A PROPOSAL THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECOTOURISM CENTER …

A PROPOSAL

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECOTOURISM CENTER AT THE

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF THE HUMID TROPIC REGION

ESCUELA DE AGRICULTURA DE LA REGIÓN TROPICAL HÚMEDA

E.A.R.T.H.

Maior Contributors to the Development of the Proposal

Mr . Jeremy Buck , Graduate Research Assistant, Clemson University

Dr. Gerardo Budowski, Senior Ecologist and Director of Natural Resources, University for Peace

Dr. Rober t Flores, Chief of Party for the Support Universities, Cali fornia Polytechnic State University

Dr. Car los Mur ill o, Professor, E.A.R.T.H.

Mr . Car los Sandí, Forestry Technician, E.A.R.T.H.

Mr . Luis Sorando, Associate Director for External Relations, E.A.R.T.H.

Ms. Karen Steffensen, Assistant to the Associate Director for External Relations, E.A.R.T.H.

Mr . Guill ermo Umaña, Farm Manager, E.A.R.T.H.

Members of the Ecotourism Committee

Dr. Rober t Flores, Chief of Party for the Support Universities, California Polytechnic State University

Mr . Car los Sandí, Forestry Technician, E.A.R.T.H.

Mr . Luis Sorando, Associate Director for External Relations, E.A.R.T.H.

Mr . Guill ermo Ümaña, Farm Manager, E.A.R.T.H.

Dr. José Antonio Zaglul, Director General


E.A.R.T.H.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROPOSAL OVERVIEW I. BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT

Impacts of Agricultural and Industrial Development Escuela de Agricultura de la Región Tropical Húmeda (E.A.R.T.H.) History of Ecotourism in Costa Rica

II. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Organizational Component Site Development Designing E.A.R.T.H. Tours

III. MARKET POTENTIAL AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION The Market Planning and Financial Information Budget by Area Acquisition of Capital and Estimated Revenues and Expenses

IV. ANTICIPATED RESULTS

REFERENCES

APRENDICES Appendix A. Countries of Origin Represented in Student Body

of E.A.R.T.H. Appendix B. Sample Brochure for Ecotourism Appendix C. Organizational Chart of E.A.R.T.H.

Page 1 3 3 6 8 11 11 12 13 17 17 19 22 24 27 29 30 31 32 34

I. BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT

This document details the plans for a project focused on the educational mission of The Agricultural College of the Humid Tropic Region (E.A.R.T.H.). In an effort to educate the masses about the need for improved practices in man-aging the fragile ecosystems of the Humid Tropics and promote the develop-ment and implementation of new meth-ods, E.A.R.T.H. is prepared to embark on an ecotourism project. The concept of an Ecotourism Center is all i nclusive of the many elements to be incorporated in preparing E.A.R.T.H. as a site for ecotourism activity. The enhancement of the natural resources and addition of a carefully planned infrastructure to sup-port ecotourism are included in the proposal.

The features of this project are many, but two principles set this project apart from profit-oriented projects of this type. The first principle directs the Ecotourism Center of E.A.R.T.H. to reinvest a portion of the profits toward the continued development of the ecotourism site. In this way, E.A.R.T.H will be contributing toward the conserva-tion of the natural beauty and biological diversity of the region and further en-hance the site for future visitors and researchers.

The second principle addresses the need to move beyond the sole educa-tion of the ecotourists to the development of site-based educational programs for

inhabitants of the region, and the prepa-ration of the next generation of agricul-turists with an ecological vision and concern. In order for E.A.R.T.H, to fulfil l its educational mission, financial support is necessary. The problem of obtaining financial support of the academic programs is especially pronounced by the inability of many economically underprivileged beneficiaries (student clients) to provide financially for their education. Income realized from this ecotourism project not used in site development wil l be used directly by the institution in supporting the educational mission in the form of student scholar-ships.

The proposal to develop E.A.R.T.H. as a site for ecotourism consists of an overview of the environ-mental problems facing the fragile humid tropic region. This overview is followed by a brief description of E.A.R.T.H., including its location, mission, and interrelated programs. A short review of ecotourism in Costa Rica is then dis-cussed.

Impacts of Agricultural and Industrial Development

It is estimated that at the begin-ning of the 20th century, there were approximately 1.6 bil lion humans inhab-iting the earth, By mid-century, the


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world population had grown to more than 2.5 bill ion people. Currently, the population is estimated to be greater than 6 bill ion people (Breed, 1984). The world as it exists today is immensely different from the world of the 1900s. Industrialization and agricultural needs have had a massive Impact on the natural resources. According to the World Resources Institute (1990, p.1), "the pressures of agricultural and industrial development have begun to crowd out and extinguish other species at a rapid rate, to visibly erode the carrying capacity of the planet's soils, forests, estuaries, and oceans, and to alter its atmosphere." If the world is to prepare itself for another doubling of the population during the 21st century, problems associated with environmental degradation must be addressed for the civilization to sustain itself.

Approximately 10 percent of the land surface of the planet has been transformed by human activities from forest and range and to desert with another 25 percent of the land at risk (Ehrich & Holden, 1977). In developing nations, the quest for ferti le soils has driven many peasant farmers to land not best suited for traditional agricultural practices, and environmental breakdown is often the result (Brown, 1991).

Destruction of and improper management of forest lands translates to destruction of soil . It is recognized that the very existence of all l ife on earth is dependent on the fertile soil with its microbial animal life, as well as the aquatic ecosystems. These micro- and macro-ecosystems are integrated and are

dependent on each other for survival. A loss in plant or animal l ife is certain to prove detrimental to various ecosystems, and the damage may very well be irreversible. If forests were replaced by stable and productive agricultural systems, the cause for concern would carry less urgency (Postel & Ryan, 1991). Tropical deforestation may be influencing global cycles of water, carbon, and sulfur. The vast scale of slash-and-burn clearing in tropical forests may be adding enough carbon dioxide to the atmosphere to change its composition and the climate of the world (Brown, 1991).

Problems associated with deforestation are further exacerbated by poverty and the inequitable distribution of land among people in the region. For instance, in Latin America, 10 percent of the population owns 95 percent of the arable land. "...The world's growing contingent of landless peasants must rake fragile hil lsides, torch rain forests, and plow near-deserts for their next meal, driving environmental threats of global deforestation and desertification" (Brough,1991,p.l2).

