A PRIDE CAMPAIGN Mbam Djerem National Park, Cameroons3.amazonaws.com/rarect_prod/rareplanet.org/files/BOSCO Project... · IV.1.2 Fauna IV.2 Conservation history IV.3 Legislation V.

1

THE PROJECT PLAN

A PRIDE CAMPAIGN

Mbam Djerem National Park, Cameroon

Black and White Colobus Monkey Colobus guereza (Photo by: Gerry Ellis)

Diploma in Conservation Education

University of Kent at Canterbury, UK

Jean Bosco Pouomegne The Wildlife Conservation Society, Cameroon

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary 5 A – SITE BACKGROUND RESEARCH 6

I. The Physical site I.1 Definition of the site I.2 Physical region I.2.1 Relief I.2.2 Climate I.2.3 Vegetation I.2.4 Hydrology I.3 Infrastructures II. Socio-economic characteristics of site II.1 Park history II.2 Demography II.3 land tenure II.4 Main livelihood and incomes activities II.4.1 Agriculture II.4.2 Livestock II.4.3 Fishing II.4.4 Hunting II.4.5 Timber and non timber forests products II.5 Site neighbours III. Main factors affecting the Site IV. Conservation Issues IV.1 Biodiversity IV.1.1 Flora IV.1.2 Fauna IV.2 Conservation history IV.3 Legislation V. Park/PA management V.1 Park management overview V.2 Stakeholder in park management

B. STAKEHOLDERS MEETING 18 I. STAKEHOLDER MATRIX 18 II. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORKSHOP 23 III. INITIAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL 25 C. FOCUS GROUP MEETINGS SUMMARY 29

3

I. Introduction II. Agenda III. Participants III.1 Livestock owner III.2 Hunters III.3 Fishermen IV. Group discussion V. Results

D. QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY 33

I. Survey planning I.1 Sampling and sample size I.2 Enumerators I.3 Survey question II. Questionnaire survey research data summary II.1 General information II.2 Knowledge question II.3 Attitudes II.4 Practices

E. Flagship species 51

I. Physical description II. Taxonomy III. Biological characteristic III.1 Size III.2 Distribution III.3 Main groups III.4 Habitat III.5 Diet III.6 Reproduction III.7 Behaviour III.8 Predators IV. Qualifying for flagship species status

F. WORK AND MONITORING PLAN 55 II. OBJECTIVES THEMES 55 III. SMART OBJECTIVES 55 IV. ACTIVITY GUIDE 57 V. MONITORING PLAN 70

References

4

Acknowledgements Appendices 1. Check list of wildlife species and their conservation status 2. Questionnaire Survey (translated from French) 3. List of figures and table

5

Executive Summary I recently took part in the Rare Diploma Course on Conservation Education at the University of Kent. This programme covers an eleven week classroom phase (September-November 2006). The curriculum includes basic ecology, conservation law and policy, social science and environmental education, social marketing. Following the University training, with support of RARE and WCS, I worked closely with community members in my country to design a Conservation Education Campaign in the villages surrounding the Mbam Djerem National Park. Theory of Change Statement

In order to reduce the threats of illegal bush meat hunting in the Mbam Djerem National Park, Cameroon, the Pride campaign conducted by Jean Bosco Pouomegne and WCS Cameroon will change the behavior of local hunters and the general public. To inspire this change the campaign will employ several proven strategies for social change, including:, reducing the number of bush meat traders, helping the community to change their bush meat consumption behavior, demonstrating social benefits of the National Park, increase the knowledge of the threats that affect the wildlife in the Park and increase the level of pride of this wildlife. To achieve this we will adopt the help of aides in the community, carry out sports events, wildlife theatre, school activities, a traditional festival, alternative livelihood workshops and produce printed materials. In the end the campaign’s impact will be measured by a pre and post campaign survey and also WCS monitoring reports on levels of bush meat hunting. In order to be a true success, by March 2008 the campaign will have increased the number of respondents who find that it is “Not Important” to eat wild bush meat from 5% to 25%.

6

A – SITE BACKGROUND RESEARCH I. THE PHYSICAL SITE I.1 DEFINITION OF THE SITE Located in Central Cameroon, Mbam Djerem National Park, the newly created protected area (January 2000) covers an area of about 416 512 hectares and lies between 5°30' - 6°13' latitude North, 12°23' - 13°10' longitude East (see Mbam Djerem National Park in the map below). Figure 1: Location of Mbam Djerem National Park. (Source: Draft Management plan of Mbam Djerem National Park. 2007. WCS. MINFOF.FEDEC.)

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

##

#

# #

#

##

#

##

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

%[

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

# #

#

# #

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

#

ÊÚ Bétaré Oya

Yoko

YaoundéDouala

Foumban

#

%[

#

TibatiNgaoundal

0

0

500000

500000

500000

500000

1000000 1000000

0 200 400 Kilomètres

WCSCAMEROON BIODIVERSITY PROGRAMMEPO BOX : 3055 Yaoundé - Messa. Tél/Fax: 2202645Email : [email protected]

N

EW

S

LOCALISATION DU PNMD

CamerounPNMDAxes routiers

%[ Capitales#

ÊÚ Mbakaou

Villes importantes

LEGENDE

I.2 PHYSICAL REGION I.2.1 RELIEF In general, the relief is characterized by a succession of rolling hills with peaks between 800 and 900m in the North. Further to the South-west of the park, is the Yoko ridge (Yoko is the main city in the south of the protected area), which dominates the highlands, about 1000m above sea level. The overall gradient of the landform slopes from the west to east where at South-East, the high drops to 660m above sea level.

7

I.2.2 CLIMATE The climate of the entire area varies considerably. This consists of two types: the equatorial climate which covers much of forest zone of the South of the protected area and the tropical climate which covers the savannah zone of the North. The rainfall records of the two weathers stations (Tibati and Yoko) located at the North and South of the park give results below (see Figure 1 and 2). Table 1: Average rainfall weathers stations Yoko (5.55°N 12.30°E. Height about 1027m above sea level) and Tibati (6.50°N 12.60°E. Height about 873m above sea level). Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Average rainfall in Savannah zone. Tibati - (mm)

0.8 12.8 63.7 125.9

183.3

219.1

266.3

281.2

285.7

223.6 42.1 2.3

Average rainfall in Forest zone. Yoko - (mm)

10.7 26 86.3 125.9

184.1

172.9

160.5

192.6

310.1

304.8 69.9 11.4

Source: http://www.worldclimate.com Figure 2: Average rainfall Mbam Djerem National Park

Average rainfall Mbam Djerem National Park

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Janv Fev Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Months

Rai

nfal

l (m

illim

eter

s)

Average rainfall in Savannah zone. Tibati - (mm)Average rainfall in Forest zone. Yoko - (mm)

It shows in the table above that the protected area presents two mains seasons: one rainy season which goes from the second half of March to the beginning of November and a dry season which covers the period of November until March. But, in the forest band the season of rain is less marked than in the savannah band. There is in this region a reduction in rain fall from June to July, then acceleration from August until the height of rainfall in September and October. I.2.3 VEGETATION

http://www.worldclimate.com/

8

The vegetation of Mbam Djerem National Park includes two bio-geographic regions of Cameroon: the lowland rainforest in the South band and a large massif marking an East - West bio-geographic division in Cameroon between 6°N and 8°N where the vegetation is largely dominated by Gallery Forest and Savannah. Figure 3 below shows the vegetation of the park using images from Landsat and surveys on the ground. It appears that approximately half of the park is covered by the forest while the other half is made up of savannah; the limit between the two ecosystems is laid out diagonally from the North-East to South-West. The network of forest galleries can be also observed. Figure 3: Vegetation of the park starting from the classification operated on image Landsat

9

Source: Draft Management plan of Mbam Djerem National Park. 2007. WCS. MINFOF. FEDEC.

10

I.2.4 HYDROLOGY The project site is well drained by a network of rivers and their tributaries. The density of the network of rivers of the project site pushed the Cameroonian authorities to build there the most important dam in the country (with a surface area of about 60.000 ha and a maximum volume of water of about 5.3 billion cubic meters). I.3 INFRASTRUCTURES With regards the large buildings infrastructures the area has the following: - The railway was built between 1964 and 1974 in the east part of the park. This

constitutes one of the principal ways of removing the products from the illegal exploitation of the forest and wild animal resources of the national park from Mbam and Djerem. In order to limit the impact of the railway on the distribution of the illegally exploited wild animal resources, the company for rail transport CAMRAIL, the Ministry for the Forestry and Fauna and WCS signed a convention in 2001 with an aim to eradicate the rail transportation of bush meat products

- The 200km overland road between Yoko-Tibati was built before 1960 in the west part of the park. In spite of its bad state, this road remains the only transportation road which serves the western part of the park.

- The dam of Mbakaou village was built in 1969 on the Djerem River. Its goal was to control the hydrological level of Sanaga River in order to ensure a good water supply to the hydroelectric power station in the South of Cameroon. The construction of this dam has caused the displacement of an important working population including in the village of Mbakaou.

With regards small infrastructures at the village level, where the means are scarce, the development of educational infrastructures in primary schools is a major problem. The proportion of teachers to the number of pupils taught per class is very low. Even when both infrastructures and teachers are present, the quality of education in schools is very bad for the following reasons: no qualified teachers, lack of basic school books and pedagogic material, lack of engagement of parents to send children in school. Almost every village faces the same problem: lack of water, no electricity, no heath centres. In a few cases such as Mbakaou and Meidjamba village in the north, Mbitom in the east and Doume in the west, health centres are present, but there are insufficient medical staffs, lack of medicines and medical equipments. Only Tibati and Yoko city, Mbakaou village have an electrical supply. II. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE II.1 PARK HISTORY Historically, the park was under study for gazettment as a National Park since 1985 under the General Delegation for Tourism and the Ministry of Tourism from 1990-1992. In 1992, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry was created and the Department of Wildlife and Protected Areas was created, replacing the former Department of Wildlife and National Parks. The creation of this new Ministry coincided with the holding of the Earth Summit in Rio, 1992, where countries of the world agreed on a Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to which Cameroon is a signatory. In accordance with the CBD, Cameroon has produced a National Forestry Action Programme (NFAP), a forestry policy document

11

(MINEF 1995) which enlists and describes the government’s future action Programme in the forestry sector well into the 21st century. The gazettment of Mbam Djerem National Park is listed as project N° 7 under NFAP. The pace for gazetting was set when the Ministry issued ministerial Decision N°

0373/D/MINEF/DAG on 12 March 1999 stating that the “Zone under defence, the Mbam Djerem forest, was to be raised to a protected area”. This action was in response to conditionality for financing the Chad-Cameroon Oil-pipeline project in which the future protected area would serve as a compensation for the environmental impact caused by the clearing of the forest for the oil-pipeline trace from South until the North of the country. This protected area then covered a surface area of 353,000 hectares. Following the conciliation meetings with the villages, this surface are increased to 416,512 hectares according to decree N0 2000/005/PM on January 06, 2000. II.2 DEMOGRAPHY The villages around Mbam Djerem National Park are occupied in majority by the populations of the ethnos groups Peuhl, Bororo, Gbaya, and Vute. Peuhl would have arrived in the area at the beginning of the 19th century coming from West Africa. It is during their conquests that Gbaya and Bororo would have also infiltrated a little everywhere in the area. Their installation will be easy since they were subjected to the authority of Peuhl. Before these conquests, the current territory of the National park was occupied by Vute. Confront with advanced Peuhl, some were remain on the place to try to fight them before being constrained with capitulation. Others were going out of the area before the arrival of Peuhl to take refuge in the West and the South of the park. We estimate today at some 28.694 inhabitants, the size of the population in the immediate periphery of the Mbam Djerem National Park. A distribution of this population per region gives 62% to North and the North-West, 32% to East and South-Eastern, 06% to West and South-West. These populations live in 77 villages including 49 villages located in at North and the North-West, 18 villages in the East and 10 villages in the West and in the South (Pouomegne. 2005). On the ethnic level, Gbaya constitute the majority ethnos group in the surrounding villages of the park with 62% of the whole of the population. They are gathered in the North and the East of the park. Vute which does not represent that 10% of the total population are gathered in West while Peuhl and Bororo with 12% of the population occupy the Northern part. The size of the population Peuhl and Bororo does not reflect the real demographic weight of this group because the most are very mobile; generally gathered in the towns of Tibati and Ngaoundal. Only a minority is dispersed in settlements around and inside the park (Pouomegne. 2005). II.3 LAND TENURE With regard to land tenure, it is the “traditional right” which is applied. The right to occupy or exploit a parcel of land can be done simply by paying a tribe in chief of a village. As soon as a person who has acquired a piece of land and uses it by building or by planting a tree, this piece returns to him. However, these chiefs of village do not have control in the isolated areas and the people install their settlements without any concern. They use this land for activities such as fishing, hunting or for the gathering.

12

II.4 MAIN LIVELIHOODS AND INCOMES ACTIVITIES II.4.1 AGRICULTURE This is the most-widely practiced human activity in villages surrounding the park and sometimes within the park. Agriculture is primarily for food. Subsistence agriculture is practiced in the project site (west of the park), while in the other part the tendency is towards agriculture for the markets. The farmers sow mainly cassava each year without working the ground and by using the fires to clear the farms. As soon as the harvest outputs decrease, they change location and continue to burn the gallery forest so that they can sow their crops. II.4.2 LIVESTOCK Cattle in the project site came from Tibati division in the north of the park. The animals feed in general at the margins of the villages. They are maintained on these surfaces without any installations/buildings and complimentary foods until the beginning of the dry season. During this period they head towards the park where they can find some grass in the transition zone between the savannah and forest. II.4.3 FISHING Fishing is well developed in the north of the project site. It is potentially a lucrative source of income and also provides animal protein needs for the villagers. The potentialities in the fisheries are interesting, in particular with regards the lake of Mbakaou (with a capacity of 6000 tons of fish) and the number of people involved in the activity (more than 1000) and also the number of species census in the portion of the Djerem river which crosses the park (more than 100). II.4.4 HUNTING This is the second most-widely practiced human activity in the village and one of the main sources of income for villagers of the project site. The hunters establish campsites in the forest and savannah where they stay for several days. After the game is killed it is smoked before being transported to the village where the purchasers generally wait. No restriction is observed by the hunters with regards the choice of the species. This is because hunting has a great importance on the commercial level. II.4.5 TIMBER AND NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS They both constitute a vital source of construction material and food. When taken to market, they also contribute to improving the level of family incomes, particularly for indigenous people living closer to the national park and who make use of its resources. II.5 SITE NEIGHBOURS The logging concessions near the park are well known and their specifications are precise. We have a logging concession of a surface area of 138,675 hectares in the South-Eastern part of the project site and three logging concession in the South-Western part with surface areas of 50,506 hectares, 75,000 hectares and 83,400 hectares.

