A Pe an - SAPPA...hy/sy in die boord staan en die neute bewonder. Dis jammer dat iemand nie destyds vir Jan van Riebeeck die regte voorligting kon gee nie. Dan sou hy sekerlik, in

Kwartaalblad van die Suid Afrikaanse Pekan Produsente Assosiasie · Quarterly Journal of the South African Pecan Producer's Association

WINTER 2015 | Volume 71

Pekan KULTIVARS

in Suid-Afrika Nr.1

INVESTIGATING

the MOTH PESTS

of Pecan Nuts in the

VAALHARTS Region

2015 se

SUKSESVOLLE

Internasionale

PEKANNEUT

KONFERENSIE

A Pe an

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1

Beste Sappa lede,

Winter-Herfs. Droë blare en die onfeilbare blou lug. Die Here werk! In die natuur en in ons lewens dag na dag. Hoe heerlik om Sy hand in jou eie lewe te mag ervaar!Mag elkeen van julle 'n goeie vrugtevolle oes insamel. Hopenlik genoeg rede om met dankbaarheid terugkyk te kyk op jou harde werk wat so beloon mag word.

Ons 2de Internasionale Pekanneut konferensie is in Februarie 2015 gehou in Hartswater. Dit was weereens 'n groot sukses en die opkoms was bo verwagting. Baie dankie aan alle organiseerders, borge, uitstallers, sprekers en elkeen wat betrokke was om hierdie konferensie 'n sukses te maak.

Om te boer is nie altyd maklik nie. Sekere streke ervaar droogtes, peste of plae. Gelukkig is daar verskeie navorsingsprojekte op dreef wat ons hiermee help. Terugvoer hiervan word van tyd tot tyd in die tydskrif geplaas of op streeksvergaderings teruggekommunikeer. Ons hoop dat dit vir elkeen in die pekanbedryf tot voordeel sal wees.

Die afgelope tyd is daar heelwat Streeksvergaderings gehou. Hoop u kon dit darem bygewoon het en dat dit interessant en leersaam was en u weer tenvolle op hoogte is van al die pekanbedrywighede tot dusver.

Die Algemene Jaarvergadering vir 2015 word beplan vir 6 en 7 November 2015 te Pongola (Streek 3). Teken die datum solank op u kalenders aan. Hou gerus ook u elektroniese posbus dop vir meer inligting later in die jaar!!

Aangesien die posdiens ons van tyd tot tyd in die steek laat, en persoonlike inligting soms verander is ons telkens besig om ons databasis opdatum te hou. Baie dankie vir u samewerking in hierdie verband. As u geen inligting per epos ontvang nie sal ons dit waardeer as u ons kan inlig wat u korrekte epos adres is.

Die SA Pekan word huidiglik nog na alle lede per pos uitgestuur maar word ook elektronies in PDF-formaat op die SAPPA webblad geplaas. www.sappa.za.org

Ons lede getalle bly maandeliks groei! Baie welkom aan die nuwe lede, verwerkers, kwekers en diensorganisasies wat die afgelope maande aangesluit het by die assosiasie. Ons hoop julle voel almal gou deel van die pekannneut bedryf.

So, dis tyd vir kaggelvure, potte sop bedien met tuisgemaakte brood. Tyd vir kuier rondom die kombuistafel met geurige koffie en jou SA Pekan in die hand. Lekker lees.

GroeteHarriët

Office hours · Kantoor ure : Mo-Fr · | 08h30 - 13h00 Address · Adres PO BOX 32140 Totiusdal 0134 | Tel 012 329 9868 Fax · Faks 012 329 9869 · 086 244 5956 | Cell · Sel 084 403 9116Email · E-pos [email protected] | Web www.sappa.za.orgBank Details · Bank Besonderhede : ABSA Savings Acc · Spaar 905 392 8696SA Pekan Redaksie: Albert Bouwmeester, Harriët Hofsink, Ronél de Jong

Ma-Vr

Uit die KANTOOR From the OFFICE

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R5 t

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L E TE/ OME 201 ui gaw

2 30.10. 015

IN THIS ISSUE1. SA Pecans2. Uit die kantoor

SAPPA office · SAPPV kantoor3. SAPPA report on past and present

projects 2015 conference4. Suksesvolle Internasionale

Pekanneut Konferensie 20155. Pecan Pro Nursery6. Pekan kultivars in Suid-Afrika Nr.17. Wild Rush Distributors8. Nutmech9. Streek 6 Inligtings Vergadering

Felicia Farm10. List of members of the National

Council of Representatives of SAPPAEnviro Chainsaws

11. Bedrywing!12. Netafim 13. Burkea

WNG Boerdery14. Patroos Pecans15. Nutmech

Elandsdraai Pecan Growers16. Te Koop: Pekanneut Verwerkings

Aanleg Scanwood

17. Inspection Masters18. Calandria20. Toekoms van pekanproduksie

lyk rooskleuring en volhoubaar26. Investigating the moth pests of

pecan nuts in the Vaalharts region27. Pecan Variety Indication29. Nutmech30. Cultivar selection and row spacing:

Science or informed opinion31. Plasing en koste van Advertensies32. Bouwer Pecan Farms and Nursery33. Resep: Kersie-Neut-Karringmelk

Beskuit Kalahari Desert Products

34. Zinc thinking in the Southeast36. Zinchem - Multimikro37. Calandria38. Pecan Pro Nursery

On a recent trip to China we visited the 2014 SIAL trade show in Shanghai. The US pecan industry was well presented. US Pecans had a large booth doing very successful generic marketing for their product. Several individual farmers were present hosting their own booths and selling their product directly to customers. Mexico and Australia were present promoting pecans. Australian Macadamias were also well represented.

South Africa had a prime location at the show, but apart from the wine industry and one dried fruit stand we were not presented. No pecans and no macadamias from South Africa. Where do we come from and where are we heading?

The pecan industry in the Western part of South Africa is a relatively new industry. We come from a background of a social pecan club with no staff and no office. The industry was run by voluntary members that did it for their love of pecans and to share and exchange information with fellow producers. No official SAPPA visits abroad have been undertaken and all trips done were paid for by members with their own funds. I have visited the US, Australia and China to gather information on pecans but have always done this in my own capacity and with my own funds, due to a lack of funding in our association and industry.

Both pecans and macadamias are expanding at an exponential rate in South Africa due to strong demand from China. A good prospect for long term profits and a lack of profitability in other irrigation crops further supports new plantings.

Three years ago a statutory levy on pecans was imposed to support stable funding in a fast growing industry with a demand for a more formal structure. A statutory levy has also been successfully imposed on the macadamia industry after several problems occurred with collecting voluntary levies.

We decided to use Hortgro as an independent service provider to collect the statutory levy and industry data. This will insure confidentiality to all growers and processors involved.

Harriet Hofskink is our long time secretary and works from her own office coordinating the admin and our newsletter the SA Pecan.

We have employed Hardus du Toit as a technical officer to coordinate research work and other field related activities.

Recently we added Andre Coetzee to our team, working as transformation manager for SAPPA empowerment projects. Andre is working part time at the Hortgro office in the Paarl and is responsible to coordinate all activities between Hortgro and the SAPPA board of Directors.

We established a research committee under the leadership of Alvin Archer, to determine research priorities and to coordinate research done by the ARC the University of Pretoria and the University of the Free State.