Many of the planet’s resources are visibly damaged by the impacts of a growing population. Additionally, there are other resources undergoing alterations due to these impacts, but at a more moderate level. The ozone layer, which protects the earth from damaging ultra-violet rays, is weakening. Pollutants are responsible for this destruction of the ozone layer which, in turn, is inducing a "greenhouse effect" on the planet. The so called "greenhouse effect" has been linked to human activity, including, but


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not limited to, the increasing usage of fossil fuels, clearing forested areas for agricultural, industrial, and consumer uses (World Resources Institute, 1990). Carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases emitted as a result of economic activity (agricultural and industrial effects) are changing the climate of the world with ultimate repercussions not fully understood. Under the circum-stances, all of the plant and animal species will be forced to adapt to the changes or face eventual extinction. Although many plant and animal species will survive the resultant alterations caused by the changes in the climatic conditions, the variations are sure to have a negative impact on ecosystems unable to adapt to the accelerated transforma-tion of the earth’s atmosphere (McNeeley, Miller, Reid, Mittermeier & Werner, 1990). This phenomena trans-lates to the extinction of many plant and animal species yet unknown to man, and the demise of those species as they are currently known.

The loss of forested regions in Latin America is pronounced in Costa Rica. When the Spanish explores arrived in the early 1500s, the territory of present day Costa Rica was virtually covered by virgin forests, most of which were rain forests of broadleaf evergreen species. Although the inhabitants practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, the population was so small it had li ttle impact on the overall forest. Only as the population of the country grew did the gradual clearing of the land noticeably reduce the forested area. Nevertheless, in 1942, an estimated 40,000 square

kilometers, or 78 percent of Costa Rica, were still covered by forest that consisted in large part of virgin growth. However, Costa Rica' s population was growing. This occurred at the same time as the boom in the cattle market in the United States, followed by a rapid expansion of hamburger chains. Local ranchers cleared the land using slash and burn methods to accommodate cattle production. The felled trees were often left behind or burned. As construction demands skyrocketed, the logging industry organized. This further prompted an increase in deforestation practices. The forest lands of Costa Rica have been reduced substantially in the last several decades. Nearly the entire conversion has been to pasture lands that now occupy about 85 percent of the land suitable for all agricultural uses (World Resources Institute, 1990). The transfor-mation of the land reflects what has been taking place throughout the Central American tropics - the destruction of habitats through deforestation for agri-culture, livestock raising, and commer-cial logging. This, in turn, is leading to the loss of countless species of plants and animals. In addition, erosion is consid-ered "serious to critical" on 40 percent of the deforested area that is now in pasture. Of the remaining forest area, about one-third is in national parks or equivalent, about one-third is located in reserves, wildli fe refuges or other protected zones where logging is permitted with severe restrictions, leaving about 2,300 square kilometers of natural forest available for management. Despite the


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restrictions placed on harvesting trees, the humid tropics, with an average deforestation in Costa Rica remains very annual rainfall of 175 inches, distributed high when compared to other countries in relatively evenly throughout the year. Latin America. Furthermore, it is pre-dicted that no forests wil l exist outside of protected areas by the year 1995. Much work lies ahead in addressing the many problems associated with tropical deforestation. It is not simply a legislative matter with legal remedies. The most immediate need is the educa-tion of the people inhabiting these re-gions of beauty and biodiversity. And more importantly, it must be realized that educational efforts must include the discovery of new practices and methods appropriate to the region if it is to sustain itself and progress to meet agricultural and industrial demands. Ecotourism at E.A.R.T.H. can help to sharpen the public’s awareness of the escalating crisis in tropical regions, as well as

The mean temperature is 77°F with an average relative humidity of over 80 percent.

The majority of the land at E.A.R.T.H. is devoted to commercial farming enterprises intended to produce income to sustain the educational pro-gram of the College. Of the 8,000 acres, 800 acres are in banana production, more than 5,000 acres are used for various other tropical crops and cattle grazing, 100 acres represent crop and livestock areas used as field laboratories for course work, 600 acres consist of primary and secondary forest, and 900 acres are assigned for reforestation.

E.A.R.T.H. is a baccalaureate degree-granting institution serving the humid tropics of Latin America. The

present and promote reasonable institution began academic operations in solutions to the problems.

Escuela de Agr icultura de la Región Tropical Húmeda (E.A.R.T.H.)

E.A.R.T.H. is located in a tropical rainfall area of the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica, between the capital of San José and the Atlantic port city of Puerto Limón (see Figure 1). The campus consists of approxi-mately 8,000 acres situated at an average elevation of 100 feet above sea level. The climate of the Atlantic region is typical of

Figure 1. Map showing location of EA.R.T.H.


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March of 1990 when the first class of 60

students arrived. That same class of students will graduate in December of 1993. The institution was designed to accommodate the instructional needs of approximately 400 students; future classes will consist of about 100 students each. The mission of E.A.R.T.H. is to produce graduates with technical knowledge and practical experience required to manage the natural resources of the humid tropic region while developing the region' s agricultural potential. The need to educate the inhabitants of the region as to the exigency in developing and imple-menting sustainable agricultural practices is clear. Additionally, fostering the acceptance for programs of this nature is the responsibili ty of this institution. E.A.R.T.H. is focused on contributing to the development of sustainable agricul-tural practices and accepts the responsi-bility for disseminating the knowledge and skil ls to the people of the region. The student body is representative of the regional interests throughout the humid tropics in Latin America, and students from eleven different countries currently attend the four-year degree granting institution (see Appendix A). The college catalog summarizes the anticipated "end-product" of the institution:

The graduates mil understand the interrelationships of agriculture with the social, economic, and natural environment. Graduates

will have the vision, the commit-

ment, and the ability to apply their knowledge and practical experience to

the well-being of their community. (Catalogo 1991, p.8)

One of the most significant aspect of the College' s program is the commitment to excellence in teaching. The faculty shoulder the responsibil ity for preparing the next generation of agriculturists, while at the same time conducting investigations into new sustainable practices. Their commitment goes beyond preparing for the future as they also furnish present-day agriculturists with workshops and seminars conducted as a part of the continuing education efforts. E.A.R.T.H. received funding from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation to establish a Continuing Education Program and Center. The program, designed to institutionalize the relationship of the College to the larger agricultural commu-nity, is primarily directed toward the development and dissemination of technologies relevant to the needs of small farmers in the region and empha-sizing the management of the forests and other natural resources in an economical manner. The Continuing Education Program is a bridge between the College and the agricultural community, guaran-teeing service from the College, and bringing faculty, students, and staff in frequent and direct contact with produc-ers, processors, and marketers of agricul-tural products. The Continuing Education Center contributes to three interrelated functions of the College: educate and train people