13

Figure 4: Mbam Djerem National Park and site neighbours

Source: Draft Management plan of Mbam Djerem National Park. 2007. WCS. MINFOF. FEDEC. III. MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE SITE Uncontrolled and extensive bush meat hunting, uncontrolled burning of forest by cattle owners and farmers, semi-nomadic of livestock owner are all human activity related problems that pose a serious threat to the protected area in particular and the environment of villages surrounding the park. Poaching is one of the greatest threats to the fauna and wildlife of the park. Many people, especially the youths make a living from game illegally killed from the park. It was be done for either subsistent or for commercial purposes. Since the creation of the protected area, poachers have continued to kill game inside. Probably this was due to lack of sufficient staff, lack of knowledge on legislation, law and importance of park, a long history of enclavement of the zone. The lighting of a bushfire without some precaution to stop it spreading is strictly prohibited by the law. Over much of the project site, bushfire is lighted at least once every dry season. This causes destruction to the forest in the park and even on neighbouring farms. Bushfires are usually very destructive when they are lighter later in the dry season, during which time; almost all the vegetation is very dry and highly combustible. Consequently most of the park’s wildlife animals are also forced to migrate to the gallery forest and along water points or pools when the fires begin to rage across the landscape.

14

An enquiry into the cause of the fires revealed that they were lighted by mostly the semi-nomadic herdsmen who transfer their cattle to greener pastures further south of the park and also those who conduct their cattle towards the south along the Yoko highway to the big markets. Semi-nomads displace temporally themselves from on grass fields in another in search of pastureland. IV. CONSERVATION ISSUES IV.1 BIODIVERSITY

IV.1.1 FLORA

The National park of Mbam and Djerem is probably the protected area of Cameroon having the greatest diversity of habitats. It contains the Northern limit of the wet dense forest, the gallery forests, wooded and shrubby savannas and the marshy meadows. The following vegetable formations were met in the park. Thomas et al. Injuries and Moore (1999):

The transition forest: approximately 30m height with existence of a layer the graminaceous and Psychotria sp in under wood. The stage dominating consists of Xylopia aethiopica. The transition savannah: recently this vegetable formation was a forest. Its sub stage consists of Oncoba sp. and Psychotria sp. Some Xylopia aethiopica, but also of the old individuals of Hymenocardia acida, Cassia sp, Harungana madagascariensis, Macaranga spp. The forest of lianas shows a great resemblance with the savanna of transition but it meets only close to the river. The important lianas which are observed there are: Landolphia, Tetracera potatoria, and Dioscoraceae. Wooded savannah made up of a mixture of species of trees such: Burkea africana, Lophira lanceolata, Daniellia olivieri, Syzygium guineense, Vitex cf Doniana, Cussonia sp., and several typical shrubby species of Guinean shrubby savannas (see below). Occasionally we meet also Borassus aethiopicum. The sub stage is made up mainly of Hyparrhenia spp and other high graminaceous. Shrubby Savannah made up of shrubs such: Acacia lebbeck, Annona senegalensis, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Entada sp., Hymenocardia acida, Nauclea latifolia, Parkia sp, Piliostigma sp... The galleries forests, marshes and raphiales: Uapaca guineensis tends to dominate, but also Raphia cf.monbuttorum and Mitragyna sp in the beds of rivers. IV.1.2 FAUNA

Due to its location in the contact zone between forest and savannah (ecotone), the project site is characterized by a great diversity of habitats sheltering an exceptionally rich and varied fauna (see list in appendix), including species characteristic of the forest or savannah, as well as the complex number of species which are generally associated with the mosaics of transitions between the forest and savannah. This fauna is unevenly distributed between the various sectors of the park. This distribution appears not only influenced by the type of habitats, but also, it seems very strongly influenced by the intensity of the human activities. This observation is suggested in particular by the methods of distribution of the signs of presence of the animal species which appear

15

increasingly denser and regular as one move away from the villages, the hunting campsites and the pasture zones (see graphic below with example of elephant).

Figure 5: Relationship between number of human and animal (elephant sign/km) and distance from villages

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41

Distance from village (km)

No.

sig

ns/ k

m

Elephant sign Human sign

Source: Conservation status, large mammals, bird population’s surveys and human impact. Fiona Maisels; Roger C. Fotso; David Hoyle. 2000. IV.2 CONSERVATION HISTORY By ratifying the CBD in June 1994, the Government of Cameroon recognized that the implementation of the convention could halt and even reverse the loss of biodiversity for the benefit of Cameroon and the world today and tomorrow. In accordance with its obligations, Cameroon has elaborated a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). The overall goal of this NBSAP is to implement the three objectives of the CBD: conservation of biological diversity; sustainable use of its components; fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. To reach these objectives, the Government of Cameroon was guided by the principles below (drawn from the CBD and Agenda 21): - Concerns for conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of its components

are to be integrated in all Cameroon’s decision making systems including the introduction of environmental impact assessment procedures, taking into account that socio-economic development and poverty eradication are the first priorities in decisions making (preamble and article 14);

- Biodiversity and programmes are best planned and implemented using a holistic approach which integrates socio-economic, cultural and environmental considerations (principle 04 in the Rio declaration on environmental and development); a participatory approach involving representatives of all group of stakeholders, in particular in local communities (principles 10 and 20 in the Rio declaration on environmental and development, and the CBD preamble); the precautionary approach should be taken so that lack of full scientific certainty is not used a reason for postponing cost effective

16

measure to prevent loss of biodiversity or ecosystem degradation (principle 15 in the Rio declaration on Environmental and development, and the CBD preamble);

- Biodiversity plans and programmes have to be consistent with existing national plans, laws and other policies previously adopted in response to the convention on biological diversity. They should also take into account relevant provisions of other regional and international agreements and conventions ratified by the country (article 22);

- Conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of its components in Cameroon have impact on regional and global diversity. Therefore, international technical and scientific cooperation is to be promoted as part of the implementation of the NBSAP (article 18).

IV.3 CONSERVATION LEGISLATION One strategic goal developed in Cameroon was to adapt legislation to include CBD requirement. Indeed, since independence (1960), Cameroon has had three Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Laws. The first was Ordinance No 73/18 of 22 may 1973. This Ordinance was cancel and replaced by Ordinance No 81/13 of November 1981. This Law was also found inadequate in addressing the problems its dissemination had intended to solve and so was subjected to review. The debates for the conception of a new forestry policy in Cameroon started with the analysis of the forestry sector affected within the framework of the Cameroon Tropical Forest Action Plan, whose final working document was approved by the government in 1988. The debates for the conception of a new forestry policy continued after 1992 in order to take into account the resolution of Rio and the conventions relating to the forest sector. The new forestry, wildlife and Fisheries Law, an outcome of these debates came into being in 1994 (Law No 94/01 of 20 January, 1994) and was followed by its decree of application (No 95/531 of August 1995). Law N° 94/01 of 20 January 1994 recognizes at the State and the communities all the rights resulting from the property, with reserve to the restrictions envisaged by the legislations and the present law (article 7). It recognizes also the right of the bordering populations to exploit all the forest, faunal products and fisheries except for the species protected for a personal use (article 8). The Law announces that the protection of the inheritances forester, faunal and fisheries is ensured by the State and the genetic resources of the national heritage belong to the State of Cameroon. Consequently, no one can exploit them with scientific, commercial or cultural aims without having obtained the authorization (article 12). Even, the conditions of import and export of any forest genetic material, wildlife or the fisheries resources are fixed by lawful way (article 13). In accordance with Law, a plan of zoning is carried out on a part of the territory which gives vocations to grounds. Thus there are the grounds of the permanent forest, made up of grounds definitively assigned to the forest and/or the habitat of fauna and the grounds of the no permanent forest consisted of forest grounds suitable for be assigned to uses other than forest (article 20). Law specifies that the classification of these forests can intervene only after compensation for the people having carried out investments on the ground (article 27). With regard to the actions aiming the identification and monitoring of biological diversity, the law states that, the animal species living on the territory are divided into three classes of protection A, B and C, according to methods laid down by a decree of the Minister charged with fauna (article 78). The species of class A are completely protected and cannot, in any case, cut down. However their capture or detention is subordinated to obtaining an authorization delivered by the administration charged with fauna. The species

17

of the class B profit from a protection, they can be driven out, captured or be cut down after obtaining a hunting permit. The species of the class C are partially protected. Their capture and their demolition are regulated according to the methods laid down by decree of the Minister charged with fauna. Other dispositions come to supplement article on exercise of hunting rights. Thus, traditional hunting is authorized on all the extent of the territory, except in the permanent forests for the concession of fauna and in the private properties. The conditions of exercise of traditional hunting are fixed by decree (article 86). Any act of hunting other than the case envisaged in article 86 is subordinated to the grant of a license or a license of hunting (article 87). Zones of forest of the national field can be declared zones of hunting and be exploited for this reason. V. PARK/PA MANAGEMENT V.1 PARK MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW The park is currently managed by the Conservation Service which has at its head a conservator. They are assisted by three chiefs of antenna. WCS as an agency of execution provides a complementary financing, technical support and councils for the execution of the activities of the park. The park management comprises of three essential parts: - Protection of the park and bio-monitoring. - Socio-economic studies and environmental education. - Installation of the infrastructures. V.2 STAKEHOLDERS IN PARK MANAGEMENT The project in Mbam and Djerem National Park represents the principal support which is given to the government of Cameroon within the framework of the management of the park. This project is being implemented by Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) with the financial support of the Foundation for the Environment and the Development of Cameroon (FEDEC). WCS is responsible in close cooperation with the Conservator of the park, to prepare annual work plans, execution and follow-up of the activities of the project. Moreover WCS prepares the annual budget which is submitted to the various financial donors.

18

B. STAKEHOLDERS MEETING In addition to providing site background information, we had to hold an initial key stakeholder meeting near the site and near where the bulk of the participants live. To make this successful, we: - Discussed the workshop with local authorities, colleagues and other partners; - Developed workshop goals and objectives; - Prepared evaluation forms; - Chose the date, time, location and made sure these worked for participants; - Invited stakeholders - Determined and prepared the materials and activities; - Reserved the room or area appropriate for the workshop; - Determined incentives to offer participants; - Ordered workshop supplies such as pencils, note books, curriculum packets… - Sent introductory materials to participants; - Got agreement of participants to come; - Insure average transport for participants; - Pre-tested and revised the workshop.

I. STAKEHOLDER MATRIX Stakeholder meeting had brought together participants including local authorities, communities leaders, farmers, part of conservation and development agencies, colleagues and special guests (traditional and religious authorities) who are most familiar with local conditions in the project site. In the number of attendee, the meeting was attended by 34 people (see Table 2).

19

Table 2: Stakeholder matrix No Nom Position/Affiliation Key issue Stakeholder

Interest/Motive

Stakeholders potential

contribution

Potential consequences

01 Ndouga Emaran

Head Sub-division of Yoko

Conflict resolution. Government endorsement.

Facilitates exchange of information between the stakeholders and project team who are from outside the community.

Learn more about conservation goals.

Government support. (support and defend the project when necessary)

02 Tuete Francis Assistant Head Sub-division of Yoko

Conflict resolution. Government endorsement.

Facilitates exchange of information between the stakeholders and project team who are from outside the community.


Government support. (support and defend the project when necessary)

03 Sora Evariste Deputy mayor Municipal planning and development

Knowledge on target area and people in target site.

Development alternatives for the municipality

Local perspectives and initiatives and plans

04 Ngnano Pierre

Chief of state police force

Law Enforcement.

Knowledge on laws enforcement in the area.

Knowledge on conservation issues. How to work for conservation with team project.

Reinforcement of park protection

05 Djiofack Joseph

Chief public police force

Law Enforcement and security.



Cooperation. Insure security of members of team project

06 Akono Akono Assistant chief of police public force

Law Enforcement and public security.



Cooperation to control traffic of guns and bullets

07 Nguimeya Appolinaire

Administrator of Yoko prison

Law Enforcement.



Cooperation to control traffic of guns and bullets

08 Nlegue Etienne Hyacinthe

New Conservator of the protected area.

Protection issue.

Information about threat and opportunities in natural resource management

Ideas and design for protection of park. Opportunity to meet and share information with stakeholder.


20

09 Gadou Kounoumi Gabriel

President of comity development of Yoko Sub-division. Private Secretary of Minister of Energy and Water Resources

Development issue. Interested to promote the economic development of communities in Yoko Sub-division.

Knowledge on target area and rural activities.

Identifying program for Yoko Sub-division

Carry out potential development project.

10 Sala Nnanga Andre

Agricultural office Farming practices.

Technical assistance. Identifying existing and prevalent farming problems, initiatives and solutions of the project site.

Identifying sustainable use of land, alternative sources of livelihood and incomes

11 Minkoube Severin

Livestock office Farming practices.

Technical assistance. Identifying existing and prevalent farming problems, initiatives and solutions of the project site.

Identifying sustainable use of pasture

12 Tipane Desire Responsible to improve the health of the residents of the area.

Health issue. Ideas for activities and demographic information

Knowledge on conservation issues

13 Missoe Loudiga

Education office Environmental education for young children

School’s environment related activities and schedule

Ideas and design for youth activities, activate young generation’s role in nature conservation, education and information materials

Carry out conservation activities in the school. Potential collaboration for youth activities

14 Toukoum David

PADI. Local NGO (farmers) Work in the project area.

Development issue. Interested to promote the economic development of communities in villages around the protected area.

Technical assistance. Knowledge on target area and rural activities.

Identifying alternative program to support village welfare


15 Youssoufa Halidou

APESS. Local NGO (livestock owners) Work in the project area.

Development issue. Interested to promote the well being of livestock owner in settlements around the protected area.

Technical assistance. Knowledge on target area and livestock activities in target site.

