the armyb. to join the army d. join the army

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9. Collecting stamps, playing chess, and _______ beautiful butterflies are Derrick’s hobbies.

a. to mount c. mountingb. mounts d. mount

10. The chief of police demanded from his assistants an orderly investigation, a well-written report, and _______

a. that they work hard c. working hardb. hard work d. work hard


1. The essay which Paul wrote is rather short but impressively. A B C D

2. They want to know where she went and did two days ago. A B C D

3. My friend is interested not in books but in watching films. A B C D

4. I think they can explain clearly neither when they go nor they do.A B C D

5. The books and the magazine might be the bag or under the chair.A B C D

6. Both Linda or Mary usually go to the cinema on Saturdays. A B C D

7. Either Elisa nor Eriana really wanted to see them last week. A B C D

8. They can go there either at the end of July or they can go there at the end of August. A B C D

9. The aims of the Common Market are to eliminate tariffs member countries; developing

Acommon policies for agriculture, labor, welfare, trade, and transportation; and to

B Cabolish trust and cartels.

D10. The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail, blinking its eyes, and barked

A B C D

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UNIT 9COMPARATIVES

1. exact comparisonThe same as and the same have the same meaning, but the same as is used between the two nouns compared, and the same is used after the two nouns or a plural noun.

noun The same as NounThis coat Is the same as that one

noun Noun the sameThis coat and that one Are the same

Noun (plural) the sameThese coats Are the same

Avoid using like instead of as. Avoid using the same between the two nouns compared.

2. general similarity and general differenceThe words like and alike have the same meaning, but like is used between the two nouns compared, and alike is used after the two nouns or a plural noun. And avoid using as instead of like and avoid using like after the two nouns compared.

noun Be like nounThis coat Is like that one

noun be noun alikeThis coat and that one are alike

noun (plural) be alikeThese coats Are alike

noun Be different from nounThis coat Is different from that one

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3. comparative estimate

subject +verb multiple as many/ many as noun/clauseFresh fruit costsWe have

twice

half

as

as

much

many

as

as

canned fruit

we need

subject +verb more (less) than number noun/clauseSteve has more than a thousand Coins in his

collections

subject/verb as many as number nounWe should have as many as five hundred applications

4. degrees of comparison

subject + Verb more(less) adjective (two syllables)

adjectives-er (one syllables)adjective –er (two syllables

ending in –y)

than noun

An essay test is more difficulthardereasier

than an objective test

subject +verb The most(least) adjective(two syllablesadjectives –est (one syllables)

An essay test is The most difficulthardest

5. double comparison

the comparative S V the comparative S VThe hotter it Is the the more miserable I feel

Exercise:

A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

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1. The car is almost the same like mine

2. The watch in the window is a little different than this one.

3. This one is better, but it costs three times as much as the other one.

4. This field is larger than the other one.

5. She is most prettiest of all the girls in our class.

B. Choose the correct answer!1. Although we often use “speed” and “velocity” interchangeably, in technical

sense, “speed” is not always _______”velocity”c. alike c. the same asd. similar d. as

2. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are_______ most other ground squirrels.a. like to c. like withb. like as d. like

3. A nursery school is ______ a day care center.a. different from c. different than b. different d. different as

4. The rent at College Apartment is only half ________ you pay here.a. than c. as many asb. as much as d. from

5. The main library has_______ one millions volumes.a. more as c. more thanb. most than d. least than

6. There are ______fifteen thousand students attending summer school.a. as many as c. as manyb. as much as d. as much

7. The bill which we received was________ than the estimate.a. more higher c. higherb. the higher d. more higher

8. The Disney amusement park in Japan is _______Florida or California.a. the largest than the ones in c. larger than the ones inb. larger the ones in d. the largest of the ones

9. The greater the demand, _______the price.a. higher c. highb. the higher d. the high

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10. The teacher gave Mike a failing grade on her term paper because it was______ Ardian’s.

a. the same as c. the same withb. same like d. the same with


1. When two products are basically the same as, advertising can influence the public’s

A B C Dchoice.

2. The first living structure to appear on earth thousands of years ago were alike A B C Dviruses.

3. Although business practices have been applied successfully to agriculture, farming

A B Cis different other industries.

D

4. With American prices for sugar at three times as much the world price, A

manufacturers are beginning to use fructose blended with pure sugar, or sucrose.B C D

5. It is generally accepted that the common cold is caused by as much as forty strains

A B Cof viruses that may be present in the air at all times.