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from throughout the region in the agri-cultural sciences and the special challenge of agriculture and natural resources in the humid tropics; support applied agricultural research directed at specific problems of the humid tropic region; and, through the wide dissemination of information, improved technologies and training activities, participate actively in the sustainable agricultural and socioeco-nomic development of the humid tropics. E.A.R.T.H. realizes that the body of scientific information pertaining to the humid tropics and the use of sustainable agricultural practices is very limited. Therefore, the institution is developing policies and guidelines for conducting joint investigations with various other institutions and agencies. As the institu-tion grows and develops, it is envisioned that not only will the institution be the leader in preparing agriculturalists with hands-on experiences, but will also be a major contributor to the deficient body of knowledge related to appropriate tech-nology and agricultural practices for this fragile environment. E.A.R.T.H. is determined to protect the piece of land known as the forest reserve, a small but nevertheless important remnant of tropical rain forest - the ecosystem that is endowed with the greatest amount of biodiversity on the entire planet. It is a precious legacy, and E.A.R.T.H. considers itself only as an ephemeral guardian of this rich heritage that has been transmitted over millions of years. E.A.R.T.H., as the steward of this priceless resource, must make it available for the study, wonder and care of count-less future generations to follow.

E.A.R.T.H. is dedicated to dis-covering answers to the many agricul-tural problems of the region in addition to facil itating the students' acquisition of knowledge, skills, and altitudes so neces-sary in ensuring the regions prosperous future. The answer to this dilemma embodying the ecological integrity of the world as we know it requires further action and the need to educate the public about the destructive practices occurring in tropical forest zones remains a prior-ity. E.A.R.T.H. intends to do more than simply state the problem. Education goes beyond simple "show and tell" sessions. Experiencing the ecosystems of the rain forest and tropical habitat promotes a better understanding of the biodiversity found in such areas. Clients and visitors to the E.A.R.T.H. campus, particularly the proposed Ecotourism Center, will be provided a rich program detailing the problem and need for sustainable practices. They will also leave E.A.R.T.H. with an understanding of how they can participate in the educa-tional mission of the institution.

Appendix B is a sample of the type of materials to be developed for educational and ecotourism purposes.

Historv of Ecotourism in Costa Rica

Ecotourism, as a profitable industry in Costa Rica, is new and boom-ing. Although a new found enthusiasm toward development of ecotourism sites has developed, the roots of ecotourism can be traced back a hundred years. In the 19th century, scientists from abroad


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traveled to various parts of the country to conduct research on the flora and fauna and they encouraged others to follow. The work of these pioneers gradually increased to a point whereby many foreign and national investigators, primarily biologists, provided the scien-tif ic base which justif ied the creation of the Costa Rican National Park System in 1971. The park system remains the centerpiece around which ecotourism is developing locally. It is an effort to protect the portion of the planet' s diver-sity found within Costa Rica' s borders. The ingredients that have led to an extraordinary increase in the numbers of tourists now visiting Costa Rica include the typically higher levels of education, income, and environmental awareness of people from Europe, Canada, and the United States. The central location of Costa Rica to these parts of the world affords relative case to travel internationally. Another contributing factor to Costa Rica' s thriving tour-ism industry is the stable, democratic government and its reputation as a peaceful nation. Tourism became the third largest industry in Costa Rica in the 1980' s and it is projected to be the largest by the year 2000. Ecotourism, as a smaller component, is now the fastest growing sector of the market, estimated to be increasing at 25 percent annually (López, 1990). Each year, more international visitors make their way to Costa Rica to see rain forests, pristine beaches, active volcanos, and a myriad of other fascinat-ing sites. An increasing number of environmentalists concerned about the

conservation of tropical species and ecosystems are included among the many visitors. A well -planned and executed ecotourism program can be a dynamic form of environmental education for these individuals. E.A.R.T.H is in a unique position to offer a new educa-tional "product" to this robust market. Most of the environmental information and experiences provided to nature tourists deal with Costa Rica’s natural history and data on flora and fauna. Although informative, tours usually fail to include clear explanations concerning the environmental, economic, poli tical, and social conditions that threaten the integrity of local natural resources. The vast majority of tourists leave Costa Rica with either the miscon-ception that its natural resources are well -protected, or with unanswered questions as to how a massive park system and massive deforestation can go "hand-in-hand" in the same small country (Chacón, Courrau & Budowski, 1991). Even though Costa Rica remains a model for resource conservation in the developing world, it is a conflictive model nonetheless. Costa Rica has established an excellent system of Na-tional Parks and protected reserves, but the annual deforestation rate remains exceptionally high. Because E.A.R.T.H’s objectives focus on rectifying agricultural practices that have caused much of Costa Rica' s environmental problems, combined with the fact that it is endowed with signifi-cant natural, cultural, human, and institu-tional resources, the college is in a


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privileged position to fil l a major gap in ecotourist services in Costa Rica: Tours that show natural wonders but also inform about the threats to their survival and provide examples of actions being taken for their long-term conservation.

Such a service should also help concerned ecotourists to better understand their role in the urgent work of protecting, threatened natural and cultural resources in the tropics.


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Many factors have been taken into

account in determining the optimum course of action to take in proceeding with the ecotourism project at E.A.R.T.H. The development of the sites, administration of the enterprise, supplemental programs and attractions, integration of various campus entities, and additions to the infrastructure were considered. It is foreseen that several policies and guidelines in the develop-ment of the Ecotourism Center will surface once the project leadership is provided with the financial resources to proceed. For instance, a slight modif ica-tion to the organizational chart of E.A.R.T.H. is anticipated, based on the operational requirements of the Ecotourism Center and the ideal system for integrating the many units on cam-pus. Organizational Component

The organizational chart for E.A.R.T.H. offers a perspective of the many entities comprising the overall institution (see Appendix C). The sites to be developed for ecotourism will require careful management. Therefore, the institution has addressed this need by assigning major responsibility for ecotourism to the commercial farming operation. The commercial farming operation of E.A.R.T.H. is a profit-center

whose sole existence is to realize a financial returnn to be used in support of the academic mission of the college. Currently, Ecotourism and Silviculture are identif ied as a unit within the Commercial Farm operation (see Figure 2). Initially, the development of the Ecotourism Center wil l- be placed under the direct management of a unit supervisor who will report to the Commercial Farm Manager. The Ecotourism Committee will serve in an advisory capacity to the Supervisor of the Ecotourism and Silviculture unit. The Ecotourism Committee will be chaired by an individual appointed by the Director General and the membership will consist of the following individuals: Associate Director of External Relations or appointee, Coordinator of the Continuing Education Program or appointee, Chief of Party of the Support Universities, a faculty member appointed by the Director of Academics, and a supervisor appointed by the Associate Director of Administration/ Finance. The Commercial Farm Manager and the Ecotourism and Silviculture Unit Supervisor will serve as ex-off icio members of the committee. Other interested functionaries of the university and professional community wiU be invited to participate in the planning. The Ecotourism Committee will also serve to advise the institution in the proper placement of the Ecotourism Center in the organizational structure of

II. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT


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E.A.R.T.H. Although it is currently identified as a unit of the Commercial Farm, the ideal placement of the Ecotourism Center is dependent on the integration of all entities at E.A.R.T.H. This center will require the cooperation of the entire campus community to ensure its success. The aspects of the center involving external relations and university development, continuing education, research and investigation, and facilities planning and utilization will necessitate an analysis of the organizational structure.