South Africa is currently working on minimum export standards for pecans under the chairmanship of David vd Merwe and the Export Standards Committee. This standard will only be a minimum standard and many countries or buyers will have their own additional requirements like Eurogap or HACCP. The standards will largely be based on the US standards but will have our own South African needs incorporated. From the Chinese side there is a strong need for minimum standards and regulation through PPECB. Chinese buyers have expressed their concern of inconsistent product coming from South Africa both in the pecan and the macadamia industries. SAMAC, representing the Macadamia industry, is currently also working on minimum export standards. Good news for the pecan industry exporting to China is that import taxes on Pecans have been reduced from 24% to 10% making direct export to China more viable.

SAPPA's key role is to collect data and to communicate relevant and up to date information to all role-players in the industry. We need to promote consumption and create awareness of our product both local and on the international market. We represent producers in South Africa but rely on the cooperation of all industry role-players to make this goal possible.

Heiko Meier

<

SAPPA Report on PAST and PRESENTProjects 2015 Conference

3

Algemene JaarvergaderingAnnual General Meeting

6 & 7 Nov. 2015@ Pongola

SUKSESVOLLE InternasionalePekanneut Konferensie 2015

4

PECAN PRO NURSERYH.W. Meier | [email protected]

PECAN PRO NURSERYH.W. Meier | [email protected]

5

Pekan KULTIVARS in Suid-Afrika Nr.1

Waar het dit alles begin? Dit is seker 'n vraag wat menige pekanneutboer hom of haar al self afgevra het terwyl hy/sy in die boord staan en die neute bewonder. Dis jammer dat iemand nie destyds vir Jan van Riebeeck die regte voorligting kon gee nie. Dan sou hy sekerlik, in plaas van 'n laning wilde amandels, beslis 'n laning pekanneutbome aan die Kaap geplant het en sou toeriste vandag nog daar in die lieflike skaduwee van die bome kon sit en neute eet. Alhoewel nie só romanties nie, is die oorsprong van pekanneute in Suid-Afrika tog baie interessant en is dit vir ons as pekanboere ook belangrik om daarvan te weet. Deur die geskiedenis daarvan te ken, kan ons verseker dat ons boerdery volhoubaar voortgaan en kan ons kinders hierdie wonderlike bedryf in die jare wat kom, respekteer en uitbou.

Omdat Noord Amerika die enigste plek is waar pekans inheems voorkom, is dit logies dat alle pekanneutbome in Suid Afrika hul oorsprong van daar het. Die invoer van saad-neute, geënte bome en entmateriaal is voorheen deur die Instituut vir Tropiese en Subtropiese Gewasse van die destydse Departement van Landbou op Nelspruit gereël en gekoördineer. Invoere was dus bykans uitsluitlik vanuit die VSA, alhoewel daar ook een keer plantmateriaal vanaf Australië ingevoer is.

Pekan kultivars is in verskeie proefblokke deur die hele land aangeplant, o.a. Roodeplaat, Addo, Nelspruit en Pietermaritzburg. Vier plaaslike kultivars nl. Ukulinga, Marina, en meer onlangs ook Alvina en Sutex, is ook geselekteer uit neute wat op verskillende lokaliteite in die land as saad geplant is en belowende eienskappe soos, siekteweerstand of uitsonderlike hoë opbrengs, getoon het.

Die geskiedenis van die vroeë aanplantings, en hoe die bedryf in die land gevestig is, is al baie vaag. Meer navorsing is nodig en dit sal in 'n volgende artikel beskryf word. Na aanleiding van vrae op 'n onlangse streeksvergadering, handel hierdie artikel hoofsaaklik oor die meer onlangse invoere van plantmateriaal en die proses wat gevolg is om dit deur die land te versprei. Omdat die Dept van Landbou se betrokkenheid by die pekanbedryf in die laat 1990's drasties afgeskaal is, het SAPPA die inisiatief geneem met die invoer van kultivars vanaf die VSA. Kundiges soos Johan Oosthuizen was beskikbaar om te verseker dat die regte prosedures gevolg word, sodat daar nie ongewenste siektes of insekte saam met die plantmateriaal ingebring sou word nie. 'n Paar SAPPA lede het hul hulp aangebied en 2006 het SAPPA deur middel van die kwekery-verteenwoordiger, Heiko Meier, 'n versoek tot die VSA Departement van Landbou (USDA) gerig, om 'n aantal nuwe sowel as ouer kultivars in te voer. Die volgende cultivars is aangevra: Apache, Barton, Caddo, Curtis, Forkert, Giles, Hopi, Kanza, Nacono, Oconee, Peruque, Riverside, VC-168, Prilop, en Osage. Die kultivar VC 168 behoort egter nie aan die USDA nie, en hulle kon dit nie verskaf nie. Die ander 14 kultivars is wel na Suid Afrika gestuur.

Onmiddelik na ontvangs op die lughawe, is die materiaal deur die Direktoraat vir Plantgesondheid van die Departement Landbou by Stellenbosch ondersoek om seker te maak dat dit siekte- en insekvry is. Hier is onder die mikroskoop waargeneem dat die kultivar Kanza, deur 'n soort luis besmet is en al die entstokkies van daardie kultivar is vernietig.

Hierna is die entstokkies na die Departement se kwarantynstasie by Buffelspoort gestuur waar 'n aantal saadbome wat deur Johan Ferreira geskenk is, reeds in die glashuise gestaan het. Willem Oosthuizen het al die kultivar stokkies oorgeënt op die saadbome en Hannes Kruger het onderneem om behulpsaam te wees met die versorging en toesig van die bome aldaar. Ongelukkig het die kultivars Prilop en Osage nie die kwarantyn oorleef nie.

Agtien maande later is die oorblywende geënte bome uit die kwarantynstasie vrygestel en in die oorspronklike plantsakke na Heiko Meier verskuif vir verdere versorging. Na die eerste winter is die bome oorgeplant in groter plantsakke en is al die beskikbare enthout gesny en gebruik om sodoende die plantmateriaal so vining moontlik te vermeerder. Die hoeveelheid entstokke wat gesny kon word, het egter geweldig gewissel van kultivar tot kultivar. By van die kultivars kon die eerste jaar minder as vyf stokkies gesny word, terwyl ander meer enthout gelewer het as wat gebruik kon word. Heiko het aangebied om een bedding met 30 bome van elke kultivaar te ent en gratis aan die bedryf beskikbaar te stel.

Die proses om een bedding te ent, het egter 'n verdere jaar geneem omdat daar so min enthout van sekere kultivars beskikbaar was. Hannes Kruger het ook gelyktydig ou bome afgesaag en oorgewerk met die beskikbare enthout om variteite so vining as moontlik onder boordomstandighede te beproef. Na die tweede winter is entstokkies weer gesny en is 20 bome van elke kultivar in proefblokke by Hannes Kruger geënt. Die volgende drie jaar is hierdie geënte bome, asook entmateriaal daarvan, jaarliks beskikbaar gestel aan kwekers en aan produsente wat bereid was om proefrye van al 11 nuwe kultivars te plant en te monitor.

Die twee nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse kultivars Sutex en Alvina is ook bygevoeg. Daar was egter min belangstelling van die bestaande kwekerye op daardie stadium, omdat daar nie 'n aanvraag vir die nuwe kultivars uit die bedryf was nie. Produsente was uiteraard huiwerig om produserende bome af te saag en oor te werk vir proefblokke, omdat hulle nie hul inkomste op risiko wou plaas nie. Daar was 'n beperkte aanvraag vir Navaho entstokkies alhoewel Navaho bome wat tot op daardie stadium deur Heiko Meier versprei is, een van die kultivars was wat voorheen deur die LNR se Instituut vir Sitrus en Subtropiese gewasse ingevoer is.

