Corroboration for the influence of a component of solar irradiance on subsurface radon signals REFERENCES 1. Steinitz, G., O. Piatibratova, and S. M. Barbosa, 2007. J. Geophys. Res., 112, B10211, doi:10.1029/2006JB004817. 2. Steinitz, G., Piatibratova, O., 2010a. Geophys. J. Int. 180, 651–665. 3. Steinitz, G. and Piatibratova, O., 2010. Solid Earth, 1, 99-109, doi:10.5194/se-1-99-2010. 4. Steinitz, G., Piatibratova, O., Kotlarsky, P., 2011. J. Env. Rad., 102, 749-765. 5. Steinitz, G., Piatibratova, O., Kotlarsky, P., 2011. Geophys. Res. Abs. v. 13, EGU2011-733. 6. Sturrock, P.A., and Collab., 2010b. Solar Physics, 267, 251-265. Barasol MC062(Reference) Daysince1.1.1998 3650 3652 3654 3656 3658 3660 kBq/m 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 o C 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 Barasol MC062(Reference) Daysince1.1.1998 3748 3750 3752 3754 3756 3758 kBq/m 3 0 5 10 15 20 o C 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 Daily averages - smoothed Day since 1.1.1998 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 Radon (Counts/15-minutes) 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Temperature ( o C) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Radon smoothed Temperature-smoothed Temperature Day-time Day since 1.1.1998 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 o C 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Pressure Night-time Day since 1.1.1998 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 o C 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Pressure Day-time Day since 1.1.1998 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 mbar (delta) -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Pressure Night-time Day since 1.1.1998 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 mbar (delta) -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 3590 3855 4120 4385 4650 Day 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 Power Day-time 1.2004 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 3590 3855 4120 4385 4650 Day 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Power Night-time 3.6003 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 3590 3855 4120 4385 4650 Day -500 0 500 1000 1500 Power P Night-time 3.6003 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 3590 3855 4120 4385 4650 Day -500 0 500 1000 1500 Power P Day-time 3.6003 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 3590 3855 4120 4385 4650 Day -50 62.5 175 287.5 400 Power T Night-time 3.6003 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 3590 3855 4120 4385 4650 Day -50 62.5 175 287.5 400 Power T Day-time (site MM-0) • Next to TEIDE volcano • Elevation ~2000 m • Measurement in subsurface concrete bunker, 5×5×3 m Temperature lags alpha radiation (annual scale) • Two peaks per day in Alpha signal • Not related to temperature Day-Night influence by CWT analysis Day-night influence occurs in the nuclear radiation from radon and is ABSENT in Temperature and Pressure Frequency (yr -1 ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 CPS 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Environment (temperature) Gamma-C + alpha-H + alpha-L Frequency (yr -1 ) 10 11 12 13 14 15 CPS 0 5 10 15 20 Gamma-C + alpha-H + alpha-L Environment (temperature) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency (yr -1 ) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Frequency (yr -1 ) 0 5 10 15 20 Hour of Day 0 5 10 15 20 Hour of Day An independent confirmation of the solar effect in the experimental data is obtained by performing Power Spectrum analysis of the gamma measurements when broken down by hour-of-day. In the frequency band 0 – 5 yr -1 (left), the strongest feature corresponds to an annual oscillation centered on mid-day. The next strongest feature is a semi-annual oscillation. This is mainly a night-time feature, but it has a peak at 17 hours. In the frequency band 10 – 15 yr -1 (right) the oscillations all occur at nighttime. The strongest feature is at frequency 12.5 yr -1 , but there is also a feature at 11.3 yr -1 and at 11.9 yr -1 CPS spectral analysis in the annual band of the three nuclear detectors, and ambient temperature. Annual, semi-annual and ternary-annual periodicities occur in the nuclear radiation from radon A likehood analysis is performed using the Combined Power Statistic (CPS) formed from the gamma, alpha-H and alpha-L sensors CPS spectral analysis in the SOLAR band (right) of the nuclear detectors indicate that Solar rotational periodicities in the nuclear radiation from radon. Such periodicities are lacking in ambient temperature. 3.1202 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 5500 5975 6450 6925 7400 Day 0 50 100 150 200 Power g-C Night-time 1.2002 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 5500 5975 6450 6925 7400 Day 0 31.25 62.5 93.75 125 Power g-C Day-time 3.6002 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 5500 5975 6450 6925 7400 Day -250 62.5 375 687.5 1000 Power T Night-time 3.1202 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 5500 5975 6450 6925 7400 Day -100 125 350 575 800 Power T Day-time 3.1202 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 5500 5975 6450 6925 7400 Day -10 7.5 25 42.5 60 Power P Night-time 3.1202 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 5500 5975 6450 6925 7400 Day -10 7.5 25 42.5 60 Power P Day-time 3.6002 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 5500 5975 6450 6925 7400 Day -5e+11 2.5e+11 1e+12 1.75e+12 2.5e+12 Power -H Night-time 0 1 2 3 4 CPD 5500 5975 6450 6925 7400 Day 0 62.5 125 187.5 250 Power -H Day-time Day-night influence occurs in the nuclear radiation from radon and is ABSENT in Temperature and Pressure Confirming by Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) analysis Phosphorite Alpha-H Gamma-C Alpha-L Counts/15-min (gamma-C) 2.3e+5 2.4e+5 Counts/15-min (alpha) 1100 1200 1300 1400 Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 gamma-C alpha-High alpha-Low gamma-C Cycle/day 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Amplitude (normalized) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Mean of two alpha detectors Cycle/day 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Amplitude (normalized) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 2011 Day since 1.1.1992 7100 