Identifying alternative program to promote sustainable use of pasture


16 Mvoutsi Paul Beni

Representative chief of Yoko village. Community Representative

Have an interest in the land of the project site.

Must participate in the decisions which will affect target area. Input directly from community level.

Identifying other means of livelihood and incomes. Knowledge on conservation issues.

Generates a sense of ownership.

21

17 Alim Yemngong Robert Carlos

Chief of Doume village. Community Representative

Have an interest in the land of the project site.

Must participate in the decisions which will affect target area. Input directly from community level.

Identifying other means of livelihood and incomes. Knowledge on conservation issues.


18 Toli Justin Chief of Megang village.

Traditional and local knowledge, traditional rights in nature resource management

Information of village and the people need to improve their welfare.

Incorporate traditional knowledge and practices in this project


19 Atangana Jean Bosco

Representative of chief of Makoury village


Information of village and the people need to improve their welfare



20 Guelem Semir Lucien

Representative chief of Mekambing village





21 Tchouetson Pierre

Chief of Ngoum village





22 Ngangni Pierre

Chief of Lena village. Traditional and local knowledge, traditional rights in nature resource management




23 Alim Kaïgama Chief of Mba’am village





24 Tagnine Bane Lucien

Representative Chief of Guéré village





25 Ndyangwa Jean Pierre

Representative chief of Sengbe village





26 Titsong Rachel

Game guard Protection issue.

Technical assistance. Identifying existing and prevalent environmental

Identifying strategies for protection of park.


22

problems, threats of the project site.

27 Aoudou Mgbantse

Game guard Protection issue.

Technical assistance. Identifying existing and prevalent environmental problems, threats of the project site.

Identifying strategies for protection of park.


28 Malam Yacoubou

Livestock owner Traditional and local knowledge, traditional rights in nature resource management

Information of breeding activity and suggestions to improve welfare of livestock owners.



29 Lehir Mvoumtse Michel

Farmer Traditional and local knowledge, traditional rights in nature resource management

Information of agricultural activity and suggestions to improve welfare of farmers.



30 Mve Bengue Robert





31 Mbara Mama Demosthenes





32 Elouna Jean Marie

Driver/WCS Facilitates transportation

33 Nzouango David

Bushmeat coordinator/WCS

Protection issue.

Facilitates exchange of information and workshop.


Bushmeat department of project support

34 Bosco Pouomegne

Campaign Manager/WCS

Behaviour change issue

Facilitates exchange of information and workshop.


Production of Conceptual Model for the protected area

23

II. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORKSHOP Before the session begins, we had written the following on a large sheet of flip chart paper: Goal: To conserve biodiversity in the Mbam Djerem National Park for this and future generations. Target condition: Wild animals and natural habitat in the area of Mbam Djerem National Park. Direct factors: Factors that immediately affect the target condition or physically cause its destruction. Indirect factors: Factors that underlie or lead to the direct factors. Contributing factors: Factors which are neither direct nor indirect but that have some influence on the target condition. During the session, we have followed this schedule: - Name gathering - Introduction of workshop by the Sub-prefect of Yoko;

- Presentation of workshop goal by the Bush meat coordinator of Wildlife Conservation

Society/Cameroon - Definition of some concepts (conceptual model, target condition; direct and indirect

factors, contributing factors…) and methodology of work by the Pride Campaign Manager;

24

- Identification of the factors and relationship between them, rank of threats using

participatory method;

- Evaluation of workshop;

- End of the workshop by the Sub-Prefect of Yoko.

25

III. INITIAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL The ultimate product of stakeholder workshop was a concept model of Mbam Djerem National Park. This mean a schematic drawing containing a target condition on one side of the chart, and a number of factors and activities linked by arrows, which show their relationship to the target condition and to each other (see below).

26

Figure 6: Initial concept model

LARGE BUILDING SITES E.G. LOGGING, DAM, RAILWAY AND ROADS

INDIRECT FACTOR

DIRECT FACTOR

CONTRIBUTING FACTOR

TARGET CONDITION

LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE E.G. ROADS, RADIO, TELEPHONES

WILD ANIMALS AND NATURAL HABITATS

IN THE AREA OF MBAM DJEREM

NATIONAL PARK

FISHING

USE OF POISONS

HUNTING

GRAZING CATTLE

BUSH FIRE

AGRICULTURE

MOVING LIVESTOCK BETWEEN SAVANNAH AND TRANSITION

A NEED FOR FOOD

HIGH DEMAND OF BUSHMEAT

LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LEGISLATION AND LAW CONCERNING THE PROTECTED AREA

HIGH DEMAND FOR FISH

HUMAN POPULATION INCREASE

TRAFFICKING OF GUNS AND BULLETS

TRADITIONAL PRACTICES

LOW CAPACITY TO CONTROL THE PARK

A NEED FOR MONEYCLIMATE DRYNESS

PYROMANIA

PROXIMITY OF MILITARY TRAINING

CENTER AND

LACK OF POLITICAL MOTIVATION

27

IV. CONCEPT MODEL NARRATIVE In Mbam Djerem National Park our target condition is wild animals and natural habitats. Agriculture, uncontrolled burning of the forest, cattle grazing, hunting, use of poisons for fishing and for hunting are all human related activities that pose serious threats to the target condition. Hunting poses a serious threat in the project site. Many people, especially the youths, practice both subsistence and commercial hunting. Since the creation of the protected area in the year 2000, people have continued to practice illegal bush meat hunting. This is mainly due to indirect factors which range from the poor control of the park and bush meat trade, lack of knowledge about laws and regulations about the protected area and the use of wild animals for traditional practices. For example, the hair of Colobus guereza, the bones and the liver of the chimpanzee, the feathers of parrot, the lungs of crocodiles, the bones and the grease of python, and the bowels of buffalo are all used for the treatments of various diseases. Other indirect factors include the availability of hunting and trapping equipments e.g. firearms, and a high demand for bush meat from the urban market. An increase in the human population has also lead to a need for more money and food – of which bush meat is a source. The degree of hunting pressure also depends on contributing factors like the proximity of a military training centre (Ngaoundal) and prison (Yoko) to the protected area. The creation of these two paramilitary structures has caused illegal traffic of the weapons and the ammunition as well as the manufacture of the mechanical weapons in the area. Also the presence of large building sites (logging companies and their workers camp, a dam for hydroelectricity and a railway) has an impact. These sites attracted thousands of people into the area. After the building sites closed many reconverted to a hunters lifestyle. Lack of infrastructure also has an impact on hunting (some indigenous people justify their interests for hunting in the restricted areas of the park while poor communication leads to low capacity to control the park.). This is in turn affected by a lack of political motivation. For example, in the 1960s the prison in Yoko, in the project area, accommodated some political personalities which today are in the government or have parents in government. It is said that they remember their period of incarceration and so do not make any effort for the development of the area. Uncontrolled burning of the forest is another human activity related problem that poses a serious threat in the project site. This causes destruction of the natural habitat at the periphery as well as inside the park. Lighting of a bushfire is done without any precaution to stop it spreading. This is mostly carried out by livestock owners to stimulate regeneration of pasture. During the livestock migration in the transition zone, owners burn the savannah behind them to provoke rapid regeneration of pasture on their way, which can then be used when they come back just before raining season in the savannah zone. Hunters and farmers also use bush fire to clear the savannah. Bush fire also depends on indirect factors which range from poor control of the area by government, lack of knowledge about law and regulations concerning the protected area and pyromania (people who during the dry season take pleasure in lighting fires in the savannah and enjoy seeing the fires extending over large areas). The situation is exacerbated by the contributing factor that the climate is very dry. Bushfires are usually very destructive when they are lit later in the dry season, during which time; almost all the vegetation is very dry and highly combustible. The third human activity related problem that poses a serious threat in the project site is illegal grazing inside the protected area. In the project site, semi-nomadic herdsmen transfer their cattle from savannah zone to greener pastures in the transition zone inside

28

the park at least once every dry season. This can be attributed to a need of grasses and water for cattle during the dry season, poor control of the park, lack of knowledge about law and regulations in the protected area. The situation is exacerbated by the climate dryness. The mismanagement of pasture in the periphery as well as the slash and burn practises and destruction of forest gallery have contributed to reduction of the availability of water and pasture in the periphery and make the park more attractive to livestock owners. Another important threat to the Mbam Djerem National Park is illegal fishing inside the protected area associated with using poisons for fishing too. This can be attributed to indirect factors like high demand of fish for subsistence and for market. An increase in population size has resulted in an increase need for money and food. Fishing is one way to overcome these problems. With the introduction of large building sites there has been an increase in the demand for fish. Again the problems of lack of control in the park and awareness of the laws and regulations on fishing are impacting on fish numbers in the park. Both hunters and fishermen use toxic poisons to kill wild animals and fish for trade. These toxins can collect within the meat and are very dangerous when consumed. Agriculture is not as important as other factors in the site, but still is regarded as a problem that poses a threat in the project site. It is its biggest threat when farmers use bushfire without some precaution to stop it spreading or for cases of illegal subsistence farming inside the protected area. Again an increase in population size has resulted in an increase need for money and food. Agriculture (along with fishing and hunting) is one way to overcome these problems. Lack of control in the park and awareness of the laws and regulations on farming are impacting on the target condition.

29

C. FOCUS GROUP MEETINGS SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION By reference to information take in site background document and result of stakeholder meeting (initial concept model of Mbam Djerem National Park), I planned three focus group meeting in two districts of the project site. For each district, I identified one specific group. The cattle owners and fishermen in the Tibati district (North of protected area) where the main threat identified seem to be grazing cattle and Yoko district (South of protected area) where the main threat appears to hunting. In those districts use of bush fire are also an important factor which affects wild animals and natural habitat. Environment for free and open discussion was there. I worked in this locality for a long time and was well known. The presence of representative of local NGO has put cattle owner more comfortable and the game guards who worked with me had some families’ members amongst the hunters. II. AGENDA The agenda of these meeting was articulated like this; firstly one focus group meeting with cattle owners in Mbitom village on January 2007 and secondly two focus group meeting with hunters and fishermen initially programmed on January and done on February 2007 at Doume and Mbakaou villages. III. PARTICIPANTS III.1 FOCUS GROUP MEETING WITH LIVESTOCK OWNER - 01 Campaign Manager - 01 Representative of local NGO which work with livestock owner - 01 Driver of the project - 26 Livestock owner

30

III.2 FOCUS GROUP MEETING WITH HUNTERS - 01 Campaign manager - 01 Game guard of the project - 01 driver of the project - 01 Representative of the chief of Doume village - 14 hunters

III.3 FOCUS GROUP MEETING WITH FISHERMEN - 01 Campaign Manager - 01 Bushmeat coordinator of the project - 02 Game guards - 12 Fishermen

IV. GROUP DISCUSSION Before beginning of the meeting, the overall goal is presented to the participants (hunters, cattle owners, fishermen). This goal is to find out how people feel about the new created protected area, their behaviour towards the protected area and threats affected it. Some key questions are prepared in advance. Examples of questions are:

i. How people feel with the creation of Mbam Djerem National Park?

31

ii. Why do people (hunters, livestock owners, farmers) continue to go in the Mbam Djerem National Park?

iii. Do people know that activities are illegal in Mbam Djerem National Park? iv. Why people use methods which are environmentally destructives practices (bush

fire, extensive grazing…)? v. What alternatives would be the most useful against these destructives practices? vi. Do people think that it is important to have laws which protect the forest and

wildlife? vii. What are attitudes of people toward Colobus Guereza considering as flagship

species? V. RESULTS

i. How people feel with the creation of Mbam Djerem National Park People think that with the creation of the protected area, government has reduced space where they had livelihood activities without any measures of compensation and alternatives activities. However, they think that, park is important and good initiative because since it creation, they can see interest show by local authorities, NGO of conservation and development, tourists and researcher on their villages. Consequently since the creation of the park, they have new employment, more access to information, high demand for local product (agricultural, fish, games…). Also, with the creation of the park, wild animals that were become scarce reappear in the villages.

ii. Why do people (hunters, livestock owners, farmers) continue to go in the Mbam Djerem National Park?

People continued to go inside the park for their activities because this place is very rich and shelter the most important resource of the region They depend on forest products (fish, bush meat), pasture and water in the park for their life (for examples when a hunter go in the park and kill one buffalo, he can get more money than another person which has a normal activity for pay on two month; also extensive breeding in the park has low cost). In addition, participants in the focus group meetings justify their presence in the park by insufficient knowledge about its limits, lack of knowledge on legislation on the management of resource in the park.

iii. Do people know that activities are illegal in Mbam Djerem National Park?

All participants in the focuses group meeting know that activities are illegal in Mbam Djerem National Park. Wildlife Conservation Society and Conservation Service regularly organize meeting to sensibly people. They see also activities of game guard which show clearly that activities are illegal in the park. But some people continue to go in the park because access is easy. Control by game guard is very low and they know how to pass round them. Hunters, fishermen, villagers don’t have real constraint to go in the park and collect their products (games, fish, forest product for food, medicine and construction). Constraints are for people who stay in the park a long time to finish their activities (grazing, agriculture). iv. Why people use methods which are environmentally destructives practices

(bush fire, extensive grazing…)?

32

Participants in the focuses group meeting declare that they don’t know alternatives methods of culture, fishing and breeding in their villages. Extensive bush meat hunting, burning of forest to clear land, semi-nomadic practice by livestock owner are use since long generation without any problem until the creation of the protected area. The hunters put the bush fires to circulate easily in savanna and to produce the ash

which contains the biogenic salts and attract game. The stockbreeders put the bush fires to regenerate the pastures quickly. The farmers use also the bush fires to clear the agricultural land. The fishermen use unauthorized fishing material and the poisons to increase their

production and to gain more.

v. What alternatives would be the most useful against these destructives practices?