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hele bedryf se voordeel is en dat dit glad nie slegs enkele individue mag baat nie. Indien dit aan die lig kom dat entmateriaal “geskaak” word, sal alle samewerking vanuit die VSA gestaak word. Dit is dus belangrik dat die proses wat gevolg word deursigtig is, en dat 'n amptelike instansie, soos SAPPA, hier die leiding neem.

Indien daar boere of kwekers is wat van die plantmateriaal of enthout wil bekom wat tans in die kultivar beddings in Heiko se kwekery is, kan hulle direk met hom in verbinding tree. ([email protected]) Enthout vir oorwerk van bome om eie proefblokke of genebronne te vestig is steeds beskikbaar. Maak asb vroegtydig voor Julie kontak as enthout of bome van die nuwe kultivars benodig word.

Weereens word daar 'n beroep gedoen op boere wat ander lande besoek, om nie enige plantmateriaal, hetsy neute of entmateriaal, na Suid Afrika terug te bring nie. Die gevaar van siektes en insekte is net te groot. Maak ook seker dat tweedehandse masjienerie wat die land ingebring word, skoon en ontsmet is. Ons moet ons bedryf ten álle koste beskerm. <Dries Duvenhage (Streek 8)

Weens die gebrek aan belangstelling het Heiko moeite gedoen om jaarliks pakkies entstokkies en bondels geënte bome van al die kultivars op te maak en uit te stuur, om sodoende seker te maak dat die bome deur die hele land aangeplant word. As kwekeryverteenwoordiger, het hy hierdie inligting elke jaar op die Algemene Jaarvergadering bekend gemaak (sien notules). In 2013 is weer aansoek gedoen vir 'n aantal kultivars. Hierdie keer is Apalachee, Kanza (weer), Lakota, Lipan, Mandan, Tejas, Waco, Creek en Cape Fear aangevra. Ongelukkig het die Direktoraat vir Plantgesondheid se invoer regulasies sedert 2006 sodanig strenger geword, dat dit vir die USDA nodig sou wees om 'n uitgerekte en duur proses te volg om te verseker dat die plantmateriaal siektevry is. Hierdie proses was nie op daardie stadium vir hulle moontlik nie en SAPPA se versoek kon nie aan voldoen word nie. Met die onlangse besoek van LJ Grauke van die USDA hier in Suid Afrika, is die proses weer aan die gang gesit.

Dit is dus duidelik dat, vanaf entmateriaal vanuit die VSA tot 'n kommersiële gevestigde kultivar in Suid Afrika, 'n moeisame proses is. Dit is egter van uiterste belang dat die regte prosedures gevolg word om siekte en insekverspreiding te voorkom. Ook is daar van die USDA se kant, die vereiste dat plantmateriaal alleenlik beskikbaar gestel sal word, as dit tot die

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Pekan KULTIVARS in Suid-Afrika Nr.1...vervolg

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(SAPPA) Streek 6 hou 'n baie suksesvolle inligtings vergadering. Wat duidelik was uit die bywoning van die vergadering, is dat daar groot belangstelling is onder bestaande pekanneutboere maar ook onder nuwe boere wat tot die bedryf wil toetree of wat reeds jong bome aangeplant het.

Die voorsitter mnr. Johan Coetzee het genoem dat nuwe boere makliker tot die bedryf kan toetree, aangesien baie van die probleme wat aan die begin ondervind is, reeds opgelos is. Waar boere aan die begin tot agt kultivars moes aanplant om goeie bestuiwing te verseker en waarvan sommige kultivars baie min of glad nie geproduseer het nie, hoef boere tans net 2 tot 3 kultivars te plant wat almal goeie produseerders is. Hierdie navorsing het tot gevolg dat gemiddelde opbrengste van 3 ton die norm in die streek is en nie meer die uitsondering nie.

Alvin Archer, SAPPA voorsitter van die Nasionale Navorsings Komitee (N.N.K.) het verduidelik dat navorsing wat in ander lande soos Amerika gedoen is, nie net so in Suid-Afrika toegepas kan word nie. Baie van die swamsiektes en insekspesies wat hier voorkom is onbekend in Amerika. Ook die klimaat en waterbehoeftes verskil van streek tot streek. Om hierdie rede is verskillende navorsings projekte geïdentifiseer wat deur die volgende instansies behartig word. ?Pretoria Universiteit doen navorsing op besproeiings skedulering van pekanbome.?L.N.R doen navorsing op die biologiese beheer van insekte op pekanbome.? Vrystaat Universiteit doen navorsing op swamme en swamsiektes.Vir hierdie instansies om hul navorsing te doen en af te handel, moet SAPPA die nodige fondse kan bydra.

Johan Coetzee, lid van die Registrasie van Middels Komitee het weer aan boere die noodsaaklikheid verduidelik om geregistreerde middels te gebruik, aangesien dit die bedryf groot skade kan aandoen as residu van ongeregistreerde middels op neute in buitelandse markte geïdentifiseer word. Daar is reeds daarin geslaag om 'n hele paar middels wat met die verbouing van pekanbome gebruik word, te registreer.

Alex Whyte van KDP het 'n interessante oorsig gegee oor mark-neigings en produksie verwagtinge. Volgens inligting maak die pekanneut bedryf 4 % uit van alle neute wat wêreldwyd geproduseer word en daarvan produseer Suid-Afrika tans net 4 %.

STREEK 6 Inligtings Vergadering

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David vd Merwe van Cape Farmers doen 'n voorlegging en verduidelik hoe hulle pekanneute bemark.

Tydens die boord besoek word die Cima Pekanneut spuit gedemon-streer deur Upington Trekkers

Vir biologiese beheer van insekplae, maak vlermuise 'n vennoot in jou boerdery onderneming. Vir meer inligting oor die vestiging van vlermuise in “Bat Bungalows”. skakel 0833037762 of e-pos [email protected] <Wollie Burger

LIST OF MEMBERS of the National Council of Representatives of the SAPPA

National Chairman [email protected] · 082 553 7831

Region·Streek 1 BERTUS VAN ZYL [email protected] · 082 859 0510

Region·Streek 2 ALBERT BOUWMEESTER [email protected] · 083 302 2413

Region·Streek 3 HEIKO MEIER [email protected] · 082 553 7831

Region·Streek 4 MORNE ROSS082 789 3202 · [email protected]

Region·Streek 5 PHILIP ANTROBUS philip@r63 · 082 560 7696

Region·Streek 6 JOHAN COETZEE [email protected] · 082 577 4981

Region·Streek 7 HANRU PIENAAR [email protected] · 082 555 9826

Region·Streek 8 DRIES DUVENHAGE082 948 2933 · [email protected]

Region·Streek 9 GIDEON VAN ZYL [email protected] · 082 948 2022

Tegniese Beampte HARDUS DU [email protected] · 083 465 6522

Transformasie Koördineerder ANDRÉ [email protected] · 083 271 6577

HEIKO MEIER Visit www.sappa.org.za for a more detailed map

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Die nuwe jaar het afgeskop met 'n besoek aan streek 1 waar ek saam met Bertus van Zyl (verteenwoordiger van die streek) boere besoek het. Ons het boere in die Nylstroom en Naboomspruit omgewings besoek en daarna na Louis Trichardt gereis waar ons 'n streeksvergadering vir streek 1 aangebied het op die plaas van mnr Allan Whyte. Onder is Allan besig om vir ons meer te vertel oor sy produksie praktyke in die boord.

