A History of India - 9781440087837

8/7/2019 A History of India - 9781440087837

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C L A S S I IC R E .P R I IN T S IE R I IE S

A HI,STO'RYOF ND'IA


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A H I S 1 'O R ' O F IN D IAA. F. RUDOLF HOERi\LE, 1I.A. (Oxford), Ph. D.(Tubinge ,C. I.E.J/ nd rn n E ducat ionat Service .Retired List). La te Pr in cip a I,

Catcutt Alddram, and FeI~ 0/ lite Calcutta Unit-'ersily.Ex-President, Asiatic So 'cty 'if /JeJ/...i(al,Ex-Presi-

dent to lhe Board o f (xaminers in OrientalLanguages, For: illiam, Calcutta;

HEl


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PREFATORY NOTE.

Iwriting this History, the chief points the a thors had inview were to present it in an interesting nan tive form, aswell as in agreem ent w ith the results of modern research,-inboth respects (as they believe) a new departure.The numerous inscriptions, coins, and mal uscripts, dis-covered in late years, as well as a more exten cd study ofSanskrit, Arabic and Persian Literature have br ught to lighta mass of new facts which have greatly modified any hithertoaccepted views of Indian history. Having for many yearsacted as Philological Secretary to the Asiatic Soc ety of Bengaland Numismatist Advisor to the Government f India, thefirst of the joint-authors has had special facilities for the study

o( the new information. To those who are not familiar witbthe latter, his presentation of the earlier hist ry of India,comprising the first three Empires, may come s a surprise.Lengthy references to authorities, and discussion of rival, and(it may be) discredited theories would obviou ly he out ofplace in a short School History. But in 0 der to assistTeachers who may be desirous of further informi g themselves,a selected list of the best and latest writings on Indian Anti-quities has been added.The history of the Fourth and Fifth Emp res has beenwritten after consulting standard works on the pe iods concern-ed, and the events recorded are those whic 1 have beenestablished by the investigations of discriminativ and compe-tent scholars of Indian History.

A. F. RUDOLF HOER:-JLE.HERBERT A.. TARK.



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LIST OF RECENT WRITINGS ON THE EAR YH1STORY OF lNDIA.

Chapters I. and II.Indian Census Report for 190t : Part 1" Cha terVII., on Languages by Dr. G. A. Grierson, andChapter XI.) on Caste, Tribe, and Race by Mr.H. H. Risley,O. Schrader: Reallexicon der Indogermanis henAlterthumskundc : Especially the article "lUr-heiOint der Indcgermanen."O. Schrader and F. R. J evons : Prehis oricAntiquities of the Aryan Peoples.

Chapters III. and IV.(I} J 900. A. A. Macdonell : History of Sanskrit Li era-tUre.(2') 1900. E. Wash burn Hopkins: The Great Bpi ofIndia,(3) 189S.

(5) 1&93 (6) 1887.

Chapter V.

F .. \Va.')hburn Hopkius : The Punjab and theRigveda (In Journal) American Oriental Sad ty).R. Fick; Die Sociale Gliederung im Nordostli-chen Indien zu Buddha's Zeit. (Also forChapter V).K. C. Dutt, C.1. E. History of the Civiliz tionof J ndia, based on Sanskrit Literature.L. v . Schroder: Indicn's Literature u nd J{ ultur.

Alexander's Invasion.(I) 1903. V. A. Smith: Autonomous T ribes of the Pu ljabconquered by Alexander the Great. (In Jou nal,Royal Asiatic Society).



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Asuha's Reign.V. A. Smith: Asoka. (In" Rulers of India'~Series). 'G. Buhler: Asoka's Edicts. (In EpigraphiaIndica, Vol. II.)