D

6. The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficient than most other engines because it A B C

converts the useful energy stored up in the fuel. D

7. The books for my engineering course are expensive than the books for my other A B C

courses. D

8. The more important theorem of all in plane geometry is the Pythagorean Theorem. A B C D

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9. Although there are a number of interesting findings, a most significant results are in

A B C Dthe abstract.

10. The climate here is more milder than that of New England. A B C D

UNIT 10CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. REAL CONDITIONS (POSSIBLY TRUE)

FUTURE TIME → type 1If + subject + simple present tense ….+ will + (verb in simple form) can Example 1. If I have enough time, I will write to my parents every week2. If she has the money, she will buy a new car.

2. UNREAL CONDITIONS (NOT TRUE)

PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME → type 2

If + subject + simple past tense ….+ would + (verb in simple form) could

Example 1. If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend. Fact: ( I don’t have the time) (I’m not going to the beach with you)

2. He would tell you about it if he were here. Fact: (He won’t tell you about it.) (He’s not here)

3. If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him. Fact: (He speaks very quickly.) ( You can’t understand him).

PAST TIME → type 3

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If + subject + past perfect ….+ would + have + (verb in past participle) could

Example

1. If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter. Fact: (We didn’t know that you were there.) (We didn’t write you a letter.) 2. She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer. Fact: (She didn’t sell the house.) (She didn’t find the right buyer.)3. If we hadn’t lost our way, we would have arrived sooner. Fact: (We lost our way) (We didn’t arrive sooner)

Exercises A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. a. If water freezes, it has become a solid

b. If water freezes, it becomes a solid

2. a. If children are healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.

b. If children be healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.

3. a. We will wait if you wanted to go

b. We will wait if you want to go

4. a. If you made your bed in the morning, your room looks better when you got

back in the afternoon

b. If you made your bed in the morning, your room would look better when you

got back in the afternoon

5. a. If we had had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system

b. If we had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system

B. Choose the Correct Answer!1. If water is heated to 212 degrees F ______as team

a. it will boil and escape c. it is boiling and escapingb. it boils and escape d. it would boil and escape

2. If services are increased, taxes________a. will probably go up c. probably go upb. probably go up d. going up probably

3. If American are fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health ______better a. be c. is b. will be d. would be

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4. According to some historians, if Napoleon had not invaded Russia, he ______the rest of Europe.a. had conquered c. would conquerb. would have conquered d. conquered

5. If humans were deprived of sleep, they _______.hallucinations, anxiety, coma, and eventually death.a. would experience c. would have experiencedb. experience d. had experienced

6. If footballs teams play in the Superbowl Championship, ______ either the National or the American Conference a. they win c. they won b. they will win d. they have won

7. If I had known her address, I _____her.a. could see c. would have visitedb. would visit d. will visit

8. If I were Jane, I ______leave the mana. am c. have b. would d. will

9. If I have time, I ______visit you.a. would c. would haveb. will d. would be

10. If you _______ the plant in a cooler location, the leaves would not have burned.a. had set c. has setb. have set d. set

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct1. Boys can become Cub Scouts if they completed the second grade A B C D

2. If dinosaurs would have continued roaming the earth, man would have evolved quite

A B Cdifferently. D

3. If we were to consider all of the different kinds of motion in discussing the A

movement of an object, it is very confusing, because even an object at rest is B C

moving as the earth turns.

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D

4. If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur. A B C D

5. If you sat in that position for too long, you may get a cramp in your leg.A B C D

6. If you don’t register before the last day of regular registration, you paying a late fee.

A B C D

7. If you start doing it now, you might finished it in time. A B C D

8. We would have bought a new car if we have had a lot of money A B C D

9. If biennials were planted this year, they will be likely to bloom next year. A B C D

10. If Monique had not attended the conference, she never would meet her old friend

A BDan, whom she had not seen in years.

C D

UNIT 11ANTICIPATORY IT

It is believedIt is hypothesizedIt is known It is said

It is thoughtIt is trueIt is written

It +be+V 3 that Subject Verb NounIt is believed that all mammals experience dreams

Avoid using an –ing form, a noun, or an infinitive instead of a subject and verb after an anticipatory it clause.

EXERCISES

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A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. It is thought that our ancestors building this cityIt is thought that our ancestors built this city

2. It is believed that a horseshoe brings good luckIt is believed that a horseshoe bringing good luck

3. It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group will not score as well.It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group not to score as well.