The populations wish that the State delimit buffer zone around the park (zones reserved for hunting, agriculture, breeding, fishing...) so that they undertake their activities without any constraint to it. They would wish to profit from the supports of government and other partners for the delimitation from this buffer zone. They would wish to be sufficiently informed on how to manage sustainability natural resource around the park. vi. Do people think that it is important to have laws which protect the forest and

wildlife? For most participants it is important to have laws which protect the forest and wildlife.But it is also necessary to regulate the activities around the park. When the law is respected and the activities regulated, there is less of risk of conflicts between the populations and the service of the conservation, the animal species which were disappearing in the area will be reconstituted. vii. What are attitudes of people toward Colobus guereza considering as flagship

species? For Gbaya and Peuhl populations in the Northern part of the park (savannah), the preferences are for the elephant and the chimpanzee. These are species that have seen before, but which has left the Northern part of the park due to human pressure to take refuge more in the South part. The populations of North would like to see these two species reconstituted in their area. For the Vute, in the Western and Southern parts of the park (forest and transition zone), the preference is for Colobus guereza. It is a symbolic species for these people. When Colobus appears in a village, it is generally carrying a message (happy or unhappy). In spite of that the hunters particularly those which come from other areas continue to hunt it like any primate.

33

D. QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY I. SURVEY PLANNING The aim of the survey is to complete the existing database from site background, stakeholder and focus group meeting with quantitative information’s on people living in the project area with respect to their knowledge about the environmental issues of the campaign, their attitudes towards the issues and important practices that impact on the wilds animals and natural habitats inside Mbam Djerem National Park. We shall be able to measure also other aspects of population in the project site including their age, gender, education and other so-called socio-economic factors so that we can better understand the people who live in the project site. I.1 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE SIZE This post campaign survey will cover villages of Yoko and Tibati districts (North, West and South of the Mbam Djerem National Park). It concerns men and women from the age of 15 years old and above of this area. The most recent population size in these villages is given below. Because we cannot visit all EA, we have made a list of all village of EA that are in a given ward, and randomly pick those we want to visit in each ward. In each village, we have done another round of random samples to find which houses to visit. If a household has more than one person who fits the sample criteria (age, live in), then we have make a list of all eligible respondents and randomly select one. Table 3: Sampling and sample size District Ward Enumeration

area Population size

Percent of possible interview population

Number of

interviews (N=969)

Meidjamba M1 935 11.5% 111

Mbitom M2 134 1.7% 16

Gongotoua G1 247 3.0% 29

Tibati

Mbamtimbang M3 296 3.6% 35

Doume D1 530 6.5% 63

Lena L1 380 4.7% 46

Sengbe S1 325 4.0% 39

Yoko

Yoko Y1 5274 65% 630

Target population size is 10480 Possible interview population size is 8121 Survey size is 969 with 95% and 3% confidence (the website: http:// www. Surveysystem.com/ sscalc.htm will be used to calculate samples sizes).

34

I.2 ENUMERATORS Because the sample size is too large, Pride Campaign Manager has supervised five interviewers. Selection of these interviewers is made with considerations for their personalities, interest for the activity and understanding of local language, tradition and cultures. I.3 SURVEY QUESTIONS We have taken in count examples of a Pride Campaign pre-survey by other cohorts, preliminary survey data’s (site background, stakeholder and focus group meeting) and RARE questionnaire survey template to build up our questionnaire. II. QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY RESEARCH DATA SUMMARY Conservation Education Campaign survey started on May 05, 2007 to finish on May 14, 2007. Five enumerators took part in the survey under the supervision of Campaign Manager. During the surveys, 07 villages of the Western periphery of the Mbam Djerem National Park were covered for a total of 339 interviewed people. A distribution of these villages and sample population gives 04 villages and 191 people interviewed for the savannah area and 03 villages for 148 people interviewed for the forest area. The enumerators continued in the town of Yoko in forest zone with a total of 630 interviewed people increasing the total number of anybody interviewed to 969 with 778 people for the forest area and 191 people for the savannah area. During the surveys in the town of Yoko, we benefited from the support brought by the Sub-prefect of Yoko and the staff responsible for Agriculture. With regard to the results of the survey, we gathered the results in four groups which are: II.1GENERAL INFORMATION Gender of respondent. 64% of male (n=619) were surveyed against 36% female (n=350).

(1) May I begin the interview now? Only 05% of respondents refuse to participate (n=46)

35

(2) Do you live in this village? Only 08% were from outside the village (n=74)

(6) What language or dialect do you speak at home? 64% speak Vute and Gbaya (n= 593) with a prevalence of Gbaya in zone of savannah (71%; n=132) and of Vute in zone of forest (54%; n=400)

(7) What is your usual preferred language to read? 79% read French (n= 726). Also 15% (n=136) admitted they can not read.

36

(8) Which age group are you in? 80% of respondents (n=742) have between 15 and 44 years old

(9) How much formal school have you completed? 86% of respondents (n=315) in semi-urban area (Yoko) said they have some secondary school, but secondary not completed (good level of education) while in rural area (village up to Yoko, include Meidjamba), 55% of respondent (n=119) said that they have some primary school, but primary school not completed (low level of education)

37

(10) If you belong to a religion, please tell which religion. Mainly Protestant (40%; n= 367), Catholic (36%; n= 327) and Muslim (22%; n= 200) (11) If you are currently employed and are paid wages, tell what the best describes who you work for? 69% (n=638) of people are not working for money.

(12) What is your main occupation? 45% of respondents (n=413) are in agriculture and only 01% (n=11) say they are hunting. We know, however that the majority of the farmers practice also hunting to feed their family and for trade. Even though the majority of people are part taking in Agriculture and only 11 people consider themselves to be full time hunters, the agriculturists will hunt during the dry season.

38

II.2 KNOWLEDGE QUESTION (18) Do you know about a protected area here? 95% of respondents (n=874) know about existence of the protected area. (19) If yes, what is called? 32% of respondents (n=285) don’t know how this protected area is called. (23) Where does the Colobus live? 10% of respondent (n=95) don’t know where the Colobus live.

39

(24) Do you think that the Colobus is in danger of dying out in Mbam Djerem National Park? Only 21% of respondent (n=191) said that Colobus is in danger of dying out.

(25) What do you think that it is the most important threat to the Colobus? 44% of respondent (n=185) said that it is over hunting for bush meat.

(26) Do you think that it is legal or illegal for people to hunt wild animals inside the Mbam Djerem National Park? 98% 0f respondent (n=920) think that it is illegal.

(27) Do you think it is legal or illegal for people to cut down the forest or light bush fire inside the Mbam Djerem National Park? 95% 0f respondent (n=920) think that it is illegal.

40

Most respondents know existence of a protected area (95%), but we also found that 68% don’t know how it is called. We also found that 98% of respondents know, it is illegal to hunt wild animals inside the Mbam Djerem National Park. There is very high level of knowledge about the issues. However, we need to take action for those of respondents who think that the Colobus is not in danger of dying out in Mbam Djerem National Park (79%). II.3 ATTITUDES (13) People hear information about the environment from many different sources. I’m going to read you a list of sources from which you might hear information about the environment and I would like you to tell whether you would find that source “very trustworthy, somewhat trustworthy or not trustworthy”. In general people are very untrusting of all groups (radio, television, report on newspaper or magazine, teachers in schools…). The most trusted groups are Government Environment officers (71%; n=414) and community leaders (33%; n=194). These individuals can be used as aides for the campaign.

41

(14) I would like you to pick one as the type of source you would trust the most with environmental information. The sources of information that respondent would trust the most with environmental information are report on newspapers (27%; n=246), government environment official (26%; n=239) and person on television (23%; n=215). These results reflect certainly the opinion of respondents of Yoko city where they can have access to a newspaper and television and where government environment official are most active (headquarter).

42

(20) Do you receive any benefits from the protected area? 90% of respondents (n=824) do not think they benefit from the Mbam Djerem National Park. The Pride Campaign will be an opportunity to show the social benefit from the protected area through social marketing and environmental education.

(21) If yes, which ones? 40% of respondent (n=34) think that protection of wild animals is the benefit they receive from the protected area.

43

(22) Which of the following animals would you like to see protected the most? The Colobus guereza was put at 39% (n=356).

44

(28) I’m going to read a series of statements and I would like you to tell whether you strongly agree, agree are neutral or have no opinion, disagree or strongly disagree with each statement. (A) People who hunt wild animals in the Mbam Djerem National Park should be fined.

16% of respondent (n=143) disagree that they should be fined

Buying bush meat in the market is wrong 23% of respondent (n=211) agree. Buy bush meat in the market is a common activity for local people who use it as main source of protein in their diet. That is an attitude which should be change at the end of the campaign by support livelihood initiative activity, increase knowledge on bush meat legislation.

The most effective way of protecting wild animals in the Mbam Djerem National Park is for park officers to arrest poachers. 25% of respondent (n=233) disagree that this is the best approach.

45

(B) You strongly oppose the laws that make it illegal to hunt wild animals in the Mbam

Djerem National Park. 18% of respondents (n=166) strongly oppose the laws on not hunting in the park.

(C) People who turn in poachers and receive a reward should be shunned. 49% of

respondent (n=450) agree that people would be shunned.

46

(29) I’m going to read you a list of statements about activities and for each activity; I would like you to tell me whether it is important or not important to you. Generally most people are in agreement that insuring the Colobus does not die out (71%; n=653), stopping fires (65%; n=593), grazing (67%; n=613) and fishing (38%; n=348) in the park is very important. These mean that, target audiences are generally conscientious about issues and the importance of the park for their live, but information is not sufficient. So, we need to increase their perception of benefits and barriers and support for their behaviour change.

II.4 PRACTISES (15) In the past month, how often would you say that you usually watched television? 61% of respondent (n=601) never see the television

(16) In the past month how often would you say you usually read newspaper or magazine? 80% of respondent (n=740) never read newspapers or magazine (17) In the past month how often would you say you usually listened to the radio? 33% of respondent (n=306) never listened to the radio. The most common source of information by resident of the area is radio. But usually the radio stations are Africa N°1 from Gabon and RFI in French. People have showed an interest for the creation of their own local community radio.

47

(29) I’m going to read you a list of statements about activities and for each activity; I would like you to tell me whether it is important or not important to you. (B) Making sure local people can continue traditions of hunting wild game. 61% of respondent (n=561) find it is very important. Generally people hunt wild bush meat since many generations for consumption like main sources of protein. They don’t have tradition of alternative and campaign will influence these practices by promote alternative protein livelihood support initiatives.

(C) Eating wild bush meat. 75% of respondent (n=692) find it is very important. These are other crucial question link to culture of resident of protected area. These practices should be change at the end of the campaign by promote alternative source of protein, increase knowledge bush meat laws…

(30) I’m going to read to you a number of activities and I would like you to tell me whether you would find it easy or difficult for you to do that activity Generally people would find it easier to stop cutting trees (30%; n=274), clearing land (49%; n=452) and fishing (47%; n=427) in the park, compared to reporting illegal hunting (15%; n=137) and buying the bush meat in the local market (10%; n= 95). We can see importance of bush meat for resident of the area at different level. So the challenge seems again to increase interest of people for alternative that can provoke behaviour change concerning bush meat consumption. For examples by showing benefits of fishing, semi-intensive breeding, breeding of non protected wild animals, sustainable and legal hunting… and demonstrating barriers to illegal bush meat practises (risk of punishment, few benefits, loss of natural resource).

48

(31) In the past month have you met anyone who has hunted in the Mbam Djerem National Park? 87% of respondent (n=796) have not met anyone who has hunted in the park.

(32) In the past month have you seen bush meat for sale in a local market? 63% of respondent (n=577) have seen bush meat being sold at local market. See bush meat in the local market is very common and people generally sell bush meat without concern, probably due to the lack of knowledge about laws protecting wild animals. That is another issue to be addressed with campaign.

49

(33) In the past month, has any one in your village been arrested for hunting bush meat in the Mbam Djerem National Park? 08% (n=72) have seen someone arrested.

(34) In the past month, has any one in your village turned in a poacher to the authorities? 03% of respondent (n=28) know someone being turned in. 79% of respondent (n=22) are from Yoko and 21% (n=6) from villages up to Yoko (Meidjamba 18% and Gongotoua 04%).

(35) In the past month have you talked with any of the following people about the impact of bush meat hunting on the park? People talk more with their family (68%; n=624) and

50

friends (69%; n= 636) about this subject. These people are the second most trustworthy people after the Government Environmental Officers. Therefore it will be good to increase the number of people who speak with community leaders. They have authorities and local people give them more confidence. In addition, they are in the centre of the decisions which touch the villages or the population.

(36) I'm going to ask you about a number of ways in which you may or may not have heard about Colobus and the importance of the Mbam Djerem National Park in the past 6 months. For each method, I would like you to tell me whether you have heard about these from these sources. These are all very low at the moment and have not been used before (except a few printed materials).

51

E. Flagship species Black and white Colobus Monkey Colobus guereza First seen by Ruppell in 1835 I. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION Colobus guereza is a heavy bodied animal with a long tail. The head and body length is 45 to 72 cm and the tail length is 52 to 100 cm. Colobus guereza are slightly sexually dimorphic in that the males can weight up to 1.19 times more than females. Colobus guereza have only four digits on each hand; the thumb is absent or represented by a small phalangeal tubercle that sometimes bears a nail. The loss of the thumb may be an adaptation for quick movements through the trees (Animal diversity web. 2002). The coloration of fur is distinctly black and white. The face is grey and has no fur. The coat is glossy black, and the face and callosities are surrounded by white. A U-shaped white mantle of varying length is found on the sides. The outside of the thigh is variably whitish, and the tail is either a whitish or yellowish colour from tip to base. There is also a large white tuft at the end of the tail. The young of the C. guereza do not share the black and white coloration, but instead have pure white fur for the first weeks of their life (Animal diversity web. 2002. II. TAXONOMY Kingdom: Animalia- Multi-cellular and heterotrophic (they rely directly or indirectly on other organisms for their nourishment). They are capable of complex and relatively rapid movement compared to plants and other organisms. Reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated eggs and sperm. Phylum: Chordata- Animals with a structure called a notochord (a rod that extends most of the length of the body when it is fully developed). Other characteristics shared by chordates include: bilateral symmetry; segmented body, three germ layers and a well-developed coelom; single, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, usually with an enlarged anterior end (brain); complete digestive system. Subphylum: Vertebrata- Animals with a vertebral column, or a chain of bony elements (vertebrae) that run along the dorsal surface and form the main skeletal axis of the body. Some characteristics shared by most or all vertebrates include: integument of two divisions, including an outer epidermis and an inner dermis; integument often modified to produce hair, glands, horn, etc.; movements provided by muscles attached to endoskeleton. Class: Mammalia- Animals with three middle ear bones, hair and the production of milk from the mammary glands. The three middle ear bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes (more commonly referred to as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup) function in the transmission of vibrations from the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the inner ear. Mammalian hair is present and has several functions, including insulation and color patterning. Female mammals produce milk in order to nourish newborn offspring. Order: Primates- Some characteristics by which we recognize them today: shortened rostrum and forwardly directed orbits, associated with stereoscopic vision; opposable hallux and pollex; unfused and highly mobile radius and ulna in the forelimb and tibia and fibula in the hind.