As deel van die besoek is ons besig met 'n scab ekspedisie. Daar is monsters geneem van bome met scab op verskeie plase om te bevestig presies watter swam of swamme dit is wat die probleem in Suid Afrika veroorsaak.

Streek 7 het 'n streeksvergadering net buite Lichtenburg gehou waar ons gesels het oor boordbestuur en snoei van pekanneute.

Daarna het die 2de Suid Afrikaanse pekanneut konferensie te Hartswater plaasgevind waar ons na plaaslike sowel as internationale sprekers kon luister. Die kongres was baie leersaam en 'n groot sukses. Daar was ook tyd vir die plaaslike navorsers en ons internasionale gaste om kennis uit te ruil en hulle het nou direkte kontak op navorsingsvlak vir toekomstige samewerking.

Ek het ook besoek afgelê aan streek 3 waar ons vergader het op mnr Cobus Horn se plaas. Boorde in die Pongola area is besoek waar daar probleme ondervind word en ons scab ekspedisie is voortgesit.

Vroeg in April het ek die boere in streek 5 in Cradock se omgewing besoek waar ons tydens die streeksvergadering gesels het oor die uitdagings wat hulle ervaar. Weereens het ons monsters geneem as deel van die scab ekspedisie.

Ons wag tans nog vir die finale identifikasie op die scab ekspedisie se monsters maar sal die uitslae bekend maak sodra dit moontlik is.

Tussendeur is daar ook twee rondtes veldopnames gedoen vir die LNR en UFS navorsingsprojekte. Tydens die laaste opnames het ons oor 'n wye area geel plantluise gekry. Ek weet

dat hierdie 'n probleem was in dele van Natal en Cradock gedurende die seisoen. Daar is luise versamel om 'n spesie identifikasie te kry sodat ons meer kan leer oor die klein insekte.

Een van die tekens dat jy dalk luise in die bome het is as die miere teen die boom op beweeg. Miere is bekend daarvoor om plant- en dopluise te beskerm deurdat hulle die predatoriese insekte verhinder om op die luise te voed. Die miere kry in ruil vir die beskerming heuningdou wat deur die luise vervaardig word.

Dit is dan makliker om die miere te behandel sodat die predatore die luise kan aanval, as om vir die luise te spuit. Saam met die luise wat gevind is kom daar ook baie predatore voor binne die boord wat op luise voed, Goudogies (Lacewings) en Skilpadkewers (Ladybirds) sowel as hulle larwes en eierpakkies is in groot getalle opgemerk op die bome waar die luise voorgekom het. Die aankomende winter kan ook die luise se getalle vinnig laat afneem maar die luise is iets wat met die aanvang van die nuwe seisoen na die winter dopgehou sal moet word.

Die enkel eier op 'n klein steeltjie is die van die Lacewings en die eierpakkie die van 'n Labybird.

Indien daar enige probleme ervaar word moet daar nie gehuiwer word om dit onder ons aandag te bring nie.

Ek wil graag almal hartlik bedank wat my met groot gasvryheid ontvang tydens die streeksbesoeke! <Vriendelike GroeteHardus du ToitTegniese BeampteSAPPASel:083 465 6522Epos: [email protected]

BEDRYWIG!

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INVESTIGATING the MOTH PESTS ofPecan Nuts in the VAALHARTS Region

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Vaughn Swart and Dr Sean Moore. The study continued for three seasons at several sites where both pecan and citrus orchards were planted and will be completed in the form of an MSc thesis by June 2015. In short, the findings to date are that both FCM and carob moth infest citrus fruit and pecan nuts and that they may be moving between the two crops.

Additionally, carob moth incidence is higher than that of FCM in both citrus and pecans and is higher in pecans than in citrus. It is therefore likely that pecans are responsible for elevated levels of carob moth in citrus where the two crops are grown in close proximity. Consequently, inclusion of pecans in an SIT programme for FCM may be superfluous.

Recently, another MSc student has been appointed at Rhodes University, Sean Thackeray, to investigate the carob moth situation more closely. This is under the guidance of Prof Martin Hill and Dr Sean Moore. Although the study primarily focusses on citrus, there may be important implications and hence benefits for the management of carob moth on pecans.

The student will be collecting carob moth from pecans in the Vaalharts region in order to establish a laboratory culture. This will enable him to closely study the biology of the pest, determine whether there are any pathogens attacking the pest which show potential for biological control, and create a platform for investigation of the sterile insect technique for control of carob moth on pecans. <

By Sean MooreCitrus Research International, Port Elizabeth; email: [email protected]

In 2007 a commercial sterile insect technique (SIT) programme was established in Citrusdal, Western Cape Province, for control of false codling moth, FCM (Thaumatotibia leucotreta), in citrus. This programme initially served the only region in the country which was permitted to export citrus to the USA, namely the Western Cape. However, subsequently the Vaalharts region was also permitted to export citrus to the USA, being certified as free of the citrus black spot fungal disease. Consequently, Xsit, the company commercialising the FCM SIT programme, looked to roll out the technology to Vaalharts in 2011/12. However, as Vaalharts produces only around 300 ha of citrus, this was deemed to be below critical mass for commercial viability of an SIT programme. The solution was to solicit participation from the pecan industry in Vaalharts, estimated to now cover about 8000 ha. The pecan industry claimed to experience notable infestation of what it suspected to be FCM, but this needed to be tested.

A series of snap surveys revealed that the overwhelming majority of moth larvae infesting pecan nuts from Vaalharts were in fact carob moth (Ectomyelois ceratoniae) (Fig. 1), rather than FCM. Identification of the species of moth larva infesting pecans is not easy, as FCM and carob moth larvae appear similar. An excellent study at Stellenbosch University, under the guidance of Dr Pia Addison, developed a diagnostic key to differentiate between FCM and carob moth larvae. However, this requires both the right tools (a dissecting microscope) and a degree of expertise. Suffice to say that in total, four species of moths have been identified infesting pecans in the Vaalharts region: carob moth, FCM, Indian flour moth (Ephestia khuniella) and the almond moth (Cadra cautella). However, indications to date are that carob moth is the dominant species.

1 2a 2b

Figure 1. Carob moth larvae infesting a pecan nut.Adults of the carob moth (Fig. 2a), Indian flour moth and almond moth appear superficially similar, but FCM adults (Fig 2b) are distinctly different. Additionally, both carob moth and FCM adults can be monitored by using traps baited with their specific pheromones. It must still be confirmed whether the Indian flour moth and the almond moth are primary pests or if they only infest the nuts once they are already damaged.

Figure 2. Carob moth adult (a) and FCM adult (b).In order to better understand the pest status and ecology of these moth pests in the Vaalharts production region, an MSc student at the University of the Freestate, Andre van Rooyen, was appointed to further investigate the situation under the guidance of

Grafted, Seedling or Native?

An important clue as to whether a tree can be matched or identified is determining whether or not it was grafted to an improved variety. Changes in bark texture (see photo Page 16) indicate a tree was grafted at least once. Some graft unions can be more subtle or harder to discern on older trees. If with careful study of the tree form, the location and known history of the tree, there is no evidence it was grafted, it may be classified as a unique native tree or variety seedling, unless its nut and kernel traits closely match that of a named variety. Separating variety seedlings from natives requires additional study of the site, potential influence of people, and the nut characteristics themselves.