Although ideally it is hoped that at some point the commercial farming operations will serve as the sole source of revenue for operating the institution, at this time it contributes about half of the funding required. It is unlikely that E.A.R.T.H. will ever be able to solely rely on the commercial farming opera-tions to operate the college because of

the many factors affecting the realization of a return from agricultural operations. The Ecotourism Center is expected to contribute to the diversification of the institutional resource base. As previously mentioned, the profit motives in the development of the center differ from other enterprises of this type. Enhance-ment of the sites developed for the purpose of ecotourism and resource conservation, coupled with the dedication of funds for scholarships and educational programs at E.A.R.T.H., separates this project from similar enterprises.

Site Development

The primary site being developed for ecotourism at E.A.R.T.H. is the forest reserve, located near the academic core of the campus (see Figure 3). A supplement to the primary site is a site devoted

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Figure 3. Map of E.A.R.T.H.

to archaeological aspects of ecotourism. It is the intent of the university to incor-porate the many unique features of the institution and the commercial farming operations in the development of an ecotourism program. Site development includes making various locations on campus accessible, constructing facil ities, and preserving and enhancing the natural beauty of the areas.

Several structures to be built include a shelter to be used for storage of equipment and supplies near the forest reserve, restrooms, and a protected area with potable water. Communication and first aid equipment will also be located at this site. The construction of a trail designed to allow access to the rain forest on foot will be necessary. It is expected that such a trail will be constructed of

elevated lumber with mesh over it to provide sure footing. All of this con-struction will be completed in such a manner to minimize disturbances in the area. These additions to the infrastruc-ture will ensure safety for the ecotourists, while, at the same time, protect the area from uncontrolled foot traff ic. After careful investigation into the means for transporting individuals to the rain forest area, it was decided that an ideal trans-portation method would be via a cable system. The Ecotourism Center wil l eventually invest funds m the fabrication and installation of a cable system, but the development of a temporary access road to the perimeter of the forest reserve wil l suff ice until the cable system can be designed and installed.

A few minor problems currently exist, such as the mending of fences near the forest reserve. Barb-wired fences in the area need to be fortified and some new fences will need to be constructed to reduce the amount of damage to the area by cattle. Even though the location of the forest reserve is such that unauthorized entrance to the area is minimized, fencing will provide added security and protect the area from erosion and plant damage caused by wandering cattle.

Designing E.A.R.T.H. Tours

E.A.R.T.H. tours will be designed to allow ecotourists to experience first-hand three types of natural resource management in Costa Rica: 1) conserva-tion of natural resources through protec-tion of habitat; 2) extinction and degrada


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tion through mismanagement of the ecosystem; and 3) conservation and production through sustainable manage-ment. Studies focused on identifying the many forms of biodiversity found in the E.A.R.T.H. forest reserve are currently in progress. In order to understand man-agement systems designed to protect the natural resources, one must first be informed about the diversity of flora and fauna present in a rain forest of this type.

It is necessary to employ the services of consultants to complete the inventory of fauna and conduct an inven-tory of flora. A preliminary vertebrate inventory investigation within the forest reserve and other habitats at E.A.R.T.H. has been in progress for several months. A wide range of diverse animal li fe has been documented to date. For example, the small forest reserve on E.A.R.T.H.' s campus contains many mammal species including three of the four species of Costa Rican monkeys: howler (Alouatta palliata}, spider (Áteles geoffroyi), and white-faced (Cebus capucinus} monkeys. Two species of sloths (Bradypus variegatus and Choloepus hoffmanni} exist within the campus boundaries, as well as the banded anteater (Tamandua mexicana), and an abundance of river otters (Lutra longicaudus}.

Birds abound in all habitats at E.A.R.T.H. A total of 150 bird species have been observed, including ten spe-cies of hummingbirds, seven species of parrots, three species of trogons, and two species of toucans. Four species of birds, the sunbittern {Eurypyga_helias), snowy cotinga (Carpodectes nitidus), great tinamou (Tinamus major) and

semiplumbeous hawk (Leucopternis semiplumbea) are currently classified as threatened extinction (Elizondo, 1990). During migration months, it is likely that the total number of birds at E.A.R.T.H. would exceed 200 species. About 105 species of bats can be found in Costa Rica. 26 of which can be found on the campus of E.A.R.T.H. A relatively common species includes the rusty-orange fishing bulldog bat (Noctil io leporinus). This bat fl ies rapidly above the water using echolocation to detect ripples. The ripples indicate potential fish prey, which the bat then snatches from the water using its sharply clawed hind feet. Other bats include the true vampire bat (Desmodus rotundas) and a small, caribbean white bat (Ectophylla alba) often found clustered in small groups on the undersurface of large leaves. As in most moist tropical areas, snakes, lizards and frogs are abundant on campus. A unique habitat mixture of partially flooded wild banana and Heliconia spp within the forest reserve houses at least 13 species of frogs, including the gaudy leaf frog (Agalychnis callidryas}, a brill iantly colored green, blue and orange frog whose photographs decorate many calendars. Some of the reptile species include iguanas (iquana iquana), basil isk lizards (Basili scos plumifrons}, boa constrictors (Boa constrictor), and the long, thin bodied chunk-headed snake (Imantodes cenchoa). Members of the inventory project are currently investigating fish species inhabiting the three rivers and various

ESCUELA DE AGRICULTURA DE LA REGIÓN TROPICA L HÚMEDA

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streams and wetland areas on the campus of E.A.R.T.H. As of this writing, they have identified 20 of the 127 existing fresh water species of Costa Rica. An archaeological site is being developed as an adjunct to the ecotourism project (see Figure 4). This addition to the project will be essentially a value-added segment of the tour. In conducting the initial studies relative to the ideal location for constructing the main campus, sites identified as burial grounds for indigenous inhabitants were unearthed. During these preliminary excavations of the campus, the existence of mortuary monuments was confirmed, as well as the discovery of architectural buildings associated with them. The findings date back to the periods between 500 and 900 B.C. Following such discoveries, E.A.R.T.H., together with the National Museum of Costa Rica, engaged in a number of efforts to identify additional locations of archaeological remains to recoup and save such discoveries.