52

Family: Cercopithecidae- Old world monkeys. Cercopithecids are divided into two ecologically and morphologically distinct subfamilies. The cercopithecines (Macaques, Guenons, Baboons) and the colobines (Colobus and leaf monkey). Subfamily: Colobinae- The Colobines are different from all other primates in the large size and complexity of their stomach. Their stomach is comprised of three or four sub compartments and parallels that of the ruminants. Genus: Colobus- They are distinguished from members of the other subfamily, Cercopithecinae, by the absence of cheek pouches and the presence of prominent ischial callosities that are separate in females and contiguous in males. Species: Colobus guereza- This species presents a broad range of variations and several sub-species can be distinguished according to the development from the coat and colouring from the tail. Sub-species: Occidentalis- This sub-species meets in Cameroon, Gabon, Nigeria, Chad and Congo. The coat is less developed with very long tail, largely black with a final coat of white hairs. III. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS III.1 SIZE The head and body length is 45 to 72 cm and the tail length is 52 to 100 cm. Colobus guereza are slightly sexually dimorphic in that the males can weight up to 1.19 times more than females. III.2 DISTRIBUTION The current distribution of Colobus guereza is across Equatorial Africa (Cameroon, Gabon, Nigeria, Chad and Congo) and East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya).

Distribution of Colobus guereza Credit photo: http://www.zoo.org/factsheets/colobus/colobus.html

III.3 MAIN GROUP The mains groups are as follows Colobus guereza (abyssinicus) and Colobus guereza (gallarum) which is finds in Ethiopia; Colobus guereza (matschiei), Colobus guereza

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cercopithecidae.html

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Colobus.html

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cercopithecinae.html

53

(kikuyensis) and Colobus guereza (caudatus) which is finds in Kenya; Colobus guereza (occidentalis) which is finds in Cameroon, Nigeria, Chad, Gabon and Congo. III.4 HABITAT Colobus guereza live in forest. They are most abundant in secondary forests or along rivers. They tend to live in the lower part of the trees if their area does not overlap with that of any other group of monkeys. III.5 DIET Diet of Colobus guereza consists primarily of leaves. They seem to prefer leaves that are less susceptible to seasonal fluctuations. The Colobus has "cross ridged molars" which is particularly useful for grinding down leaves (Colobus Monkey, Phoenix Zoo 1996). They also eat a few other types of food which include: fruit, seeds, flowers, buds, shoots and twigs. They have also been known to eat soil, termite clay, dead wood and lichens (Colobus Monkey, Zoological Society 1996). They get what water they need from the foods they eat and from dew that collects on their fur. III.6 REPRODUCTION The age of full sexual maturity in the Colobus guereza is at least 6 years in males and 4 years in females. Each adult female produces one young every 20 months. After a gestation period of about 6 months, she leaves the group and gives birth, returning a day later with her newborn baby. At first the mother will hold the baby in her arms but after a few weeks the newborn is strong enough to cling to her back. The baby is weaned at about seven months, but after six weeks it begins to eat leaves. At birth, the infants are about 20 cm in head-body length and weigh about 0.4 kg. Both the female and the male take part in the parenting of the child. III.7 BEHAVIOUR The Colobus are diurnal and arboreal. They spend most of their time high up in the trees but they will feed in the lower levels. In the morning hours they will sunbathe and later in the day they will feed (Rowe 1998: 170). A Colobus troop is a cohesive group typically composed of a single adult male, three to four adult females, sub-adults, a juvenile and an infant. The size of the troop ranges from 3 to 15. Multi-male troops have been observed as well as bachelor groups of males, but both of these groupings are believed to be temporary. These troops are highly social, mutual handling of infants by members other than the mother is believed to maintain the cohesiveness of the group. Males have to leave the group when they reach maturity and they search for another group and try to replace the dominant male. (Chargot 1998: 2). The Colobus do communicate both visually and vocally. Vocally, they have calls "for identifying their territory, warning and mating" (Colobus Monkey, Zoological Society 1996). When two groups meet they display both visually and vocally and in the evening and at dawn adult males roar loudly which helps keep distances between different groups (Species Data Sheet 1998: 1-2). III.8 PREDATORS

54

Predators of the Black and White Colobus Monkey are not usually chimpanzee, but are the crowned hawk eagle and humans. He will not usually run from their predators but will try and do their best to hide (Black and White Colobus Monkey 1998). IV. QUALIFYING FOR FLAGSHIP SPECIES STATUS Endemic: Colobus guereza is native to much of West central and East Africa, including Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Chad. This continuous distribution through Equatorial Africa could lead to an international cooperation between different countries for it protection. Adaptation: All black and white Colobus monkeys eat the same leaves, but each subspecies eats a different leaf stage, thus preventing deforestation of the primary food source. Ecosystem role: As herbivores, Colobus guereza may play an important role in food webs. e.g.: distribution of seeds. Important for human: Likely as Chimpanzee, Colobus guereza is used in animal testing concerning human diseases, behaviour, and physiology. Exotic species: Black and white Colobus monkeys (Colobus spp.) are best known for their beautiful pelts and sedentary lifestyles. People can see along the Djerem River which crosses the Mbam Djerem National Park from North to South. As was said in the description, baby Colobus are completely white, which is quite beautiful and unique. Tourists like to go along this river to see or take it picture. They need at this moment to pay money to government (to get access inside the park) and local community (to get their help). Symbolic species: Colobus guereza has a calm way of life and can remain sited in the summit of the trees several hours without moving. It is for this reason that it was venerate a long time by the African tribes which believed it in communication with the gods. Also, in African legend, Colobus monkeys are call "the messenger of the gods" because at sunrise it sits silently as if in prayer at sunrise it sits silently as if in prayer. Ambassador: The Colobus SSP will assist in the development of programs for Colobus to serve as "conservation ambassadors" for Old World Monkeys (AZA. 2000). Threat: As with all wild primate populations, the major threats to the survival of Colobus monkey are habitat destruction and over hunting. As the needs of human population for land increases, even is pushed from its natural habitats. Conservation Status: The IUCN Red Data Book does not consider Colobus Monkey to be endangered; however this is not true of all populations within each species. Some populations around the world are declining in numbers. This is due to that humans are using their land for development which practically forces them out. Conservation efforts: Colobus monkeys are included under the auspices of the Old World Monkey Taxon Advisory Group of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA). In April 1995, the Colobus Species Survival Plan (SSP) was approved by the Wildlife Conservation Management Committee (WCMC). Over 1200 animals have been included in the Colobus guereza studbook.

55

F. WORK AND MONITORING PLAN I. GOAL

To conserve biodiversity in the Mbam Djerem National Park for this and future generations.

II. OBJECTIVES THEMES Demonstrating social benefits of the National Park.

Increase the level of pride of the wildlife in the National Park. Increase knowledge of the threats that affect the wildlife in the National Park Helping the community to change their attitudes towards bush meat consumption Helping the community to change their bush meat consumption behaviours Reducing the number of bush meat traders

III. SMART OBJECTIVES 1. By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who say that

they receive benefits from the protected area, from 10% to 35% (refer Q 38). 2. By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who say that

Colobus guereza is the animal they would like to see protected the most from 39% to 60% (refer Q40).

3. By March 2008, there will be a increase in the number of respondents who say that

Colobus guereza is in danger of dying out in the Mbam Djerem National Park, from 21% to 45% (refer Q42).

4. By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents from the

savannah area who know that over hunting for bush meat is the most important threat to Colobus guereza, from 32% to 50% (refer Cross Tab Q4 and Q43).

5. By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents from Yoko who

agree (using “Agree” and “Strongly Agree” categories from the questionnaire) that buying wild bush meat in the market is wrong, from 14% to 35% (refer Cross Tab Q6 and Q47).

6. By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who find that it

is “Not Important” to eat wild bush meat from 5% to 25% (refer Q53).

7. By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who find that it is “Easy” to stop buying bush meat in the local market for their family, from 10% to 30% (refer Q 58).

8. By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who have not

seen bush meat for sale in a local market in the past month, from 34% to 55% (refer Q63).

56

9. By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who disagree

(“Disagree” and “Strongly Disagree” from the questionnaire) that people who turn in poachers and receive a reward should be shunned, from 38% to 65% (refer Q50).

10. By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who in the past

month have talked with community leaders such as a politician, village chief or religious leader about the impact of bush meat hunting on the park, from 38% to 65% (refer Q68).

11. By March 2008, to have raised 5,000,000 F.CFA to be used for “Livelihood Support

Initiatives”, such as bee keeping. 12. By March 2008, to have formed a coordinating committee for development agencies

working in this area to involve them in management/enforcement actions in the park.

57

IV. ACTIVITY GUIDE

Objective (01): By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who say that they receive benefits from the protected area, from 10% to 35% (refer Q38).

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: 90% of people do not think they benefit from the National Park. This needs to be addressed with the campaign. Underlying assumptions: People will support conservation efforts if they feel they receive benefits from the protected area. Village Visits Why do this activity? In order to inform villagers about the importance of Mbam Djerem

National Park for their live. How will this activity be carried out? Visiting villagers of target site and run workshop.

Pride Campaign will organize face a face meeting in some villages during what, he will discuss with villagers about socio-economic benefits of park and some advantages give by the protected area like management plan of the area, environmental education carry out in school, infrastructures, employment.

Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager; Bosco Pouomegne

Who will this activity target? General public Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Gongotoua, Mbamtimbang, Sengbe,

Doume, Lena When will this activity take place? Beginning in September 2007 and repeated every

other month. Assumptions: By hearing benefits of the park villagers will take some decisions to

protect it. Prerequisites: Approval from WCS; logistics like transport, flipchart, makers…

“Livelihood Support Initiatives” Workshops Why do this activity? There are in the target site, some organizations that have the

technical capacity and experience to train in alternative practices. They should be utilized to deliver the training

How this activity be carried out? Any organization who delivers this type of program will be contacted and asked to deliver training on alternative source of protein


Who will this activity target? Any organization that has the capacity Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Gongotoua, Sengbe, Doume, Lena When will this activity take place? Beginning in September 2007 and repeated every

other month. Assumptions: We have in the target site some organizations interested in the

partnership and which will agree to deliver the training Prerequisites: Person from organization that has the capacity and knowledge on

alternative. Availability of fund for such activity

58

Community radio programmes Why do this activity? By referring to the results of the pre-survey carry out in the

project area; Radio is the most common mass media channel used by residents. How this activity be carried out? Designing of media projects. Helping resident to carry

out their own local community radio. Who will be responsible for this activity? Community radio could be managed by

community groups under assistance of Wildlife Conservation Society through Pride Campaign Manager

Who will this activity target? General public Where will this activity take place? Tibati; Yoko When will this activity take place? Design of media project on November 2007 and

carry out in January 2008 Assumptions: Community radio could touch most people and served as the medium

for communicating messages, as agents to change communities and to encourage positive behaviour. Also, the audience could be educated and entertained 24 hours a day.

Prerequisites: Technical support from RARE and other communication agencies; availability of fund for such activity.

Objective (02): By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who say that Colobus guereza is the animal they would like to see protected the most from 39% to 60% (refer Q40).

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: The Colobus (the flagship species) was put at 39% and so this should be increased after the campaign. Underlying assumptions: If we have more people who understand the value of Colobus guereza for socio-economic, aesthetic, cultural and ecological reasons, they will feel more proud of it and we will have more people involve in activity for it protection Production and distribution of poster Why do this activity? To raise public interest and awareness about flagship species

through diffusion of pictures and key conservation message How will this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will work with WCS

staff and local artist in drawing 200 posters with Colobus guereza picture and key message. Poster will be produced in full color. Preferable size is 40cmx60cm. Distribution will be done during community outreach and school visits.


Who will this activity target? General public. Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Mbitom, Gongotoua, Mbamtimbang,

Sengbe, Doume, Lena, Yoko. When will this activity take place? Production in December 2007 and distribution

January 2008 Assumptions: Poster will engage enough for people to notice and remember what is

the flagship species Prerequisites: Approval from WCS; artist to draw flagship species; key message

59

Flagship species costume at a local parade Why do this activity? To introduce the flagship species this might be rarely seen in the

villages. How this activity be carried out? Local tailor will design and make the costume. A

volunteer will wear it during parade. Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager; Bosco

Pouomegne Who will this activity target? General public Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Mbitom, Mbamtimbang, Sengbe,

Mba’am, Doume, Lena, Ngoum, Yoko When will this activity take place? Production in August 2007 and parade during

village and school visit Assumptions: Costume parade will attract most people Prerequisites: Approval from WCS for such activity; costume materials

Production and distribution of jersey with the Colobus as flagship species Why do this activity? To attract people and keep them interest on flagship species. To

spread out conservation messages How will this activity be carried out? Local artist will design and make 400 jerseys.

Pride Campaign Manager, bush meat coordinator of WCS and Conservator of the park will do environmental quiz during school visit and football tournament. Winners will be featured with jersey with the picture of Colobus guereza


Who will this activity target? Students from primary and secondary school. Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Sengbe, Doume, Lena, Yoko When will this activity take place? Production will be October 2007 and distribution

from November 2007 Assumptions: Distribution of jersey with picture of Colobus guereza will reinforce

emotional connection to flagship species Prerequisites: Approval from WCS for such activity; Sponsorship from communities’

leaders to assist in the cost of activity. Production and distribution of a calendar for 2008 Why do this activity? Calendar can to serve to spread out conservation messages How will this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will hold a poster with

conservation message competition in secondary schools. Best posters with conservation message will be featured in 1000 calendars produce for 2008.


Who will this activity target? Students of secondary schools Where will this activity take place? Yoko When will this activity take place? October 2007 is the launching and judging of poster

competition, November and December 2007 are the production and distribution of calendar

Assumptions: School children realize that their work will become tools for conservation and something to be proud of.