4. It is said that a buried treasure near hereIt is said that a buried treasure was hidden near here

B. Choose the correct answer!1. _____.Giant Ape Man, or biggest and probably one of our first human ancestors,

was just about the size of a male gorilla.a. It is believed thatb. That it is

c. That is believedd. That believing

2. _______the formation of the Sun, the planets, and other stars began with the condensation of an interstellar cloud.a. It is accepted thatb. Accepted

c. It is acceptedd. That is accepted

3. It is now known that Saturn _______not the only planet in our solar system with ringsa. whichb. bec. sod. is

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4. ________Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike animal.a. It is generally believed thatb. Generally believed it isc. Believed generally isd. That is generally believed

C. Choose the incorrect word or phrase.

That it is believed that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the youngest A B C D

mountain ranges-the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra Nevadas.

UNIT 12CONJUNCTIONS

Because of is a prepositional phrase, it introduces a noun or a noun phrase. Because is a conjunction, it introduces a clause with a subject and a verb..

Clause Because Subject VerbThey decided to stay at home because the weather was bad

or

Clause Because of Subject VerbThey decided to stay at home because of the weather was bad

Avoid using because of before a subject and verb. Avoid using because before a noun which is not followed by a verb.

Despite and in spite of have the same meaning. They introduce a contradiction in a sentence or clause- and- result.

Despite noun ClauseDespite his denial we knew that he was guilty

or

In spite of noun ClauseIn spite of his denial we knew that he was guilty

Avoid using of with despite. Avoid omitting of after in spite

ExercisesA. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. A. Classes will be cancelled tomorrow because a national holiday.B. Classes will be cancelled tomorrow because of a national holiday.

2. A. she was absent because of her cold was worse B. she was absent because her cold was worse

3. A. John’s family is very happy because his being awarded a scholarship B. John’s family is very happy because of his being awarded a scholarship

4. A. She didn’t buy it because of the price was too high B. She didn’t buy it because the price was too high

5. A. It was difficult to see the road clearly because the rain.B. It was difficult to see the road clearly because of the rain.

6. A. Despite of the light rain, the baseball game was not cancelled. B. Despite the light rain, the baseball game was not cancelled.

7. A. Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite of their disagreement. B. Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite their disagreement.

B. Choose the correct answer.

1. …………………..in the cultivation of a forest, trees, need more than careful planning than any other crop does.

a. Because the time and area involved b. For the time and area involving c. Because of the time and area involvedd. As a cause of the time and area involved

2. ……………..under Chief Tecumseh, the Shawnees lost most of their lands to whites and were moved into territories. a. despite of resistance c. although resistanceb. in spite of resistance d. in spite resistance

3. ………..his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing exams.a. unless c. despiteb. even though d. although

C. Choose the incorrect word or phrase.

1. Many roads and railroads were built in the 1880s because of the industrial S B C cities needed a network to link them with sources of supply.

D

2. Despite of the Taft-Hartley Act which forbids unfair union practices some unions A B

such as the air traffic controllers have voted to strike even though this action C D

might endanger the national security.

3. Despite of the fact that backgammon is easy to learn, it is as difficult to play A B C

as chess. D

KUNCI STRUCTURESUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENTB.1. D2. C3. B4. A5. D

6. C7. B8. B9. C10. A

C.1. A2. A3. D4. B5. B

6. A7. A8. B9. D10. A

REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNSB.CDDAA

BAACA

C. DACDB

CDC?B

TENSE B.DABCD

BADAA

C.BDBCB

AADBB

PARALLEL STRUCTURE B.BBAB

A

CAA

CBC.DC

CDC

A

A C C C

COMPARATIVESB.1. C2. D3. A4. B5. C

6. A7. C 8. CBA

C. BDDAC

BBACC

MODAL AUXILIARIESB.DACA

A

CACA

AC.DADC

ABCBCC

PASSIVE

B.

DABA

C

ABAA

AC.CBDA

ACAAAA

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES B.AABBA

BCBBA

C.CABDA

CDCAB

CAUSATIVE VERBSB.ACAAB

AADAA

C.AAACC

CBDCB

SUBJUNCTIVEB.BDACA

ACACC

C.ADBCC

BAABB

ANTICIPATORY IT1. A2. A3. D4. A

1. A

CONJUNCTIONS 1. C2. B3. C

1. C2. A3. A

imroatulislamiya41.files.wordpress.com · Web viewUNIT 1. REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS. Subject Object Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun . I. You. They.

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