Figure 4. Map of archaeological site.

Several studies have since been

completed by the National Museum, but no further action has been taken regard-ing conservation or promotion of such sites. With this project of ecotourism at E.A.R.T.H., it appears that E.A.R.T.H. has the unique opportunity to provide the ecotourists with another experience. This experience would include a visit to the site of discoveries associated with past cultures and civilizations of Costa Rica. This would permit the ecotourists to understand the relationships among the indigenous people inhabiting the region, the rain forests that surrounded them, and the biodiversity integrated as a part of their daily lives. Many of the archaeo-logical remains provide testimony to the interaction between the indigenous people and their environment.

To offer this variety of experi-ences in one or two days, tours wil l be organized in the following manner:

1. Welcome and Briefing Period The briefing will focus on describing tour activities and providing information about the lowland rain forest and the nature reserve that tourists will visit following the briefing (natural refreshments to be provided). Visitors will also be given a brochure or folder describing tour activities, map of the college, objectives of the college, l ists of species found in the reserve, and a form to provide feedback and/or donations to E.A.R.T.H.

2. Tour of Forest Reserve Guides trained in the ecology and biol-ogy of the ecosystem will lead the tour in the reserve and tourists will use senses of


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seeing, smelli ng, hearing, and touching in the rain forest - in other words, experi-ence it. This activity will be followed by a break for lunch. Lunch options could include picnics at various sites or formal lunches in one of the campus cafeterias serving typical dishes of Costa Rica.

3. Multimedia Presentation This multimedia presentation will ex-plain the practices viewed as "misman-agement' " and highlight practices of sustainable management of tropical resources. A video or slide show will be developed to explain current threats to the survival of the rain forests in Costa Rica and the region, the origin of this destruction, future local and global impacts, and possible options and solu-tions to the problems. The presentation will be followed by a discussion session where the E.A.R.T.H. tour leader wil l answer questions and encourage com-ments on the issues. Descriptions of solutions will focus on E.A.R.T.H.' s academic program, the Continuing Education Program, and the Commercial Farm as examples. Part of this time will also be used to comment on the role of the international community in regional environmental problems.

4. Visits to Sites of Employing Sustainable Agriculture Practices

This component will i nclude visits to sites on E.A.R.T.H.' s academic and commercial farms that provide examples of sustainable agriculture and natural resource management. Visitors would see intercropping, agroforestry, new strategies for banana production, inte-

grated pest management, reforestation, and others.

The banana packing plant is working toward being a model for other banana packing plants of the humid tropics. Bananas represent a high input crop. requiring ample doses of pesticides and other potentially harmful chemicals and materials. E.A.R.T.H. is taking the lead in reducing waste from the banana packing operation and has substantially reduced the level of contamination being discharged in the water. The cultivation of trial plots of musas (family of plan-tains) is another example of E.A.R.T.H.' s commitment toward finding resistant varieties of crops for the humid tropics-

5. Participate in Tropical Conservation This activity would give ecotourist the opportunity to get their hands dirty in agricultural or reforestation projects on the campus, farm, or forest reserve. Each ecotourist would be asked to plant a tree or other cultivar as a symbolic gesture of their interest in preserving the ecological integrity of the humid tropics.

6. Cultural Discovery This last component would take advan-tage of important archaeological sites at E.A.R.T.H. Preliminary studies of these sites have shown them to be in good condition for their restoration and devel-opment for this form of activity. Also, once the construction on campus is complete, attractive exhibits of archaeo-logical remains will be placed in display cases for visitors and students to enjoy.


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III. MARKET POTENTIAL AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Ecotourism is a thriving industry

in many parts of Latin America. Many people are well-aware of the detrimental environmental consequences related to the destruction of the tropical rain for-ests. Those with an adequate disposable income and a desire to witness the beauty of the rain forests, while, at the same time, learn more about the importance of the need to protect the fragile ecosystems of the humid tropics, are prepared to make the journey to rain forest sites. E.A.R.T.H. can serve their interests by providing them with a planned educa-tional program, and they will leave E.A.R.T.H. feeling that they have con-tributed in some small way to the conser-vation of the tropical lowlands.

The Market

The targeted consumer for this tourist-educational opportunity are . foreign tourists primarily, most of them being from the United States, Canada, and Europe. However, it is estimated that during the low tourist season, E.A.R.T.H. will t arget national tourists and educational groups for short visits to the forest reserve and complementary sites.

It is estimated that the number of visitors to wild and scenic areas in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica has dimin-ished recently due to the public fear caused by recent natural disasters. The

extensivo news coverage of damage caused by the earthquake of April 22, 1991 and the torrential floods has re-duced the tourist activity at this time. Some of the tourist facil ities in the area were damaged and some problems persist in terms of access and availability of potable water in the area further east of the campus (Limón area). Despite these tragedies, recent estimates reveal that 8,000 to 15,000 tourists will visit the area in the coming year. Of the estimated number of tourists to visit the region, the most prominent groups are the elderly, college graduates, and other middle-income individuals interested in the tropics and environment. Most of the visitors will be visiting Costa Rica for the first time (López, 1990). Their interests vary from ecology to fishing to beach recreation. Most of them wil l have read tour guides highlighting special attractions in the region, one of which is the well-known "Jungle Train", which now operates between the community of Turrialba and the tropical lowlands. The relatively low share of the Costa Rica tourist infrastructure found in the Limón area (approximately 5 per-cent), visitors coming to the Atlantic Zone usually stay a short time. Most of the tours in the area last from 4 to 8 hours, with a few involving up to two days. The short nature of the tourist trips provides just enough travel time for