Pre requisites: Approval from WCS and local authorities; Sponsorship from communities’ leaders to assist in the cost of activity, availability of students and teachers

60

Billboard Why do this activity? To attract interest of entire population on status of Colobus

guereza and spread out conservation messages. How will this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will work with WCS

staff, government environment official and local artist for design, production and placement of at least two billboards in the target area


Who will this activity target? General public Where will this activity take place? Yoko. The main locality of Forest area (North part

of the area) and on the main access road into the area. When will this activity take place? Production will be November and December 2007

and placement January 2008 Assumptions: They can be seen by a wide cross section of the local community, and

give an additional opportunity for corporate sponsorship. Prerequisites: Approval from WCS and local authorities for such activity; billboard

materials and painting, key conservation messages, artist to draw billboard School visit Why do this activity? Introduce children on the mains threats on Colobus guereza and

other wild animals in the Mbam Djerem National Park. How this activity be carried out? Visit primary school and speak to as many children as

possible. During each visit, Pride Campaign Manager will carry out one puppet show and a costume parade.


Who will this activity target? Children and teachers of primary school Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Sengbe, Doume, Lena When will this activity take place? Beginning in September 2007 and repeated every

other month. Assumptions: This activity will help children to learn wild animals and mains threats.

They can also disseminate information to their parents and friends Prerequisites: Visit approval by WCS and local authorities; availability of teachers and

children Wildlife theatre Why do this activity? Educate kids on important threats on Colobus guereza and other

wild animals and give them the opportunity to disseminate information to their parents and friends

How this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will work with game guards of Mbam Djerem National Park for puppet show training, developing puppet script and play puppet


Who will this activity target? Children and teachers in primary school Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Mbitom, Gongotoua, Sengbe, Doume,

Lena When will this activity take place? During school visit Assumptions: Children will be more interest by this fun and new activity Prerequisites: Approval from WCS and local authorities, puppet materials, costumes,

script and the availability of actors (game guards and volunteers)

61

Bumper stickers Why do this activity? Production and distribution of bumper stickers to raise public

interest and awareness on wild animals and spread out the conservation messages How will this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will work with printing

company to produce 100 bumper stickers. Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager, Bosco

Pouomegne Who will this activity target? General public particularly women in the market and

transporters Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Yoko When will this activity take place? Production in October 2007 and distribution

November 2007 Assumptions: Stickers will be a good media for delivering conservation messages Prerequisites: Approval from WCS, key message

Football Tournament Why do this activity? Use a popular game to raise public interest and awareness on

Colobus guereza by sponsoring a team with Colobus guereza as mascot and spread out conservation messages

How this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will organize with teachers of primary school of target area football tournament putting in competition one team by school.

Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager, Bosco Pouomegne

Who will this activity target? Youths from 15 to 18 years olds Where will this activity take place? In primary school of Meidjamba, Mbitom, Sengbe,

Doume, Lena villages When will this activity take place? From October 2007 to January 2008 Assumptions: Football tournament is a good way to reach and share with youths. Prerequisites: Approval from WCS and local authorities, logistic, sponsor

Objective (03): By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who say that Colobus guereza is in danger of dying out in the Mbam Djerem National Park, from 21% to 45% (refer Q42).

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: Only 21% said that “Yes, Colobus guereza in danger of dying out”. This should be changed after the campaign. Underlying assumptions: If people know that their symbolic specie is in danger of dying out in Mbam Djerem National Park, they will take actions to conserve it. Flagship species costume for School Visits Why do this activity? To introduce the flagship species this might be rarely seen in the

villages. How this activity be carried out? Local tailor will design and make the costume. A

volunteer will wear it during school visit. Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager; Bosco

Pouomegne Who will this activity target? Children of primary school

62

Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Mbitom, Sengbe, Doume, Lena When will this activity take place? Production in August 2007 and parade during

school visit Assumptions: Costume parade will attract most people Prerequisites: Approval from WCS for such activity; costume materials

Teaching materials Why do this activity? We need teacher to convey conservation message more to the

students through daily education activities How will this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will produce and

provide teaching materials including fact sheets and activity sheets on Mbam Djerem National Park and wild animals. During school visit Pride Campaign Manager will carry out teacher training workshop to improve materials.

Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager, Bosco Pouomegne will work with teachers in primary school to carry out such activity

Who will this activity target? Primary school teachers Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Mbitom, Sengbe, Doume, Lena When will this activity take place? Production August, September 2007 and distribution

October 2007 Assumptions: Teaching material will help teachers in delivering conservation and

biodiversity values. Prerequisites: Approval from WCS and local authorities; logistics; availability of

teachers, printers; access on the net Production and distribution of school books Why do this activity? School books will give interest among children of target area.

Can also serve to spread out conservation messages How will this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will work with local

printer to produce books with picture of wild animals and conservation message at the cover of books as a part of campaign. During some competition hold in the target area (environmental quiz in primary school level or football tournament), the winners will receive books.


Who will this activity target? Students in primary schools Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Mbitom, Gongotoua, Sengbe, Mba’am,

Doume, Lena, Ngoum When will this activity take place? November and December 2007 are the production

and distribution of school books Assumptions: Knowledge of students about environment and conservation issues

increase Pre requisites: Approval from WCS and local authorities; Sponsorship from

communities’ leaders to assist in the cost of activity. Button badge Why do this activity? To attract attention on flagship species and spread out

conservation messages. How will this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will contact artist to

design 500 button badges with the picture of Colobus guereza and key conservation message

63

Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager, Bosco Pouomegne

Who will this activity target? Primary and secondary school children of target area. Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Mbitom, Sengbe, Doume, Lena; Yoko When will this activity take place? Production will be September 2007 and distribution

running during football tournament, village and school visit Assumptions: People feel proud to wear them. Pre requisites: Approval from WCS for such activity; Pin design, key message

Other Activities: Community Radio Programme Football Tournament Wildlife theatre

Objective (04): By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents from the savannah area who know that over hunting for bush meat is the most important threat on Colobus guereza, from 30% to 50% (refer Cross Tab Q4 and Q43)

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: The questionnaire survey reflects that within the target population, 30% of respondents agree that over hunting for bush meat is the most important threat on Colobus guereza in Mbam Djerem National Park Underlying assumptions: Increasing the number of respondent who agree with this will push people to take actions to protect Colobus guereza Hunter’s meetings and training Why do this activity? To inform hunters on the situation of Colobus guereza and

current conservation issue. To train hunters in alternative protein source and its benefits (fishing, breeding…)

How this activity be carried out? Working with government environment official, Bush meat coordinator WCS and village leader to run the meeting and training. Need to talk about other experiences, to visit some demonstration plots, to show barriers on the hunting by explanation of legislation on wild animals. By using costume of flagship during meeting.

Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager and Bush meat Coordinator of WCS

Who will this activity target? Hunters Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Mbitom, Gongotoua, Sengbe When will this activity take place? From September 2007 and during village visit Assumptions: By hearing about benefits of alternative protein source and barriers on

hunting, hunters will change behaviour and give support to protect the wildlife. Prerequisites: Approval from WCS, chief of villages and hunters for such activity.

Availability of Conservator and Bush meat Coordinator of WCS; logistics

64

Law Booklet Why do this activity? The law booklet will be produced to serve as a quick reference

on existing laws How will this activity be carried out? The Pride Campaign Manager, WCS staff and

government environment official will summarize existing laws on forest and fauna. 100 will be produce for the hunters.


Who will this activity target? Hunters throughout the target area. Where will this activity take place? Yoko, Doume, Meidjamba When will this activity take place? Production November 2007 and distribution

December 2007 Assumptions: Booklets are something to refer to whenever necessary especially for

the law enforcers and game guards Pre requisites: Approval from WCS and Ministry of Forest and Fauna for such activity

Other Activities: Community Radio Programme Village visits with Costume Character Wildlife theatre

Objective (05): By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents from Yoko who agree that buying wild bush meat in the market is wrong, from 14% to 35% (refer Cross Tab Q6 and Q47).

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: Currently there are no materials that can be used to deliver conservation message to the public Underlying assumptions: Yoko has the biggest market and a lot of women involved in the trade of Bushmeat. So by targeting this area there will be the biggest impact Cooking Competition Why do this activity? Involving women and gaining their support for conservation

efforts. How will this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will work with game

guards of Mbam Djerem National Park and community leaders to hold a competition in village

Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager; Bosco Pouomegne Who will this activity target? Women especially housewives Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Doume, Yoko When will this activity take place? December 2007 Assumptions: By having a cooking competition, women would celebrate cooking in a

sustainable way by not using bush meat and using other traditional techniques. Prerequisites: Approval from WCS and communities leaders; sponsorship from

communities’ leaders to assist activity, availability of women

65

Protein Sources Demonstration Visits Why do this activity? Give opportunity to villagers to learn about sustainable livelihood

activity such as best fishing, semi-intensive breeding… How this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will work with group of

livestock owners and fishermen who work in a sustainable way to run such activity Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager; Bosco

Pouomegne Who will this activity target? Livestock owners; fishermen Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Gongotoua, Sengbe, Doume, Lena When will this activity take place? Beginning October 2007 and running during village

visit Assumptions: People tend to believe things which they can see in reality Prerequisites: Approval from WCS for such activity; availability of demonstrations plots

Other Activities: Community Radio Programme Village Visits “Livelihood Support Initiatives” Workshops Bumper stickers Teaching materials

Objective (06): By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who find that it is “Not Important” to eat wild bush meat from 5% to 25% (refer Q53).

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: Currently there are no materials that can be used to deliver conservation message to the public Underlying assumptions: Once people do not find the need to eat Bushmeat and are content with eating other sustainable protein alternatives then this will dramatically reduce the demand for Bushmeat hunting. Activities: Community Radio Programme Village Visits Cooking Competition Protein Sources Demonstration Visits Teaching materials Bumper stickers “Livelihood Support Initiatives” Workshops

Objective (07): By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who find that it is “Easy” to stop buying bush meat in the local market for their family, from 10% to 30% (refer Q 58).

66

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: Buying bush meat in the market for consumption is a tradition for local people. Underlying assumptions: This is the key way to reduce the demand for Bushmeat in the market place. Community leaders meeting Why do this activity? Community leader in Mbam Djerem National Park area have

ability to influence their residents decision making process. This activity will let community leaders to talk more to their residents and deliver conservation messages in daily life.

How will this activity be carried out? Work with village leader and local authorities to run the meeting. Meeting consist mainly in face a face during what, Pride Campaign Manager will talk about barriers and benefits of eating bush meat. He will talk also about legislation on wild animals


Who will this activity target? Village leaders such as religious, politician, village chief Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Mbitom, Gongotoua, Mbamtimbang,

Sengbe, Mba’am, Doume, Lena, Ngoum, Yoko When will this activity take place? Beginning in September 2007 and repeated every

other month. Assumptions: That by hearing about how WCS and government environment officials

promotes environmental messages, they will give support to protect the environment. Prerequisites: Approval from WCS and local authorities, availability of community

leaders, logistics Other Activities: Community Radio Programme “Livelihood Support Initiatives” Workshops Production and distribution of poster

Objective (08): By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who have not seen bush meat for sale in a local market in the past month, from 34% to 55% (refer Q63).

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: 63% of people have seen bush meat being sold at local market. This needs to be dramatically reduced after the campaign and is a key indicator for the success of the campaign Underlying assumptions: Meeting in the villages and understanding laws will help decision makers and general public realize their implications especially what penalties imposed for violations. Activities: Community Radio Programme Community leaders meeting

67

“Livelihood Support Initiatives” Workshops Teaching materials Cooking Competition Protein Sources Demonstration Visits Bumper stickers Law Booklet

Objective (9): By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who disagree (“Disagree” and “Strongly Disagree” from the questionnaire) that people who turn in poachers and receive a reward should be shunned, from 38% to 65% (refer Q50).

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: About 48% of people agree that people would be shunned. This is a high figure and it can looked at with the campaign i.e. changing public attitude once more people have pride in their wildlife Underlying assumptions: Providing accurate information through legislation leaflet will lead to significant change in attitude of villagers Community Watch Groups Why do this activity? To get in the villages people who can report on anyone hunting

illegally How will this activity be carried out? Working with game guards and government

environment official to carry out such activity Who will be responsible for this activity? Pride Campaign Manager; Bosco

Pouomegne Who will this activity target? Villagers and game guards Where will this activity take place? Yoko, Doume, Meidjamba When will this activity take place? Beginning from October 2007 Assumptions: The community participate to the protection of environment and have

ownership over the activity Pre requisites: Approval from WCS, Ministry of Forest and Fauna and local authorities

for such activity, availability of volunteers in the community Other Activities: Football Tournament Button badge

Objective (10): By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who in the past month have talked with community leaders such as a politician, village chief or religious leader about the impact of bush meat hunting on the park, from 38% to 65% (refer Q68).

68

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: People talk more with their family and friends about this subject. It would be good if the campaign opens up the channels for communication with those that people respect i.e. Government Environment officers and Community leaders Underlying assumptions: Using the different approach of the Pride Methodology, people’s attention can be captured and they will become involved in the project. Activities: Community leaders meeting Law Booklet Football Tournament Button badge

Objective (11): By March 2008, to have raised 5 000 000 F.CFA to be used for Livelihood Support Initiatives.

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: It would be good if during the campaign we could have additional for activity like livelihood support initiatives Underlying assumptions: Using community group and others donors to collect fund Community Fund raising for “Livelihood Support Initiatives” Why do this activity? By raising money in the community with the community, they will

have more of a sense of ownership How this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will facilitate the creation of

community saving fund to reinvest in livelihood support initiative. A board of management of these funds made up of selected members of community will manage the movements of the funds. Sponsors and donors will be also solicited to increase the funds.


Who will this activity target? Farmers, hunters, livestock owners, fishermen Where will this activity take place? Meidjamba, Gongotoua, Sengbe, Doume, Lena When will this activity take place? Beginning is September 2007, running for five

months Assumptions: Community fund raising will engage people to take more responsibility Prerequisites: Approval from WCS, availability of villagers and sponsors

Objective (12): By March 2008, to have formed a coordinating committee for development agencies working in this area.

69

Factor in the conceptual model targeted by the objective: Over hunting for bush meat. Project assumption: Underlying assumptions: Using development agencies to support community group in the target area Coordinating committee for development agencies Why do this activity? To involve development agencies in management/enforcement

actions in the park. How this activity be carried out? Pride Campaign Manager will facilitate contact

between development agencies and see with them how to involve conservation activities in their programmes. For That Campaign Manager will carry out each couple of month a meeting together with representatives of development agencies.