Pollinators

The knowledge that pecan varieties differ in pollination habit (Type I/protandrous and Type II/ protogynous), can be a useful clue for pecan variety identification. `Wichita' (II) and 'Western' (I) are complimentary pollinating varieties and thus frequently planted together in the West. 'Stuart' (II) and 'Success' (I) or 'Desirable' (I) were planted together for pollination in the East. So within growing regions, we expect to see certain blends of Type I and Type II varieties together in commercial orchards, which may help unravel unidentified pecan trees more quickly.

Nut Shape and Features

Pecan nut shape among different varieties is very .diverse. From distinctly round/orbicular shapes like `Burkett' to elliptical/”football-esque" forms like 'Caddo' or oblong shapes like 'Schley' and 'Mahan', there are many variations. Although problems like drought and pecan scab can distort it, pecan nut shape is fixed genetically by variety and thus an important key to identification.

Four distinguishing characteristics have to be considered: a) overall nut shape when looking at the nut from tip to base — oblong, oval, etc.; b) the nut tip (apex) — some are acute, others obtuse, acuminate, etc.; c) the nut basal end (base) also varies in characteristic shape; and d) the appearance of the nut in cross section may be flattened, round or other. When there is confusion or doubt about a variety's true identification, carefully considering all 4 points will separate varieties that are similar. L.J. Grauke and Tommy Thompson established detailed descriptors for these characteristics, which may be found on their "Pecan Cultivar Index" at (http://cgru.usda.gov/ carya/pecans/ cvintro.htm).

Along with shape indices, overall size is another distinguishing feature of outward nut appearance. The number

By Monte L. Nesbitt Nesbitt is an Extension Horticulturist - Pecans, Texas A&M Agri-Life Extension, College Station. [email protected] South, Volume 47, No.10, December 2014

Many situations arise that call for a pecan tree to be identified. Orchards are bought or inherited, sometimes with no map or planting plan of what was planted. People identify exceptional trees that they want to identify or name. Growers with a young orchard may discover trees producing nuts different from what they bought.

Buyers routinely receive mixed lots of pecans and need to identify them. Pecan shows in Texas commonly have misidentified samples. Pecan variety identification can be a challenge, even to experienced growers looking at nuts that they aren't familiar with. The common response we hear from people who are new to pecan varieties is, "they all look alike; how do you tell them apart"? The answer that I give is, "practice".

With familiarity and experience, the nuances in pecan shell shape and kernel characteristics in addition to tree form, bark and other growth characteristics of the trees themselves bring distinction to the observer. For someone that is new and unpracticed in pecan identification, there are helpful hints and resources that even the experts use to bring an obscurevariety into sharper focus.

Estimate Tree Age

There are 1,012 pecan varieties listed in Thompson and Young's book, Pecan Cultivar's-Past and Present (1985, Texas Pecan Growers Association), and it doesn't pretend to capture all of the named natives and local seedling selections that have come and gone in the United States. The list of possible varieties can be narrowed by considering the age of the tree or trees in question. If it is an old tree that dates to the 1940s or before, old varieties like `Frotscher' (1882), 'Van Deman' (1877), 'Teche' (1906), 'Moneymaker' (1896) and their contemporaries that were planted in the early decades of the 20th Century are comparisons to consider.

For trees planted from the 1940s to 1960s, 'Stuart' (1886), 'Success' (1903), 'Mahan' (1927) and of course, ̀ Desirable' (1948) were among the most popular in the Southeast and elsewhere. The earliest USDA selection, 'Barton', was released in 1953, followed by 14 other varieties released by from the 1950s to the 1970s, including 'Choctaw', 'Wichita' and 'Cheyenne'. New releases from USDA from the 1980s to present and other sources have been well documented since that time, which helps pinpoint the appearance and popularity of pecan varieties for particular growing regions.

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Pecan VARIETYIndication

Pecan VARIETYIndication...continued

of nuts per pound is a weight-based indicator of size. While it can be affected by water availability, crop load and other cultural practices, nut size of an unknown variety is a useful value. Large nut varieties, like `Pawnee', can be reduced in size if crop load is heavy and water is short, but small nut varieties generally have a limit on how big they can become under the best of circumstances. ̀ Elliott', for example is commonly a 67 to 72 nuts-per-pound variety. It is possible for 'Elliott' to be as heavy as 57 to 62 per pound, but unlikely that it could get to 47 to 52 per pound, so nut size can help in identification.

Many people ask about shell markings as an identification trait. These dark patterns of coloration on the shell surface (see photo of 'Nacono') are genetic and differ among varieties, but their appearance is highly variable and they are easily buffed off with handling of the nuts, thus they are a little-used trait 'for identification. However, the texture of the shell; some are more rough/ pebbly than others as well as shell thickness are important features that help separate varieties.

Kernel Characteristics

The appearance of kernels is useful in pecan variety identification. The surface texture of the kernels, the depth and width of ventral and dorsal grooves, along with the apex-end and basal-end shapes are genetically-controlled distinguishing features. ̀ Cheyenne' has a lot of wrinkles or creases in the kernel surface texture, while 'Sioux' is one of the smoothest. ̀ Forkert' is a variety that has narrow grooves that tend to trap packing material.

Kernel color likewise varies among varieties, with a range in spectrum of pale cream like 'Hopi' to dark beige like 'McMillan'. Speckles, as seen in 'Burkett', and sometimes in `Pawnee' may help identify a pecan. The percentage of edible kernel in a nut sample is a distinguishing trait. As with nut weight, kernel percentage can be positively or negatively affected by water, crop load and other growing conditions, and like nut weight, there are genetic limits on what can be achieved in percent kernel by a particular variety. 'Desirable' and 'Kiowa' (an offspring of 'Desirable') are hard to separate visually when looking only at nut shape and nut size. They are frequently misidentified as one another in pecan shows in Texas.

One way to separate them is with percent kernel value. 'Desirable', at its best runs 52/53-maybe 54 percent kernel. 'Kiowa' in contrast will reach 57/58 percent kernel, and that 4-5 percentage point difference is meaningful for identification. Of course the trees of 'Kiowa' and `Desirable' have very different growth habit and canopy form, which makes them easy to distinguish from one another.

Consult an Expert

It may be necessary to seek out someone with lots of practice in pecan identification. Most university horticulturists who work with pecans — even some entomologists and plant pathologists — can help with pecan variety identification. Pecan buyers, accumulators and shellers also qualify as experts in this discussion. They encounter lots of different pecan varieties, grown in lots of settings and scrutinize them carefully, because their profitability from pecan sales depends on it.

Experienced pecan growers also can offer help with identification. At the highest level of help today is the USDA Pecan Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, located in Somerville, Texas. L.J. Grauke is curator of the Carya germplasm collection. They maintain a large library of samples and Grauke's expertise includes molecular markers — DNA analysis of pecans, with which he has been able to show relatedness among varieties and conclusively sort out unknown or misidentified trees.

Comparative References

Comparing unidentified pecan varieties to known, verified samples is a sound approach if available. In the absence of samples, pictures are very helpful. The USDA website mentioned above includes pecan cultivar index and a pecan photo index, which has a consistent format of nut and kernel photos useful for identification and a tremendous resource to the industry.

Thompson and Young's book also includes photos of a portion of the varieties in the book. Additional references include among others, the University of Georgia Southeastern Pecan Growers' Handbook (Wells, et al., 2007) and Darrell Spark's book, Pecan Cultivars: the Orchard's Foundation (Pecan Productions Innovations, 1992). Spark's book includes a key, based on nut shapes, that identifies selected pecan varieties. <

Figure 1. Coloration patterns on the shell surface differ among varieties.Figure 2. Changes in bark texture indicate a tree was grafted at least once.