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groups to depart from and return to San José, which is only a one-plus hour drive away, in the expanse of one day. As part of this proposal, E.A.R.T.H. is in the process of conducting a market survey, which will provide more conclusive information on the characteristics of the prospective clients. The survey wil l serve as an instrument for planning and targeting all marketing efforts, as well as provide a means for more accurately estimating revenues. The study incorporates information from several major travel agencies in the San José, leading to the development of detailed strategies for attracting the typical ecotourist and determining the proper tourist package to offer. Several different packages are expected to be developed. The target market share of this operation is to attract 10 percent of the total number of tourists coming into the Atlantic Zone (Limón area). This would be approximately 3,500 tourists per year. This estimate is believed to be very conservative, yet is useful in projecting revenues that minimize risk. The ex-pected number of tourists will increase with time and experience. In addition to capturing a portion of the existing mar-ket, E.A.R.T.H. is in the process of developing materials for distribution among institutions in the United States that have expressed interest in develop-ing joint programs with E.A.R.T.H. It is inevitable that these joint programs will play an important role in advertising the Ecotourism Center. The image and reputation of the Ecotourism Center and the university

will l ead to a quality ñame recognition, thereby increasing clientele. Addition-ally, a well-planned market campaign and quali ty published materials empha-sizing the E.A.R.T.H. attractions and differentiating features will positively affect consumer appeal and participation. There are three major organizations offering ecotourism packages in this region. All of them are situated in locations that are not easily accessible. The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS), also known as La Selva Biologi-cal Field Station, is located about 40 kilometers from the main highway to San José. The access road is in poor condi-tion. Furthermore, they have set strict limits and regulations on the number of visitors allowed to visit per day. They cater primarily to biologists and ecolo-gists for investigative purposes instead of educating the public in general. Rara Avis is also located about 50 kilometers from the main highway. The final 15 kilometers must be travelled in a cart pulled by a tractor. Lastly, Selva Verde, near Chilamate, has an ecotourism package. E.A.R.T.H/s program has the major comparative advantages of being on the major highway (Limón-San José), having good access roads, and the avail-abil ity of several other attractions. The campus itself provides the visitor with services not available at other locations. E.A.R.T.H. is a relatively new university with a unique mission and instructional philosophy. Major on-campus attractions include the commercial farm, complete with banana and other tropical crop plantations, a packing plant, a cattle


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enterprise, and other units will provide the visitor with a unequaled ecotourism package. Campus support services, such as bus transportation on paved roads, food services, on-campus housing, and communication services should provide for the travellers comfort. Upon the installation of the novel cable system of transport to the area ("Cable Vía"), another added attraction that serves to limit traffic to the protected areas and prevent destructive mechanical compac-tion and erosion, the ecotourism package will be nearly complete. Other considerations in develop-ing the Ecotourism Center have included discussions with travel agents specializ-ing in offering complete ecotourism packages to the public, directors of educational programs designed to serve adult populations via extended education or continuing education, and administra-tors of ecotourism centers in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica. Consumer interest in ecotourism at E.A.R.T.H. has been articulated by each of these groups of individuals. Correspondence with vari-ous institutions of higher education in the United States indicates their support for and participation in educational programs of this nature. The market for ecotourism currently abounds. The E.A.R.T.H. approach to teaching the diverse undergraduate student population about sustainable agricultural practices in the Humid Tropics, in itself, serves as an attractant. Eventually, it is hoped that the students of E.A.R.T.H. will be incorporated into the Ecotourism Center as a way of strengthening their communication skills

and honing their understanding of the fragile ecosystems of the region. The potential for employment of students as nature guides and assistant workers for the operation exists.

Planning and Financial Information

Each phase of the project essentially constitutes a year of planning and implementing. Therefore, the three phases reflect a three-year plan leading to full operational status of the Ecotourism Center. Even though it may seem to an outsider that a three-year developmental period for this type of operation is some-what aggressive, several aspects of the project are already in place. Preliminary investigations of the fauna have been conducted. Housing to be used initially by those individuals wishing to stay overnight are available on-campus, and various classes are marking trails within and building temporary structures near the forest reserve to enhance their current program of study.

Phase I. Phase I is characterized by the basic development of the infrastruc-ture within the reserve itself and im-provement of the access road to the entrance where the trails wil l start (see Table 1). The basic infrastructure in-cludes restrooms, the storage facility, and trail construction. The Ecotourism Committee wil l work directly with the Commercial Farm Manager in selecting the Ecotourism and Silviculture Unit Supervisor and outline optimum organi-


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PHASE I BUDGET (year 1) ITEM COST/UNIT COST

Access Road Improvements 4,000.00 Administrator/Manager 9.000.00/yr 9,000.00 Advertising and Marketing 1,000.00 Consultant (Biologist) 1.000.00/wk 3,000.00 Directional / Informational signs 15.00/sign 600.00 Duplication of Materials 1,000.00 Fence Construction 400.00 Fuel and Equipment Maintenance 1,000.00 Furniture and Equipment 3,000.00 Laborers, 2 Full-time, 1 Half-time 5,000.00/yr 12,500.00 Naturalist Guide, Half-time 8,000.00/yr 4.000.00 Occasional Laborers (Students) 2.00/hr 2.000.00 Parking for 12 Vehicles 2,000.00 Service Vehicles (truck, ATV) 15,000.00 Shelter and Restrooms, 2 units 5,000.00 10,000.00 Supplies and Materials 500.00 Telephone and Radio Communications 1,000.00 Trail Construction (800 meters) 10.00/mt 8,000.00 Util ities 400.00 SUBTOTAL 78,400.00 Inflation and Contingencies (15%) 11,760.00 TOTAL 90,160.00

Table 1. Phase I budget (Year 1 budget) zational aspects in the development of the Ecotourism Center. The employment of a consultant to assist in the planning of the infrastructure wil l be necessary. The consultant wil l work directly with the Ecotourism and Silviculture unit Supervisor and meet with the members of the Ecotourism Committee to present each option in project development. A vehicle will need to be purchased and assigned for specific use in allowing immediate access to the forest reserve and other sites of ecotourism. Phase II. Phase II includes more additions to the infrastructure to differentiate this facili ty from others in the area and region (see Table 2). At this time,

the Ecotourism and Silviculture Supervi-sor will i dentify the needs relative to the Construction of the cable transport system ("Cable Vía"), the integration of other units on campus, and the purchase of equipment to operate such facilities. The investigative nature of Phase I should establish guidelines for proceeding with Phase II . Possible areas for expansion include such things as tours by rafts or canoes down a river on the perimeter of the forest reserve, as well as providing access for small groups on horseback.