Who will this activity target? Local NGO and Cooperative Where will this activity take place? Tibati and Yoko When will this activity take place? From October 2007 and each couple of month Assumptions: Committee with development agencies will engage people to take more

responsibility about both conservation and development issues Prerequisites: Approval from WCS, availability of partners of development agencies.

Other Activity: Button badges

70

V. MONITORING PLAN Monitoring strategy: Measure changes over time in the area of Mbam Djerem National Park as a result of project activities Objective 1: By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who say that they receive benefits from the protected area, from 10% to 35% (refer Q38). Activity Indicators

(What) Method and Tasks (how)

When Who Where Comment

Village visits - Number of person meet during village visits - Key message received by villagers

- List of person per village. - Report

Beginning September 2007 and repeated every other month

Pride Campaign Manager

Village from Ngoum to Meidjamba

“Livelihood Support Initiatives” Workshops

- Number of participant during workshop - Key message received by villagers

- List of participant per workshop - Report


Pride Campaign Manager and local NGO


Need to fund raising

Community radio programme

Number of radio slots played on air during the campaign

Get report from radio station

Beginning November 2007

Pride Campaign Manager and Community members

Yoko; Tibati Need of technical support from RARE

Objective 2: By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who say that Colobus guereza is the animal they would like to see protected the most from 39% to 60% (refer Q40). Activity Indicators



Poster - Production of 200 posters

- Count the number of poster

December 2007 to January 2008

Pride Campaign Manager and project staff

Yaounde Need of local artist to drawing the poster

Flagship species costume

- Production of 01 costume

- Count the number of costume

Production August 2007 and parade during village and school visits

Pride Campaign Manager and local tailor

Yaounde Need of local tail to design and make the costume

71

Flagship species jersey

- Production of 400 jersey

- Count the number of Jersey

Production October 2007 and distribution November 2007


Yaounde

Production and distribution of a calendar for 2008

- Production of 1000 calendars

- Count the number of calendars produce

Production November 2007 and distribution January 2008

Pride Campaign Manager, project staff and student in secondary school

Yaounde; Yoko

Billboard - Placement of 01 billboard

- Count the number of billboard

Production November 2007 and placement January 2008


Yoko Need of sponsor

School visit

- Number of participants during school visits - Key message received by kids

- List of participant per school - Report


Pride Campaign Manager and teachers


Wildlife theatre

- Number of participant - Key message received by students

- Report from teachers

During school visit

Pride Campaign Manager and game guards of MDNP

Primary school of target area

Need of training for puppet production and show

Bumper stickers

- Production of 100 bumpers stickers with conservation message

- Count the number of bumpers stickers



Yaounde

Football tournament

- Number of football match - Number of school and team engaged in the competition

- List of team and school engaged in the tournament

From October 2007 to January 2008

Pride Campaign Manager and teachers in primary school

Meidjamba, Mbitom, Sengbe, Doume, Lena

Need of sponsor

Objective 3: By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who say that Colobus guereza is in danger of dying out in the Mbam Djerem National Park, from 21% to 45% (refer Q42). Activity Indicators



72

Flagship species costume



Production August 2007 and parade during village and school visits



Teaching material

- Production of 200 fact sheets. - Workshop with teachers

- Count the number of fact sheets - Number of workshop with teachers

From August to October 2007


Project office

Production and distribution of school books

- Production of 1000 school books

- Count the number of school books produce

November to December 2007

Pride Campaign Manager, project staff and local printer

Yaounde

Football tournament






Need of sponsor







Wildlife theatre - Number of participant - Key message received by students


During school visit




Objective 4: By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents from the savannah area who know that over hunting for bush meat is the most important threat on Colobus guereza, from 30% to 50% (refer Cross Tab Q4 and Q43) Activity Indicators



Hunter’s meeting and training

- Number of participant - Key message received by hunters

- List of participant per village - Park surveillance program

From September and during village visit

Pride Campaign Manager and Bush meat coordinator

Village from Yoko to Meidjamba

73

report of WCS Costume parade



Production August 2007 and parade during hunter’s meeting



Law Booklet

Production of 100 laws booklets - Key information in the booklet

- Count the number of booklet - Report

Production November 2007 and distribution December 2007


Yaounde







Wildlife theatre - Number of participant - Key message received by students


During school visit




Objective 5: By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents from Yoko who agree that buying wild bush meat in the market is wrong, from 14% to 35% (refer Cross Tab Q6 and Q47). Activity Indicators



Cooking competition

- Number of housewives who take part in the competition - Key message received by women

- List of participant per village - Report from local advisory committee

December 2007

Pride Campaign Manager and local advisory committee

Meidjamba, Doume, Yoko

Need of sponsors

Protein source demonstrating visits

- Number of demonstration plot

- List of participant per activity

Beginning October 2007 and running during village visit

Pride Campaign Manager and volunteers

Participation of volunteers





Pride Campaign Manager and Community


74

members Village visits - Number of

person meet during village visits - Key message received by villagers












Teaching material





Project office

Bumper stickers





Yaounde

Objective 6: By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who find that it is “Not Important” to eat wild bush meat from 5% to 20% (refer Q53). Activity Indicators









Village visits - Number of person meet during village visits - Key message received by villagers





Cooking competition

- Number of housewives who take part in the

- List of participant per village - Report

December 2007

Pride Campaign Manager and local


Need of sponsors

75

competition - Key message received by women

from local advisory committee

advisory committee







Teaching material





Project office

Bumper stickers





Yaounde








Objective 7: By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who find that it is “Easy” to stop buying bush meat in the local market for their family, from 10% to 25% (refer Q 58). Activity Indicators



Community leaders meeting

- Number of participant during meeting - Key message received by villagers

- List of participant per meeting - Report from Campaign Manager

Beginning in September 2007 and repeated every other month

Pride Campaign Manager and Bushmeat coordinator WCS








76








Poster - Production of 200 posters

- Count the number of poster

December 2007 to January 2008


Yaounde Need of local artist to drawing the poster

Objective 8: By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who have not seen bush meat for sale in a local market in the past month, from 34% to 55% (refer Q63). Activity Indicators






















Teaching material





Project office

77

Cooking competition

- Number of housewives who take part in the competition - Key message received by women

- List of participant per village- Report from local advisory committee

December 2007

Pride Campaign Manager and local advisory committee


Need of sponsors







Bumper stickers





Yaounde

Law Booklet





Yaounde

Objective 09: By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who disagree (“Disagree” and “Strongly Disagree” from the questionnaire) that people who turn in poachers and receive a reward should be shunned, from 38% to 65% (refer Q50). Activity Indicators



Community watch group

- Facilitating creation of 01 community watch group in each village

- Count de the number of community watch group and the number of person per village who take part - Park surveillance program report

Beginning from October 2007


Doume, Meidjamba

Football tournament

- Number of football match - Number of school and team



Pride Campaign Manager and teachers in primary


Need of sponsor

78

engaged in the competition

school

Objective 10: By March 2008, there will be an increase in the number of respondents who in the past month have talked with community leaders such as a politician, village chief or religious leader about the impact of bush meat hunting on the park, from 38% to 65% (refer Q68). Activity Indicators









Law Booklet





Yaounde

Football tournament






Need of sponsor

Objective (11): By March 2008, to have raised 5 000 000 F.CFA to be used for Livelihood Support Initiatives. Activity Indicators



Community Fund raising for “Livelihood Support Initiatives”

- Amount of money got by fundraising

- Report

Beginning September and running for five months

Pride Campaign Manager with support WCS and RARE

Villages of the target area and donors

Objective (12): By March 2008, to have formed a coordinating committee for development agencies working in this area. Activity Indicators

(What) Method and Tasks


79

(how) Coordinating committee for development agencies

- Number of Committee development agencies engaged

- Report From October 2007 and each couple of month

Pride Campaign Manager and local partners

Tibati; Yoko

80

VI. PROJECT TIMELINE

Mo 1 Mo 2 Mo 3 Mo 4 Mo 5 Mo 6 Mo 7 Mo 8 Mo 9 Project/Activities

Pre-project

Dec 06 to Jun 07

July 07 Aug 07 Sept 07 Oct 07 Nov 07 Dec 07 Jan 08 Feb 08 Mar 08

Art work and Logo/Slogan design Costume production and parade Football tournament Puppet production and puppet theatre Badge production and distribution Teaching material production and distribution

School visit Billboards production and placement Poster production and distribution Booklet laws production and distribution Bumper sticker production and distribution

Jersey production and distribution Calendar production School books production and distribution Village visit Hunters meeting Community leaders meeting “Livelihood Support Initiatives” Workshops

Protein sources demonstration visits Cooking competition Community radio programme Community fund raising Coordinating committee for developmentagencies

Community watch group Post project questionnaire survey

81

VII. CORE FUNDS BUDGET

Item Quantity Unit cost f.cfa

Total cost f.cfa

Total cost $

Poster 500 1800 900000 1800

Calendar 1000 1500 1500000 3000

School book 1000 900 900000 1800

Flagship costume 1 50000 50000 100

Jersey 400 2000 800000 1600

Button badge 2000 50 100000 200

Billboard 2 400000 800000 1600

Bumper stickers 600 2000 1200000 2400

Legislation leaflet 1000 500 500000 1000

Law booklet 600 1000 600000 1200

Teaching material 1000 50 50000 100

Puppet materials 1 200000 200000 400

Community radio material 1 2400000 4800

Total 10000000 20000

82

References

SITE BACKGROUND Maisels, F., Fotso, R.C., and Hoyle, D. (2000) Conservation status, large mammals,

bird populations surveys and human impact. WCS/Cameroon Biodiversity Program. Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Onya, H.A. (2000) A general survey of villages surrounding the newly gazetted Mbam and Djerem National Park in Central Cameroon. MINEF, Department of Wildlife and Protected Areas. Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Pouomegne, J.B. (2005) Etude socio-economiques du parc national du Mbam et Djerem. WCS, Cameroon Biodiversity Program. Yaoundé, Cameroon.

République du Cameroun (1994). LOI N° 94/01 du 20 janvier 1994 portant régime des forêts, de la faune et de la pêche.

United Nations Environment Programme. (1999). Republic of Cameroon. Biodiversity Status, Strategies and Action Plan.

United Nations. Treaty series (1993). Multilateral Convention on Biological Diversity (with annexes). Concluded at Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992. Vol. 1760, N 30619.

Wildlife Conservation Society. Ministère des Forets et de la Faune.2007. Plan d’aménagement du Parc National du Mbam et Djerem (draft).

FLAGSHIP SPECIES American Zoo and Aquarium Association Species. Colobus Monkey fact sheet;

Survival plan sheets. 1994. Accessed at http://www.aza.org Dorst J.; Dandelot P.1970. A field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Ed Collins,

London. UK Kim, K. 2002. Colobus guereza online. Animal diversity web. Accessed at

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu Russell A. and all. 2005. The World’s 25 most endangered primates 2004-2006.

Primates in peril. IUCN. Primate specialist group.

http://www.aza.org/

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/

83

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the Wildlife Conservation Society for giving me the opportunity to participate in the training and for their support and assistance. Special thanks to Dr Roger Fotso, Director of Wildlife Conservation Society/Cameroon and Will Banham; Wildlife Conservation Society New-York, for their help and guidance. Special thanks to RARE staff in particular Megan Hill, Senior Director, Global Pride, RARE for everything. Also Paul Buttler, Vice President of Programs and Sharon Price for their attention and support. Thanks to all our professors at the University of Kent for education, their guidance and attention: Pr Stuart Harrop; Dr Ian Bride; Dr Robert Smith; Mrs Rosemary Godfrey. Special thanks to Adam Murray for the constant guidance and English course. I also like to thank Bernard Fosso, Director of Mbam Djerem National Park Project, David Nzouango, Bushmeat Coordinator of Mbam Djerem National Park Project, Djim Sylvain, Accountant and Etienne Nlegue, Conservator of Mbam Djerem National Park for their trusting support and assistance. I’m very grateful to all stakeholders, in particular Prefect of Tibati; Sub-Prefect of Yoko; Ndouga Emaran; Mayor of Yoko, Sora Evariste; responsible of agriculture for Yoko, Sala Nnanga André; the local NGO, Toukoum David and Youssoufa Halidou; the enumerators: Ambahe Ruffin, Nyemgah Yara Cyril, Ambassa Ongono, Djoke Denis Desiré, Ngamba Ambass Thierry; the driver Elouna Jean Marie for their help afforded to me during the pre-campaign activity. Final thanks go to my wife Justine Pouomegne who stood by me all the time and always ready to help and provide support.

