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i n t e rn a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n en e r g y 4 1 ( 2 0 1 6 ) 2 0 3 3 6e2 0 3 4 2
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A passive anion-exchange membrane directethanol fuel cell stack and its applications
Y.S. Li a,*, T.S. Zhao b,**
a Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'anJiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, Chinab Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear
Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Fig. 10 e Variation in the demo car speedswith running time.
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n en e r g y 4 1 ( 2 0 1 6 ) 2 0 3 3 6e2 0 3 4 2 20341
be seen, the car was reduced to a speed of 0.44 m s�1. When
further running the car for another half hour (90e120min), the
car moved relatively slowly with a speed of only 0.26 m s�1. At
the beginning of the second period (120e240 min), the second
fueling made the car speed boosted to 0.48 m s�1. After
continuously running for one hour, the speed almost remains
unchanged. When further running the car, the car speed kept
fallingwith the running time until the speed goes to 0.24m s�1
at 240 min. The fact of the speed recovery as the second
fueling suggests that the speed reduction before 75 min after
the first fueling is mainly attributed to the activation loss and
ohmic loss, including the catalyst loss, catalyst poisoning, the
coverage of the active area, and the decomposition of the
quaternary ammonium group [22]. However, after 75 min, the
car speed reduction is due to the decrease in the fuel solution
concentration in the fuel tanks.
In summary, the series-connected four-cell AEM DEFC
powered toy car can continuously run for one hour at a high
constant speed on each fueling of a fuel tank with a volume of
4.5 mL. This result suggests that the alkaline AEM DEFC is
indeed a promising power source, practically for portable
electronic devices.
Conclusions
In this work, a passive anion-exchange membrane direct
ethanol fuel cell stack that consists of two back-to-back in-
dependent-tank single cells was designed, fabricated and
tested. This particular design not only lessens the weight and
volume of the stack but also avoids the cross reaction of the
liquid alkali occurring between two single cells. The experi-
mental result indicated that this passive dual-cell stack yiel-
ded a peak power density as high as 38 mW cm�2 at room
temperature, even using the non-Pt anode catalyst and the
non-preciousmetal cathode catalyst, which is 22 times higher
than did the conventional PEM DEFC stack. The excellent
performance was mainly attributed to the accelerated elec-
trochemical kinetics for both anode and cathode electrode
reactions as well as the use of ethanol-tolerant cathode
catalyst eliminating the cathode mixed overpotential. It was
found that when injecting a fuel solution containing 3.0 M
ethanol mixed with 5.0 M KOH into anode fuel tanks, the best
stack performance can be achieved. Moreover, to demonstrate
that the AEM DEFC could be used as a portable power source,
practically for the electronic devices, this passive dual-cell
stack was applied to power a toy car. It has been indicated
that a series-connected two dual-cell stacks powered toy car
can continuously run for one hour at a high constant speed of
0.52 m s�1 on each fueling of a fuel tank with a volume of
4.5 mL, suggesting the alkaline AEM DEFC be a promising
power source for driving portable electronic devices.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Research Project of Chinese
Ministry of Education (113055A) and the 111 Project (B16038).
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