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By Lenny Wells Wells is an Extension Pecan Specialist, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA. [email protected] South, Volume 47, No.12, February 2015

Over 100 years into commercial pecan production, we often still see more opinions regarding how to grow pecans than we see science. Even among pecan scientists, opinions vary considerably on many topics related to pecan production. The reason for this is that empirical data for some topics is so hard to come by in these long-lived perennial trees.

It takes many years and a lot of land and resources to get reliable, replicated field data for mature trees regarding things like cultivars, row spacing, pruning, etc. If you add in the effect of environment throughout the wide range of conditions in which the pecan is grown, it adds a whole other level of complexity to consider.

Most of us prefer to rely on hard, scientific data but for some things, the data is simply not there at this time and we have to base decisions on informed opinions and each orchard situation will require a different set of factors to consider. There is no one perfect cultivar or row spacing for everyone to plant.

The design of a pecan orchard from cultivar selection to row orientation and spacing are often the most important factors to contemplate when planting an orchard. Once these factors are locked in and the planting is done, there's no, going back (at least not without considerable expense). These first decisions largely determine the management strategies you will have to employ in order for the orchard, to be successful in the long term.

Cultivars have been discussed by myself and others ad nauseum so I won't dwell on these in too much detail. Cultivar selection is more science-based than something like row spacing but, when making the decision, informed opinion will probably play a role here as well. When choosing a cultivar you have so many things to consider, but in the Southeast, your ability or willingness to do what it takes to manage scab is the most important determining factor regarding cultivar selection.

If you are in extreme South Georgia, or an area with lower elevation, or any area surrounded by woods, etc., you do not want to plant 'Desirable'. With regard to established cultivars, a better option would be 'Oconee', 'Sumner', 'Forkert' or 'Kiowa' for export quality nuts. If you want to try a new variety, 'Zinner' or 'Ellis' would be my choices. Of the early harvest cultivars, I prefer the tried and true 'Pawnee'. 'Creek' is a good choice for inter-planting if you are willing to fruit thin.

There are many that would disagree with the following

statement, but if you are in the middle Georgia area, on high open land, and have the ability to spray fungicide as needed, I still believe 'Desirable' is hard to beat. Yes, you still have to spray for scab and yes we have issues to face regarding fungicide resistance, but no other variety to date has proven as profitable year in and year out as 'Desirable'.

It seems to have a market that is hard to saturate because they are so well known and they are in such demand due to their size, quality and consistency. Even its detractors have made a lot of money from 'Desirable'. That's not to say 'Desirable' is the only thing to plant in such areas, but if you are growing pecans commercially under the circumstances in which it can be grown, you almost have to have `Desirable' as part of your operation.

I know I will face criticism from some for my next statement as well, but for Georgia, 'Cape Fear' can be profitable. I can't speak for other areas and you have to be aware when you plant that there is a risk for bacterial leaf scorch but in truth, I have rarely seen it be enough of a problem in Georgia that I would not want to have a few ̀ Cape Fear'. They are export quality nuts, they are easy to manage, they are excellent pollinators, and they produce a lot of pecans.

If you do not want to spray fungicide or you only want to spray it minimally, plant 'Excel', 'McMillan', `Lakota' or 'Gafford' for medium to large-size nuts. 'Kanza', 'Elliott' or `Amling' will be suitable for smaller nuts.

Row spacing is another important consideration that generates a lot of opinions. When we managed sunlight solely by tree removal in the Southeast, the decision was a little easier. With the development of hedging as a tool for managing sunlight, the choice of row spacing becomes more complicated.Hedging looks very promising and I believe it is going to work in the Southeast. In fact, it may be the way we need to manage scab-susceptible cultivars in order to keep the trees at a size in which we can get good fungicide coverage. Still, hedging is not for everyone.

Most growers will not want to spend the money for a hedging machine and custom hedging is usually at least $200/acre, not counting transportation fees.

Once you start hedging, you need to be committed to maintaining the program. Even with hedging, row spacing can get too tight. I believe that here in the Southeast, where sunlight is a limiting factor no matter how you manage it, a spacing of something like 25 feet by 25 feet is too tight. If you are going to hedge, I would go no tighter than 35 by 35, which is 35 trees per acre. I am not a fan of the old 40 by 40 spacing unless you are going to hedge. If you opt for tree removal over hedging with 40

CULTIVAR SELECTION and ROW SPACING:Science or Informed Opinion?

30

by 40, you are left with a spacing that is either too wide or not wide enough at its final spacing. But I believe the original spacing with 27 trees per acre works with hedging.

If you definitely are not going to hedge, 30 feet by 60 feet would be okay but it is only 24 trees per acre and I would prefer a little higher tree density for better early production. As a sort of middle ground, my preference is 30 feet by 50 feet. At this spacing, you have 29 trees per acre and whether you hedge or remove trees to manage sunlight you should have adequate sunlight to maintain good production.

My preference in the absence of hedging would be to thin this to 60 by 50 but stagger the tree removal so that if your

rows run north and south, you still have 50 feet between rows but you have 100 feet to the east and west of the individual trees.

The final spacing here would be 14.5 trees per acre. You could probably do the same thing with 30 X 45, which is 32 trees per acre at the original spacing and 16 trees per acre after the final thinning. In my opinion, both the 30 by 50 and 30 by 45 spacings would work well with hedging in the Southeast if left at the original spacing.

Well, as I mentioned at the beginning of the article, the pecan world is full of opinions. I've shared mine here, so let the speculation begin. <

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CULTIVAR SELECTION and ROW SPACING:Science or Informed Opinion?...continued

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By Monte L. Nesbitt Nesbitt is an Extension Horticulturist - Pecans, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, College Station. [email protected] South, Volume 48, No.1, March 2015)

Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the earth's crust, the 8th metal known to man, a component of ancient brass artifacts, and an ingredient of batteries, gutters and galvanized screws. Zinc is a relative newcomer to plant fertilizer, having not been discovered as essential to plant growth until 1926. Not long afterward, zinc was implicated as the cause for "pecan rosette" — a condition of stunted, bunchy-appearing shoots, with under-sized, wavy-margined and chlorotic leaves (Figure 1) that has plagued orchards (then and now) throughout the pecan belt.

The negative effects of zinc deficiency extend well beyond appearances. Research from the 1940s to present day has linked zinc deficiency in pecan trees to negative impacts on photosynthesis, flower set, nut size and erratic shuck opening. Its role in plant production is increasingly understood to be complex, including protein metabolism, auxin synthesis, pollen formation, cell membrane integrity, and disease infection resistance.

Natural soil Zn levels fluctuate widely around the world, with approximately half being deficient for agricultural production. The majority of North American soils are considered moderate to severely deficient, with the greatest problems occurring on soils that are sandy and low in organic matter; or high pH with abundant calcium carbonate; or contain high levels of phosphates.

Pecan growers in the southeastern production region, from East Texas to North Carolina, in general tends to be less concerned with zinc than their counterparts in the and Southwest, because acid soils facilitate the availability of zinc for root uptake. Nonetheless, zinc is not something that can be taken for granted in the

Southeast. Orchards can become deficient if zinc is not monitored and managed properly each year. Regular soil testing

is an important component to Zn management in the Southeast. Soil tests identify the amount of zinc present in the soil, and will identify rates to apply for preventing/correcting zinc deficiency. These rates typically call for rates of approximately 5 to 50 pounds of 36-percent zinc sulfate per acre, depending on pre-existing soil levels and tree age/size. Soil tests also indicate any need for limestone to raise soil pH.