84

Appendices

Appendix 1: Check list of wildlife species and their conservation status

Legal status C

Local level of threat

Scientific name Common name A B

AB R/V END ENM Pan troglodyte Chimpanzee + + Papio anubis Baboon + Colobus abysinsiacus White and Black Colobus + + Cercocebus albigena Grey checked mangabey + Cercopithecus cephus Moustached monkey + Cercopithecus nictitans Putty-nosed monkey + Cercopithecus mona Mona Monkey + Cercopithecus erythrotis Red eared nose-spotted

monkey +

Miopithecus talapoin Talapoin + Galago alleni Allen’s galago + + Perodicticus potto Basman’s potto + + Cephalophus monticola Blue duiker + Cephalophus rufilatus Red flanked duiker + Cephalophus nigrifons Black fronted duiker + Cephalophus callipygus Black baked duiker + Cephalophus sylvicultor Yellow backed duiker + Cephalophus dorsalis Black striped duiker + Hyemoschus aquaticus Water chevrotain + + + Tragelaphus spekei Sitatunga + + Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck + + Tragelaphus euryceros Bongo + + + Kobus kob Kob + + Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck (defassa) + + Syncerus caffer African buffalo + + Phacohoerus aethiopicus Warthog + + Hylochoerus meinertshageni Giant forest hog + + Potamochoeurus porcus Bush pig + + Hippoppotamus amphibious Hippopotamus + + Loxodonta Africana Forest elephant + + Leptailurus serval Serval cat + Panthera pardus Leopard + + Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah + + Panthera leo Lion + + Vivera civetta Civet + Profelis aurata Golden cat + Genetta tigrina Large spotted genet + Felis silvestris Wild cat + Herpest sarguineus Red mongoose + Herpest ichneumon Egyptian mongoose + Herpest naso Long snowed mangoose + Orycteropus afer Aardvark + Manis tetradactyla Long tailed pangolin + Manis gigantean Giant pangolin + Thriomamys swinderianus Larger cane rat + Atherurus africna Porcupine + Cricetomys Sp Giant rat + Protoxerus stangen Giant forest squirrel + Myoserurus pumilio Pygmy squirrel + Anomalurops beecrofti Beecrofts flying squirrel + + + Anomalurus debianus Derby’s flying squirrel + + +

85

Lavia frons Yellow winged bat + Tophozous mauritianus Mauritian tomb bat + Hypsignathus monstrosus Hammer headed bat + Epomophorus gambianus Schreibens long fingered

bat +

Glauconycterus argentea Common glauconycterisbat

+

Hipposideros commersoni Commersons leaf-nosed bat

+

Miniopterus schreibensi Schreibers long fin gered bat/bent winged

+

Eptesicus somalicus Somalian insect eating bat

+

Rhinolopus alticolus Cameroon horse shoe bat

+ +

Nanja sp Black mamba + Python sebae Rock python + + Varanus Niloticus Varan + Crocodylus Niloticus Nile crocodile + Halcyon malimbicus Blue breasted king fisher + Merops pusillus Little bee eater + Coracias cynogaster Blue bellied roller + Caprimulgus tristigma West African freckled

nightjar +

Scotomis climacurus scloteri Long tailed nightjar + + Tauraco leucolophus White crested tauraco + + Charadrius forbesi Ferbes plover + Tauraco violacea Ross’s tauraco + Indicator willcocksi Willcock’s honey guide + Corythaeola cristata Great blue tauraco + Plectropterus gambonsus Sun winged goose + Francolinus squamatus Scaly francolin + Cuculus validus Thick billed cuckoo + Cuculus coronus gularis Common cuckoo + Turdoides plebejus Brown babbler + Miconisus gabar Gabar goshawk + Milvus migrans Black kite + Class A = Integrally protected species B = Partially protected species C = Protected species, but can be hunted. Conservation status AB = High density RV = Rare and vulnerable END = Endangered ENM = Endemic.

86

Appendix 2: Questionnaire Survey (translated from French) Mbam Djerem National Park Survey Conservation Education Campaign Date: ________________ Interviewer name: ________________ Supervisor: ________________ Enumeration area code: [ ] Savannah [ ] Forest Town: ________________ Village name: ________________ Gender of respondent: [ ] Male [ ] Female Hello, my name is.........................., and I'm working with Mbam Djerem National Park Project. We are conducting a survey of people in this area about the natural environment. We would very much appreciate your participation in this survey by answering a few questions about the environment. Whatever information you provide will be kept strictly confidential and will not be shown to or shared with any other person except for those people who are working on the survey. Your answers will help us to plan environmental programs. Participation in this survey is voluntary and you can choose not to answer any individual question or all of the questions. However, your views are important to us and I hope you will participate. (1) May I begin the interview now? [ ] Yes [ ] No (2) Do you live in this village? [ ] Yes [ ] No (3) If you don't live in this village, where are you from? ________________ (4) If you don't live in the village, since how many time are you there (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] <1month [ ] 1month [ ] 2months [ ] 03months [ ] >3month (5) If you don't live in the village, what is the reason of your presence there (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] Trade [ ] Fishing [ ] Hunting [ ] Logging [ ] Agriculture [ ] Breeding [ ] Leisure [ ] Visit [ ] Other ________________ (6) What language or dialect do you speak at home? (CHECK ONE ONLY). [ ] English [ ] French [ ] Fufulde [ ] Vute [ ] Mboum [ ] Gbaya [ ] Baveck [ ] Arabic [ ] Other ________________ (7) What is your usual preferred language to read? [ ] English [ ] French [ ] Fufulde [ ] Vute [ ] Mboum [ ] Gbaya [ ] Baveck [ ] Arabic [ ] Other ________________

87

(8) Which age group are you in (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] 15-19 [ ] 20-24 [ ] 25-29 [ ] 30-34 [ ] 35-39 [ ] 40-44 [ ] 45-49 [ ] 50-54 [ ] 55-59 [ ] 60-64 [ ] 65-69 [ ] >69 (9) How much formal school have you completed? If you have never been to school, please say "no school completed" (CHECK ONE ONLY). [ ] No formal school [ ] Some primary school, but primary not completed [ ] Primary school completed [ ] Some secondary school, but secondary not completed [ ] Secondary school completed [ ] Some school beyond secondary school (10) If you belong to a religion, please tell me which religion. If you do not belong to a religion please say "none" (CHECK ONE ONLY). [ ] Muslim [ ] Catholic [ ] Protestant [ ] Local/traditional [ ] None [ ] Other ________________ (11) If you are currently employed and are paid wages, please tell me what the best describes who you work for ? (CHECK ONE ONLY). [ ] Self-employed [ ] Government [ ] NGO [ ] Private company [ ] Non currently working for pay [ ] Other ________________ (12) What is your main occupation? (CHECK ONE ONLY) [ ] Agriculture [ ] Fishing [ ] Breeding [ ] Hunting [ ] Trade [ ] Housewife [ ] Logging [ ] Student [ ] Not employed [ ] Other ________________ (13) People hear information about the environment from many different sources. I'm going to read you a list of sources from which you might hear information about the environment and I would like you to tell me whether your would find that source "very trustworthy, somewhat trustworthy or not trustworthy" (CHECK ONE ONLY) (A) Person on the radio [ ] Very trustworthy [ ] Somewhat trustworthy [ ] Not trustworthy (B) Person on television [ ] Very trustworthy [ ] Somewhat trustworthy [ ] Not trustworthy (C) Report in newspaper or magazine [ ] Very trustworthy [ ] Somewhat trustworthy [ ] Not trustworthy (D) Law enforcement official [ ] Very trustworthy [ ] Somewhat trustworthy [ ] Not trustworthy (E) Local community leaders such as a politician, village chief or religious [ ] Very trustworthy [ ] Somewhat trustworthy [ ] Not trustworthy (F) Government environment official [ ] Very trustworthy [ ] Somewhat trustworthy [ ] Not trustworthy (G) NGO environment official [ ] Very trustworthy [ ] Somewhat trustworthy [ ] Not trustworthy (H) Friends or family member [ ] Very trustworthy [ ] Somewhat trustworthy [ ] Not trustworthy

88

(I) Teachers [ ] Very trustworthy [ ] Somewhat trustworthy [ ] Not trustworthy (14) I would like you to pick one as the type of source you would trust the most with environmental information (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] Person on the radio [ ] Person on Television [ ] Report on news paper [ ] Law enforcement official [ ] Local community leaders [ ] Government environment official [ ] NGO environment official [ ] Friends or family members [ ] Teachers [ ] Don't know [ ] Other ________________ (15) In the past month, how often would you say that you usually watched television (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] Never [ ] Up to 3 day per week [ ] 4 to 6 days per week [ ] 7 days per week (A) Which television station do you usually watch (ONLY ONE)? [ ] CRTV [ ] Canal 2 [ ] Canal Horizon [ ] TV5 [ ] Other ________________ (16) In the past month, how often would you say that you usually read newspaper or magazine? [ ] Never [ ] Up to 3 days per week [ ] 4 to 6 days per week [ ] 7 days per week (A) Which newspaper or magazine do you usually read (ONLY ONE)? [ ] Cameroon Tribune [ ] Cocorico [ ] Other ________________ (17) In the past month, how often would you say that you usually listened to the radio (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] Never [ ] Up to 3 days per week [ ] 4 to 6 days per week [ ] 7 days per week (A) Which radio station do you usually listen to (ONLY ONE)? [ ] CRTV [ ] RFI [ ] Africa N1 [ ] Other ________________ (18) Do you know about a protected area here? [ ] Yes [ ] No (19) If yes, what is it called? ________________ (20) Do you receive any benefits from the protected area? [ ] Yes [ ] No (21) If yes, which ones (CAN MARK MORE THAN ONE) [ ] Money [ ] Employment [ ] Infrastructures and equipments [ ] Capacity building [ ] Other ________________ (22) Which of the following animals would you like to see protected the most ? (CHECK ONE ONLY. SHOW THE PICTURES). [ ] Elephant [ ] Chimpanzee [ ] Bongo [ ] Parrot [ ] Giant Pangolin [ ] Galago [ ] Colobus [ ] Other ________________ (23) Where does the Colobus live ? [ ] Savannah [ ] Forest [ ] Galleries Forest [ ] Don't know (24) Do you think that the Colobus is in danger of dying out in Mbam Djerem National Park (CHECK ONE ONLY)?

89

[ ] Yes, it is in danger of dying out [ ] No, it is not in danger of dying out [ ] Don't know (25) What do you think that it is the most important threat on Colobus (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] Over hunting for bush meat [ ] Cutting down the forest [ ] Too much predation by other animals [ ] Bushfire [ ] Diseases [ ] Don't know [ ] Other ________________ (26) Do you think it is legal or illegal for people to hunt wild animals inside the Mbam Djerem National Park (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] Legal [ ] Illegal [ ] Don't know (27) Do you think it is legal or illegal for people to cut down the forest or light bush fires inside the Mbam Djerem National Park (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] Legal [ ] Illegal [ ] Don't know (28) I'm going to read you a series of statements and I would like you to tell me whether you strongly agree, agree are neutral or have no opinion, disagree or strongly disagree with each statement (CHECK ONE ONLY). (A) People who hunt wild animals in the Mbam Djerem National Park should be fined [ ] Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Neutral [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree (B) Buying wild bush meat in the market is wrong [ ] Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Neutral [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree (C) The most effective way of protecting wild animals in the Mbam Djerem National Park is for Park officers to arrest poachers [ ] Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Neutral [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree (D) You strongly oppose the laws that make it illegal to hunt wild animals in the Mbam Djerem National Park [ ] Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Neutral [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree (E) People who turn in poachers and receive a reward should be shunned [ ] Strongly Agree [ ] Agree [ ] Neutral [ ] Disagree [ ] Strongly Disagree (29) I'm going to read you a list of statements about activities and for each activity, I would like you to tell me whether it is important or not important to you (CHECK ONE ONLY) (A) Making sure the Colobus does not die out in the Mbam Djerem National Park [ ] Very important [ ] Somewhat important [ ] Not important [ ] Don't know (B) Making sure local people can continue traditions of hunting for wild game [ ] Very important [ ] Somewhat important [ ] Not important [ ] Don't know (C) Eating wild bush meat [ ] Very important [ ] Somewhat important [ ] Not important [ ] Don't know

90

(D) Stopping fire from spreading into the Mbam Djerem National Park [ ] Very important [ ] Somewhat important [ ] Not important [ ] Don't know (E) Stopping cattle from grazing in the Mbam Djerem National Park [ ] Very important [ ] Somewhat important [ ] Not important [ ] Don't know (F) Stopping fishermen from fishing in the Mbam Djerem National Park [ ] Very important [ ] Somewhat important [ ] Not important [ ] Don't know (30) I'm going to read to you a number of activities and I would like you to tell me whether you would find it easy or difficult for you to do that activity (CHECK ONE ONLY) (A) Report a person from your village that you know has illegally hunted wild game in the Mbam Djerem National Park

[ ] Easy [ ] Difficult [ ] Not sure/Don't know (B) Stop buying bush meat in the local market for your family

[ ] Easy [ ] Difficult [ ] Not sure/Don't know (C) Report a person from your village that you know has illegally cut down forest in the Mbam Djerem National Park to law enforcement officers

[ ] Easy [ ] Difficult [ ] Not sure/Don't know (D) Stop burning land to clear it in the Mbam Djerem National Park

[ ] Easy [ ] Difficult [ ] Not sure/Don't know (E) Stop fishing in the Mbam Djerem National Park

[ ] Easy [ ] Difficult [ ] Not sure/Don't know (31) In the past month have you met anyone who has hunted in the Mbam Djerem National Park (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] Yes [ ] Not sure/Don't know [ ] No (32) In the past month have you seen bush meat for sale in a local market (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] Yes [ ] Not sure/Don't know [ ] No (33) In the past month, has any one in your village been arrested for hunting bush meat in the Mbam Djerem National Park (CHECK ONE ONLY)?

[ ] Yes [ ] Not sure/Don't know [ ] No (34) In the past month, has any one in your village turned in a poacher to the authorities (CHECK ONE ONLY)? [ ] Yes [ ] Not sure/Don't know [ ] No (35) In the past month have you talked with any of the following people about the impact of bush meat hunting on the park (CHECK ONE ONLY)? (A) Your family including spouse, children, cousins, uncles/aunts or parents [ ] Yes [ ] No (B) Your friends or neighbours [ ] Yes [ ] No

91

(C) A community leaders such as a politician, village chief or religious leader [ ] Yes [ ] No (D) Other (please specify) ________________ (36) I'm going to ask you about a number of ways in which you may or may not have heard about Colobus and the importance of the Mbam Djerem National Park in the past 6 months. For each method, I would like you to tell me whether you have heard about these from these sources (A) On a billboard [ ] Yes [ ] No (B) On a poster [ ] Yes [ ] No (C) On a radio [ ] Yes [ ] No (D) In a newspaper [ ] Yes [ ] No (E) On a fact sheet [ ] Yes [ ] No (F) On a leaflet [ ] Yes [ ] No (G) Have seen a Puppet show about the animals of Mbam Djerem National Park [ ] Yes [ ] No (H) In a song [ ] Yes [ ] No (I) In a story [ ] Yes [ ] No Appendix3. List of figure Figure 1: Location of Mbam Djerem National Park. Figure 2: Average rainfall Mbam Djerem National Park Figure 3: Vegetation of the park starting from the classification operated on image Landsat Figure 4: Mbam Djerem National Park and site neighbours Figure 5: Relationship between number of human and animal (elephant sign/km) and distance from villages Figure 6: Initial concept model Table 1: Average rainfall weathers stations Yoko and Tibati Table 2: Stakeholder matrix Table 3: Sampling and sample size

A PRIDE CAMPAIGN Mbam Djerem National Park, Cameroons3.amazonaws.com/rarect_prod/rareplanet.org/files/BOSCO Project... · IV.1.2 Fauna IV.2 Conservation history IV.3 Legislation V.

Documents