7110 7120 7130 7140 7150 7160 7170 Counts/15-min (gamma-C) 2.410e+5 2.412e+5 2.414e+5 2.416e+5 2.418e+5 2.420e+5 Counts/15-min (alpha) 1388 1390 1392 1394 1396 1398 1400 1402 1404 o C 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.8 Gamma-C Alpha-H Alpha-L Temperature Day since 1.1.1992 7100 7110 7120 7130 7140 7150 7160 7170 w/m 2 316 318 320 322 324 326 328 330 332 o C 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.8 Solar radiation Temperature Temperature Cycle/day 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 2 4 6 8 10 The experimental is performed in a square tank constructed of welded 3mm thick iron plates. The topside is fitted with three metal boards bolted into square profiles at the topside. Three metal tubes serve for the insertion of radiometric sensors. The upper sub volume of the tank contains air and the lower part of the tank is filled with ground phosphorite. The uranium (radium-226) in this material serves as the source of radon in the air volume of the experiment. Spectra of alpha and gamma measurements (Experiment - 5 years) show clear peaks characteristic for annual and semi-annual, and also ternary-annual periodicity The daily values of the two alpha detectors in EXP #1 during 5 years (exactly full annual cycles). The regression line calculated from the averages of both sensors shows a significant long term rise! The annual peak of ambient temperature lags the annual peak of the nuclear radiation (gamma and alpha). Detail for 2011 shows the annual peak times demonstrates that temperature lags 10- 30 days the peak of the alphas (blue, green) and the gamma (red) Smoothed time series of the nuclear detectors. The semi-annual signal is observed (published) • Dominance of solar tidal components in the annual, and diurnal frequency bands • Annual modulation of the amplitude & phase of periodicities in the diurnal band • Occurrence at different locations, at depths to >100 meter • Similar phenomena in experiments of radon in confined air And • Negation of climatic influences; Lack of gravity tidal frequencies • Solar rotational frequencies (rotation of Sun; 25-30 day period) • Day-night differentiation of periodic signals - annual, daily & solar rotation • Annual maximum of ambient temperature lags annual maximum of nuclear radiation (~30 days) • Confirmation of day-night differentiation at further geological locations Periodic signals in Radon time series Signal Period Observed 1. Daily 24-, 12-hours Field, Lab 2. Solar rotation 25-35 days (10-15 yr -1 ) Lab 3. Annual 365.2 days Field, Lab 4. Semi-annual 182.6 days Field, Lab 5. Ternary annual 121.7 days Field, Lab Steinitz, G., Piatibratova, O., Kotlarsky, P., Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem Sturrock, P., Center for Space Science and Astrophysics, Stanford University, Stanford Martin, C. , Department of Geology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife Gamma-C 0.18018 1.0201 1.9801 2.9401 0 1 2 3 4 5 CPD 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 Day -50 50 150 250 350 Power Wavelet analysis (CWT) – Measured data Rn-222 occurs at highly varying levels in subsurface air (geogas). Nuclear radiation from radon in geogas and in air within a confined volume exhibits systematic temporal variations. The variations are composed of periodic and non-periodic signals spanning from annual to daily duration. Data sets from sites in southern Israel [1-3] and from a 5-year experiment [4] demonstrated that the periodic variations are related to an above surface driver probably due to a component of solar irradiance. This is supported by the observation of multi-year variations, and clear semiannual and ternary annual signals which are in addition to the annual periodicity. Further cyclic phenomena are recognized, some of which are not linked with Earth related periodicities. The combined time series of the nuclear sensors inside the tank confirms the annual periodicity as well as a clear semi-annual and possibly a ternary-annual periodicity. Additional periodicities in the frequency range of 10-15 yr -1 in the gamma time series are indicative for a relation to rotation of the sun around its axis [6]. Observation of solar rotational periodicities in the nuclear radiation of radon is a significant independent substantiation for the notion of the influence of a component in solar irradiance. An independent confirmation for the solar effect in the experimental data is obtained by observing day time and night time patterns. “Specgrams” of the power as a function of frequency and hour of day show that the peak of the annual periodicity occurs at daytime while the semi-annual and solar periodicities are seen to be prominent at night. This is interpreted to indicate a differentiation in the nuclear radiation from radon as a function of rotation of Earth. – i.e. when Earth faces the sun and when the sun is completely obstructed. This feature is also demonstrated using Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) analysis on time series composed of day- time and night-time measurements. This validates the CWT analysis for detecting the phenomenon. Using the CWT analysis tool the day- and night-time difference in radon time series is also detected at subsurface geological sites, from Israel, Tenerife and Italy. These sites are from different geological and geophysical scenarios, different elevations and span depths from several meters to around 1000m below the surface. New multi-disciplinary prospects for the research are indicated in terms of a) the radioactive behavior of radon in above and subsurface air, b) an above surface geophysical driver for this behavior and, c) the influence of a component of solar irradiation. Day since 1.1.1992 6000 6500 7000 Counts/15-min 2.2e+5 2.3e+5 2.4e+5 2.5e+5 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Gamma Day since 1.1.1992 6000 6500 7000 Counts/15-min 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alpha-H Alpha-L 5 years Alpha Day since 1.1.1992 6000 6500 7000 Counts/15-min (gamma-C) 2.3e+5 2.4e+5 Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 o C 10 15 20 25 Gamma-C Temperature w/m 2 100 150 200 250 300 350 o C 10 15 20 25 Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Solar radiation Temperature The annual pattern of temperature lags the annual pattern of solar radiation.