Herein is a major dilemma of soil-applied zinc fertilizer. Liming the soil is appropriate for pecan tree root growth if the pH is less than 6.0, but it is counter-productive to soil zinc management. Liming with magnesium carbonate or calcium carbonate causes the formation of insoluble zinc carbonate ions. So if there is a soil deficiency of zinc, it can only be corrected if the soil pH is below neutral and has not received lime applications in the previous two growing seasons. Additionally, broadcast-type applications of Zn to the soil surface take years to work their way into the tree unless some type of light disking is used to get the zinc below the surface and in contact with the feeder roots.

Banding may be a better approach to soil management of Zn than broadcast application over the entire orchard floor. Wood (2007) demonstrated maintenance of leaf Zn levels above the 50 ppm sufficiency level for 4 consecutive years by placing a 4-inch by 12-foot band of zinc sulfate or zinc oxide over 2 drip irrigation lines positioned on either side of the tree row. The trees in Wood's study were 4 years old at application, and the lowest effective rate was 2.3 pounds actual zinc per tree. This approach may allow growers to manage soil pH (lime application) and zinc levels concurrently without a conflict. Effective total per tree rates for older trees would need to be worked out for those growers interested in adopting this approach.

Foliar application has been shown in numerous studies to be an effective way to keep pecans from experiencing a Zn deficiency in the current growing season. July leaf samples should be taken the preceding year to determine whethertrees are responding adequately to zinc in the soil. Leaf levels of 50 ppm have been widely used as a sufficiency level for many years. Recently, Smith, et al. (2012) called for a 60 ppm sufficiency threshold.

If July leaf levels are less than 50 or 60 ppm, foliar sprays should be made beginning at leaf burst (aka "parachutes stage") in March or April, with 2-3 additional applications, according to orchard spray practices and timing of other disease or insect control sprays. To understand spray timing, it should be understood that Zn is not mobile in pecan leaves, so where trees are not getting enough from the soil, each significant leaf flush should be sprayed while they are approximately one-third to one-half expanded.

The most common foliar Zn fertilizer used in the

ZINC Thinkingin the Southeast

34

amount of zinc needed per acre is much lower than it is for pecans.

Pecan is a unique crop with regards to its zinc needs, and thus using zinc sulfate wettable powder is the most affordable and reliable way to go. Growers using some of these pre-mixed products may be unknowingly under-applying zinc in their orchards. Final proof of effectiveness certainly rests with the presence of zinc in July leaf samples.

Good spray practices are important to foliar zinc fertilization. Best absorption of zinc occurs when foliage is wet thoroughly and dries slowly. Ideally, Zn sprays would be made on damp days with little wind, yet many growers tank mix Zn with fungicides and or insecticides and such conditions are troubling for application of those products. Therefore if spraying zinc to pecan foliage, water application rates should be kept high enough to give good coverage at modest ground speeds. Avoid spraying zinc during high winds, which impede coverage and speed leaf drying. Good sprayer calibration and coverage evaluation should be practiced.

Zn is the mighty micronutrient. Human bodies contain only 2-3 grams of zinc, yet it is implicated in all kinds of health benefits, including cancer prevention, immune system boosting, sleep regulation, and preventing Alzheimer's disease, to name a few. Pecan growers need to think about zinc in the same way — an important micronutrient linked to many physiological processes and ultimately orchard profitability. <ReferencesSmith, M.W., C.T. Rohla, and W.D.Goff. 2012. Pecan leaf elemental sufficiency ranges and ferti l izer recommendations. HortTechnology 22(5): 594-599.

Southeast and elsewhere is zinc sulfate wet table powder. It should be applied at 1 to 2 pounds of product per 100 gallons of water, targeting an application rate of 3 to 6 pounds of 36-percent Zn sulfate per acre with each spray. Zinc nitrate liquid may also be used in the Southeast at one-half to 1 quart per 100 gallons of water. Zinc nitrate is more reactive than zinc sulfate, and thus carries more risk for phytotoxicity, -which is usually not a problem in humid growing regions, unless too little water is used during the application.

A third form of foliar zinc that may be used is zinc oxide. Worley (1970, 1972) and Wood and Payne (1997) showed equal performance between the oxide and sulfate forms of Zn, with oxide forms sometimes being less expensive. Liquid nitrogen (32-percent urea-ammonium nitrate or "uan") acts as a catalyst for the uptake of zinc through the foliage, and is used by growers in the arid regions to improve zinc uptake. Some growers in the Southeast use it, but it is not as necessary for successful zinc uptake as it is out west.

One challenge in Zn management today is dealer marketing of proprietary blends of zinc and nitrogen products. These are usually liquid products developed by fertilizer or chemical suppliers for various agronomic or horticultural crops. With many of these products, the true amount of zinc being supplied per unit volume of product is obscure if not impossible to decipher on the label.

With still other products, the amount of liquid product needed to apply zinc equal to 3 to 6 pounds of 36-percent zinc sulfate per acre in a pecan orchard would require a tremendous amount of product and expense. I don't believe there is any intentional misrepresentation or attempt to take advantage of pecan growers by these companies. Rather, most if not all of such products are developed for general crop production where the

ZINC Thinkingin the Southeast...continued

PEKAN PLAAS TE KOOPPre toria - Onderst epoort - 4 .3ha Pekan plot

300 Pekan bome 30 jaar oud

Groot 4 slaapkamerhuis, 3 badkamer, 3 leef areas, 2 x woonstelle, (2 ½ kamer + 1 kamer), 6 motorhuise.

Baie sterk water. Gesoneer vir Industriële gebruik. 5km vanaf Universiteit. Inkomste R300k-R600k per jaar.

Prys - R3.3 miljoen

Kontak Charl Yazbek by 012 561 3777/8 of 082 893 6015 of epos cyaz@ w bs.co .za

35

D ie Pekanneut is een van die gewasse waarby S ink (Zn) die grootste e ffek op opbrengs he t. Wanneer die lae koste van Zn in ag geneem word, is daar waarskynlik nie ‘n be ter be legging om te maak, as die regte Zn toediening by Pekanneute nie . F iguur 1 dui die astronomiese gevolge aan wa t ‘n tekort aan Zn by die pekanneutboom tot gevolg kan hê . D ie produsent moe t daarna stree f om die Zn inhoud van die blaar bo 50 dpm te hou, terwyl die grond Zn inhoud bo 15dpm moe t wees.

Volgens Darre ll Sparks sa l die verlies aan opbrengs so hoog as 70% wees, indien die blaar se Zn inhoud 20 dpm is. Volgens Amerikaanse navorsing, word sinktekorte tipies visuee l opgemerk wanneer die blaar se Zn inhoud onder 14 dpm daa l. D it wil sê da t ons reeds ba ie groot verliese aan opbrengs kan verwag teen die tyd da t visue le te-korte voorkom. D ie vraag onstaan dus, wa t die mees koste-e ffektiewe manier sou wees om die blaar se Zn inhoud by 50 dpm te kry. Deur die regste lling van die grond Zn sta tus kan duur blaarbespuitings tot die minimum beperk, of se lfs gestaak word. Anders as by meeste ander gewasse wa t ons in Suid-A frika produseer, moe t ons by Pekan-neute die grond Zn inhoud bo 15 dpm kry. Verske ie Zn bronne is beskikbaar, wa t hieronder bespreek word.