Phase III. This phase represents the full integration of all activities (See Table 3). It includes the development of a series of tours for pleasure and educa-


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PHASE II BUDGET (year2)

ITEM

COST/UNIT COST Administrator/Manager

9,000-00/yr

9,000.00

Advertising and Marketing

1,000.00 Cable Station Terminal

10,000.00

10,000.00

Cable Way System (5 km)

14,000.00/km

70,000.00 Consultant! (Archaeologist)

800.00/wk

2,400.00

Consultant (Biologist)

1.000.00/wk

1,000.00 Directional/Informational signs

15.00/sign

200.00

Duplication of Materials

1,500.00 Fuel and Equipment Maintenance

2,500.00 Furniture and Equipment

1,000.00

Laborers, 2 Full -time, 1 Half-time

5,000.00/yr

12,500.00 Naturalist Guide, Half-time

8,000.00/yr

4,000.00

Occasional Laborers (Students)

2.00/hr

2,000.00 Seats and Links, 25 Units

100.00/seat

2,500.00

Sound System

3,000.00 Spider Engines, 2 units

5,000.00/engine

10,000.00

Supplies and Materials

700.00 Telephone and Radio Communications

1,500.00 Utiliti es

1,200.00 SUBTOTAL

136,000.00

Inflation and Contingencies (15%)

20,400.00 TOTAL

156,400.00

Table 2. Phase II budget (Year 2 budget)

PHASE III BUDGET (year3) ITEM COST/UNIT COST Administrator/Manager

9,000.00/yr

9,000.00 Advertising and Marketing

1,000.00 Consultant (Archaeologist)

800.00/wk

2,400.00

Directional/Informational signs

15.00/sign

150.00 Duplication of Materials

1,200.00 Fuel and Equipment Maintenance

2,500.00 Furniture and Equipment

500.00 Laborers, 2 Full -time, 1 Half-time

5,000.00/yr

12,500.00

Naturalist Guide, Half-time

8,000.00/yr

4,000.00 Occasional Laborers (Students)

2.00/hr

2,000.00

Supplies and Materials

900.00 Utiliti es

800.00 SUBTOTAL

36,950.00

Inflation and Contingencies (15%)

5,542.50 TOTAL

42,492.50

Table 3. Phase II I budget (Year 3 budget)

ESC UE L A D E A G RI C U L T UR A D E L A REG IÓ N T R OPICA L H Ú M E D A

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constitutes an expenditure of approxi-mately $95,000. Granted that the installation of this attractant to the Ecotourism Center has been deemed feasible, further action toward its real-ization is deferred to the second year of implementation (or Phase II) due to the need for additional studies and prepara-tion prior to proceeding with this aspect of the project. The remaining budget items are basic requirements to begin operation, although some of the items are carried over into Phase II. The budget area identified as total operating capital itemizes costs associated with the purchase of expendable supplies (see Table5). The items of "duplication of materials" and "supplies and materials" differ in that the "duplication of materials" includes those materials designed to serve an educational and informational purpose for distribution to participants of the ecotourism experience. "Supplies and materials" identifies costs associated with the purchase of office supplies and those materials required for the day-to-day operations of the Ecotourism Center (internal accounting. bathroom and cleaning supplies, materials for minor repairs to trails, etc.).

The costs related to labor and management represent a three-year expenditure (see Table 6). The use of consultants from the outside will dimin-ish after the three-year period, although the use of consultants on an occasional basis may prove beneficial in future

TOTAL OPERATING CAPITAL

developments. The expertise of the faculty, who represent a wide-range of diversity in experiences, educational backgrounds, and countries of origin, wil l be requested to greater degree in the future. The demands on the faculty of E.A.R.T.H. at the present time are too great to expect considerable participation in the development of the project from other than an educational perspective.

Table 7 displays the three-year budget for this project. The total costs represent estimates that are subject to change, based on the recommendations of the Ecotourism Committee.

TOTAL LABOR AND MANAGEMENT

Administrator/Manager

9.000.00/yr

27.000.00 Consultant (Archaeologist)

800.00/wk

4.800.00

Consultant (Biologist)

1,000.00/wk

4,000.00 Laborers, 2 Full-time, 1 Half-time

5,000.00/yr

37.500.00

Naturalist Guide, Half-time

8.000.00/yr

12,000.00 Occasional Laborers (Students)

2.00/hr

6,000-00

SUBTOTAL

91,300.00 Inflation and Contingencies (15%)

13.695.00 TOTAL

104,995.00 Table 6. Budget for labor and management for 3-year period

ITEM COST Advertising and Marketing 3,000.00 Duplication of Materials 3,700.00 Fuel and Equipment Maintenance 6,000.00 Supplies and Materials 2,100.00 Utiliti es 2,400.00

SUBTOTAL 17,200.00 Inflation and Contingencies (15%) 2,580.00

TOTAL 19,780.00

ITEM $PERIOD COST


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Table 5. Budget for operating capital for 3 year period

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Table 7. Three-year budget

Acquisition of Capital and Estimated Revenues and Expenses

Given the substantial investment in infrastructure required to complete this project, it is necessary to request funding in the form of grants which would assist in the "start up" of this unique experiential attraction. The funds obtained through grants will be used in the construction of facil ities, trails, shelters and financing the required printed material distributed to participants of the tour. Based on conservative estimates, once the Ecotourism Center is operational, a net profit will be realized annually. As mentioned previously, the profits will be used to enhance the protected areas and provide funding for scholarships. In essence, the profits wil l be used to augment operational funds of the univer-sity, in order that the educational mission can be fulfilled. E.A.R.T.H. has been approached by the National Museum regarding the possibili ty of developing a site named "Bremen B" as an archaeological pre-serve to be introduced as a part of the Ecotourism Center. As a result of this first contact, E.A.R.T.H. received a number of recommendations and an

analysis of the financial resources required to proceed. The National Museum has offered to be a counterpart to this project, and upon signing a mutual agreement, they will absorb some of the costs involved in the areas development. Some preliminary estimates for developing the archaeological portion of the Ecotourism Center are $26,850. It is believed that the National Museum can acquire funding for 50 percent of the costs.

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has approved funding for the employment of a consultant to conduct a preliminary inventory of the flora in the forest re-serve, and to identify the ideal trail for the study of the tropical rain forest. The results of the study wil l complement previous and current studies being con-ducted to arrive at a fauna inventory. USAID continues to support the develop-ment of educational resources to be incorporated as a part of the institution' s instructional program. To provide the financial resources to pay the labor and operating costs, E.A.R.T.H. wil l seek an operating loan. The loan will be repaid with the annual revenues expected to be generated by the project, as indicated in the Estimated Revenue and Estimated Expenses section (see Table 8). The net revenue of $51,635 is most conservative. E.A.R.T.H. has invited several tourist agencies and tour operators to visit the institution and experience the forest reserve to assist in developing the area to meet the needs of potential

Total Infrastructure 164,277.50 Total Labor and Management 104,995.00 Total Operating Capital 19,780.00

TOTAL (US$) 289,052.50

TOTAL BUDGET (3 years)


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ESTIMATED REVENUE (annual) International Tourists, 2000 @ $40 80,000.00 National Tourists, 1500 @ $10 15.000.00 Overnight Accommodations, 600 @ $l5 9,000.00 Sale of Food and Beverages 6,000.00 Sale of Printed Materials. Souvenirs, Etc. 5.000.00