SINKBR O NN E

S inksulfaa t (ZnS O4) S inksulfaa t is dié vorm van S ink wa t in groot hoevee lhede wêre ldwyd in die landbou gebruik word. D it is koste-e ffektie f, 100% oplosbaar en dade lik beskikbaar vir die plant. By ‘n grond pH bo 8 word hierdie vorm van Zn egter ba ie vasge lê . D it kan as blaar- en grondtoediening gebruik word. D ie koste van S inksulfaa t Hepta (22% Zn) be loop on-geveer R9/kg, wa t be teken da t 1kg suiwer Zn die produsent R41 kos.

S ink E DTAH ierdie vorm van Zn is by ‘n wye reeks grond pH toeganklik vir die plant en word in groot hoevee lhede wêre ldwyd gebruik. Loging en gewe ldige hoë koste per kg Zn is egter die nade le van hierdie vorm van Zn. D ie koste van Zn E DTA be loop ongeveer R60/kg (15% Zn), wa t be teken da t 1kg suiwer Zn die produsent R400 kos.

S inkoksied (ZnO)H ierdie vorm van Zn se oplosbaarhe id is ba ie laag en raak ge le ide lik oor ba ie jare beskikbaar, maar is nie e ffektie f om die grond se Zn sta tus vinnig reg te ste l nie . ZnO word dus nie vir Pekanneute wa t ‘n hoë waarde produk is, aanbevee l nie .

S inknitraa t (Zn(N O3)2)S inknitraa t word soms as blaarvoeding gebruik en word suksesvol op-geneem weens die toevoeging van stikstof (N) saam me t die Zn. D ie koste van S inknitraa t be loop ongeveer R13/l (12% Zn), wa t be teken da t 1kg suiwer Zn die produsent R108 kos.

Indien ons hierdie e ienskappe van die verskillende Zn bronne in gedagte neem, is dit te verstane da t die Amerikaners S inksulfaa t ba ie

suksesvol op pekanneute gebruik. By grond pH bo 8, soos waar Dr. Jim Wa lworth sy navorsing gedoen he t, sa l S inksulfaa t rede lik vasge lê word, wa t hee lwa t hoër toediening sa l verg om die gewenste reaksie te kry. Dr. Jim Wa lworth he t vroeër vanjaar by die suksesvolle SAPPV konferensie in Vaa lharts hierdie onderwerp bespreek, maar nage laa t om te noem da t sy werk in areas me t pH van >8.2 gedoen is. R . Bradley Lindenmayer van die Colorado S ta te University, he t die opname van verske ie Zn bronne by die mie lieplant verge lyk, en gevind da t Zn E DTA +-twee keer meer opgeneem is by gond pH van 7.3 teenoor S inksulfaa t. Indien die koste van die twee produkte egter verge lyk word, sa l gevind word da t Zn E DTA ongeveer tien maa l duurder per kg suiwer Zn is as S inksulfaa t, en die voordee l aan be ter opname dus van min waarde is.

G R O NDTO E DIE NIN GZnS O4 word aanbevee l teen 100g tot 400g per boom per jaar oud. Indien ‘n boord dus tien jaar oud is sa l 1000g tot 4000g per boom aanbevee l word na ge lang van die pH en die Zn inhoud van die grond. H ierdie hoë toedienings sa l slegs gedoen word totda t die grond die gewenste Zn sta tus bere ik he t. ‘n E enma lige toediening behoort voldoende te wees. Daarna behoort dit jaarliks gemonitor te word deur grond- en blaar ana lises.

BLAARTO E DIE NIN GNul tot vyf blaarbespuitings word aanbevee l, na ge lang van die Zn sta tus van die grond en blaar. D ie toevoeging van Ammoniumsulfaa t of UAN sa l ook verder die opname deur die blaar verhoog. Z inchem he t ook ‘n MultiMikro produk beskikbaar wa t N ikke l beva t en tans ingedien is vir registrasie op Pekanneute . H ierdie produk beva t Zn, F e , N i en B .

Vir meer inligting, kontak gerus u naaste verspre ider van Z inchem

- Hennie Stander,

produkte of ons kantoor by 011 746 5000.

Zinchem

Tel: 011 746 5000 / 0861 000 222, Faks: 011 421 2235 E-pos: sa les @ z inchem.co.za

www.multimikro.co.za

ZIN C H EM – ‘n A fde ling van die Z imco Groep (Edms.) Bpk.Posbus 6645, Dunswart, 1508

Hoek van Lincoln- en S tyx weg, Nywerhe idsgebied, Suid-Benoni

Dring daarop aan

Darre ll Sparks, Department of Horticulture , University of G eorgiaF iguur 1. Invloed van S ink tekort op die opbrengs van Pekanneute

100908070605040302010

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

BR O O KS (1964)HUNT E R (1965)MALSTR OM e t a l. (1994)SMITH and ST O R E Y (1979)W O RLE Y e t a l. (1981)

Zn (ppm in dry leaf)

Rel

ativ

e N

ut Y

ield

(%

)

S A PPA artikel 2.indd 1S A PPA artikel 2.indd 1 8/1/2013 10:35:47 AM8/1/2013 10:35:47 AM36

PEC A N PRO N URSERY is a wholesale pecan nursery, selling to the grower for over 20 years.

WE PRO D U CE A WIDE VARIET Y O F PEC A NS T O ORDER

We produce the following varieties for the WESTERN REGION: Wichita, Navaho, Choctaw, Sutex and Western.

For the EASTERN REGION we recommend:

Ukulinga, Sutex and Barton.

We at Pecan Pro Nursery are known for our well developed root systems.Multiple tap roots with lots of feeder roots ensure a high percentage survival of trees with transplant.

We take orders now for collection in August. Feel free to contact the owner Heiko Meier for any advice regarding cultivar selection,

orchard layout or pecans in general.

PEC A N PRO (PT Y) LT DHEIK O W. MEIER

Tel · 017 821 0990 • Fax · 086 511 7047Cell · 083 282 5301 (Heiko)E-mail · [email protected]

Address · P O Box 22, Commondale 2385

Pecan t rees can produce for we ll over hundred years.That 's why it is important to star t your pecan orchard w ith the best pecan t rees available .

ORDER N O W T O E NSURE T HE BEST C ULTIVAR SELEC TIO N .

PEC A N PRO N URSERY is a wholesale pecan nursery, selling to the grower for over 20 years.

We produce the following varieties for the WESTERN REGION: Navaho, Sutex and Western.

For the EASTERN REGION we recommend:

Ukulinga, Sutex and Barton.

We at Pecan Pro Nursery are known for our well developed root systems.Multiple tap roots with lots of feeder roots ensure a high percentage survival of trees with transplant.

We take orders now for collection in August. Feel free to contact the owner Heiko Meier for any advice regarding cultivar selection,

orchard layout or pecans in general.

Pecan t rees can produce for we ll over hundred years.That 's why it is important to star t your pecan orchard w ith the best pecan t rees available .

WE PRO D U CE A WIDE VARIET Y O F PEC A NS T O ORDER

PEC A N PRO (PT Y) LT DHEIK O W. MEIER

Tel · 017 821 0990 • Fax · 086 511 7047Cell · 083 282 5301 (Heiko) • E-mail · [email protected]

Address · P O Box 22, Commondale 2385

ORDER N O W T O E NSURE T HE BEST C ULTIVAR SELEC TIO N .

Wichita, Choctaw,