TOTAL (US$) 115,000.00

ESTIMATED EXPENSES (annual) Admnistrator/Manager 9,000.00 Advertising and Marketing 1.000.00 Duplication of Materials 1,200.00 Food and Beverages 4,000.00 Fuel and Equipment Maintenance 2,500.00 Housing Costs 3.000.00 Insurance 12,000.00 Labor 18.500.00 Printed Materials, Souvenirs, Etc. for Sale 3,000.00 Supplies and Materials 900.00 Contingencies 8,265,00

TOTAL (US$) 63.365.00

Table 8. Estimate of annual net revenue

clients. In so doing, a package price can be fixed for various options to be in-cluded as a part of the ecotourism program. The price may vary from $15 to $50 depending on the services to be included and the "type" of participant. "Type" is a generic term used to identify those individuals will ing and able to pay for the ecotourism experience, and those individuals, regional inhabitants, who may not be able to pay for the services but they can benefit from the educational aspects of the program. International tourists should be able to pay $40 for the ecotourism package to be provided by

E.A.R.T.H., based on prices for similar packages throughout Costa Rica- Over-night guests wil l be housed in facilities already in place. It is not anticipated that all visitors will take advantage of the availabili ty of overnight housing.

The total number of tourists visiting the Limón area vary from 8,000 to 15,000 per year depending on the season. The target is to service up to 2,000 tourists per year initially. This represents a total of 80 to 90 groups of 25 people per group. Although ambitious, E.A.R.T.H. currently entertains visitors on an almost daily basis, many

NET REVENUE (excluding depreciation ) 51,635.00


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travelling in groups. Many of these individuals have expressed a desire to visit the forest reserve and take advan-tage of the opportunity to more fully understand the experiential activities occurring on the academic farm. The visitors to campus include professionals, tourists, and other interested individuals who have learned from varying sources about this unique institution located in the humid tropics.

It is also anticipated that during the low tourist season (May to Novem-ber), the Ecotourism Center wil l have an orientation toward serving domestic groups from high schools, universities, local community, and others. For these visitors, the price and package offered will be changed considerably. In an effort to educate the inhabitants of the region, E.A.R.T.H. wil l focus more intently on the educational aspects of the ecotourism program. As many of the nationals do not have a comparable disposable income available to them as visitors from the United States, Canada, and various European nationals might

have. It is important to point out that profit or net revenue can be used for financing improvements in the system and to allow for some slack in the operations of the facili ties. Additionally, the budget does not include the services that will be provided to groups and/or individuals who can not afford the service. Additionally, it must be remembered that the cost of building the "Cable Vía" constitutes a major cost of this project However, it is believed that the uniqueness of the system and potential to attract tourists and minimize soil compaction justify this approach. Liabili ty concerns have been raised and the institution is investigating the many issues involved. Based on preliminary findings, primarily acquired in discussions with representatives of organizations currently using cable systems for transporting people, the "Cable Vía" is a viable method of access to the reserve, and it will minimize vehicle traffic into the protected areas.


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IV. ANTICIPATED RESULTS Although this project will proceed in three major phases focused on the ecotourist, it must be under-stood that the many benefits to the existing educational pro-grams at E.A.R.T.H. should be underscored. Students at E.A.R.T.H. wil l not only be the beneficiaries of income derived from this project, but they will also participate via field exercises conducted as a part of class laboratories. Some additional activities for the students have been identified. Ideally, the Ecotourism Center can develop into a site for work experience and/or internships. The students can serve as tour guides, occasional workers, and take advantage of the learning experience provided from this form of enterprise. One cannot overlook the public relations to be realized by having an Ecotourism Center on the campus of E.A.R.T.H. This new college dedicated to changing agricultural practices perpetuated over many years in the fragile tropics is a "one-of-a-kind" institution. It is inevitable that the people visiting E.A.R.T.H. will l eave with an understanding and appreciation for the mission of the college, the stu-

Figure 5. An Instructor in the forest reserve with students

dents, the faculty and staff , and the many other facets that make it unique. The positive public relations will enhance the efforts of the Amigos of E.A.R.T.H. College, a non-profit group organized as a foundation to raise funds to support the educational programs of the college. The


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valuable contacts made will be added to a database to be used to further developmental efforts of the college.

Once incorporated as a profit- tors, students, vísitors, and inhabitants of center for E.A.R.T.H., the Ecotourism the región.

Center wil l provide a self-sustaining educational program to benefit the educational needs of the many investigators, students, visitors, and inhabitants of the region.


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REFERENCES

Boo, E. (1990, March-April). Ecotourism: Potentialities and Dangers. WWF News. p. 6.

Breed, F. (1984). Population, environment, and human needs. In Didsbury, H.F., Jr. (Ed.), Creating a global agenda, (pp. 45-52). Bethesda, Maryland: World Future Society.

Brough, H.B. (1991, January-February). A new lay of the land. World Watch. pp. 12-19.

Brown.L.R. (1991). The new world order. In Worldwatch Institute, State of the world 1991 (pp. 3-20). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Chacón, L.M. Courrau, J.A. & Budowski,T. (1991, Augusto). El ecoturismo, los pro y contra. Summary of WorldNet satell ite conference held in the auditorium of the Embassy of the United States of America in San José, Costa Rica.

Comentario; Turismo interno. Tecnitur Intemational Magazine. p. 7.

Ehrlich, P.R. Ehrlich, A.H. & Holdren, J.P. (1977). Ecoscience: Population. resources. environment. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

Elizondo, L.H. (1990). Especies de anfibios, reptiles, aves y mamíferos amenazados o en peligro de extinción en Costa Rica: Breve Reseña. Unpublished database of biodiversity, Instituto de Biodiversidad (INBIO), Heredia, Costa Rica.

Escuela de Agricultura de la Región Tropical Húmeda (1991). Catalogo 1991. San José, Costa Rica: Comunicación Corporativa, S.A.

Forestry Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Global neighbors growing together. U.S. Government Printing Office.

López, W.R. (1990, June-July). La realidad del turismo interno en Costa Rica. Tecnitur International Magazine. pp. 8 -11.

McNeely.J.A. Mil ler, K.R. Reid, W.V. Mittermeier, R.A. & Werner, T.B. (1990). Conserving the world’s biological! diversity. Baltimore, Maryland: World Resources Institute.

Postel, S.& Ryan. J.C (1991). Reforming forestry. In Worldwatch Institute. State of the world l991.(pp.74-92. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

The World Resources Institute, The United Nations Environment Programme & The United Nations Development Programme (1990). World Resources 1990-91. New York: Oxford University Press.

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APPENDICES

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Appendix A. Countr ies of Or igin Represented in Student Body of E.A.R.T.H.

Beli ze Bolivia Brazil

Colombia Costa Rica

Dominican Republic Ecuador

Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panamá

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A PROPOSAL THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECOTOURISM CENTER …

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