General History.(4) I 03. T. w. Rhys Davids: Huddhist India. ( In,~Story of the Nations /I Series).(5) I 01. A. Oriinwedel, and ]. Burgess: Buddhist Art

in India.(6) I r)8. E. J. Rapson; I ndian Coins. (J n Cyclopediaof Indo-Aryan Research, Also for Chapter VI.)(7) I 91. Si r A. Cunningham : Coi ns of Ancient J ndia.

iJuddhiIm and Jail1lsm.(8) I gK A. F. Rudolf Hoernle: [ainism and Buddhism.(In Calcutta Review, Also in Annual Addressto the Asiatic Society of Bengal j in its Proceed-ings).(9) I \Y. C. Peppe and V. A. Smith: The PiprahvaStupa. (J n J ourna 1, Royal Asiatic Society),

(ro) I H. 01denbcrg: Buddha, his Life, Doctrine andOrder. (English Translation of 1St edition by\V. Hoey, JS8:.!).(J J ) I


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Ancient Indian History. (In J ournal, RoyalAsiatic ociety).Re ivai c i f Brahmanism.

(7) 1 900. R. G. B andarkar : Peep into the Early Historyo( Iridial (In Journal) Bombay Branch of theRoyal A iatic Society).See also Chapter VL} Nos. -1 and 8.

Chapter VIII.Northern Empire.

A. F. . udolf Hoernle : Some Problems ofAncient Indian History. No. IT.} the GurjaraEmpire. (In Journal) Royal Asiatic Society).D. R. Ihandarkar : Gurjaras. (In Journa1,Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society).1\1. A. S ein : Translation of the Raja Taran.gInI.Major . G. Raverty : Translation of theTabaqat iNasiri, (In the Bibliot heca Indica. Alsofor Cha ter IX.)Sir A. C nningham: Coins of Medireval India.5) 1 894.

SouthertZ Empire.(4) r900'03 . . J . F. Fleet: Ganga and other Inscriptions inthe Epi raphia lndia.(5) 1 896. Sir 'Va ter Elliot : Coins of Southern India.(In Nu isrnata Orientalia).(6) See Chapter V ., K os. 7 and 8.

Chapter IX.iV()rthern Indi.

(I) J 903. Lane Po Ie: Medizeval India. (In the UStoryof the, ations It Series).(2 ) 1894. Lane Pole; Mcham mada n Dynasties.(3) r871. E. Tho Chronicles of the Pathan Kin~ ofDelhi.



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CON'rENTS.

CHAP. PAOF,.I.-The Pre-historic Period. The Aborigin s.

Befort: n. c. 1500 t[I.-The Pre-Vedic Period. The Aryans in th ifOriginal Home. Defore R. C. 1$00 4

[If.-The Vedic Period. The Aryans in the Punj b.About B. c. 1500 to rooo 6

IV.-The Brahmanic Period. The United In 0-Aryans in Northern India. About rooo to550 11. C IIV.-The Early Buddhist Period. The Greek n~vasion. The Frist or Maurya Emp r e oThe Rise of Buddhism. About B. C. 55 toI S O . . . ;2:0

VI.-The Later Buddhist Period. The Parth anand Turki Invasions. The New Ruddhi. m ..;\bout B. C. ISO to A. D. 300 38

VII.-'rhc Early Hindu Period. The Second orGupta Empire. The Brahmanic Revi r a l ,Ahout 300 to 650 A. D. 51

Vl1I.-Thc LaterHindu Period. The Rajput Sta es.The E arly Mu harnm adan Invasion. Ab ut6so to 1200 A. D. 60lX.--The Early Muhammadan Period. The Iu-hammadan Conquest. The Third (F rstM uharnmadan ) Or Turki Empire . Ab ut1200 to 1525 A. D. 79



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CHAP,X.-The Later Muhammadan Period :-

Sec The Fourth Indian or SecondM hammadan or M ughal Empire, 1526to 803 A. D. 94

Sect on U. The Rise and the Fall of theMa ashas. III

Xl.i--Tbc Early Period of the Company ;-Sect on 1. Th e First European Settlers. T 498to 783 A. D, 119Sect on II. The Struggl(~ between the Englishanc the French. 1741 to J 783 A,D, 127

Sect On 11I. Robert Clive and WarrenII stings, 1]44 to J 778 A. D. 132

XII.-The Later Period of the Company, TheHu Irling up of the English Empire in India.Th Covernors-Gencral after Hastings.

PAGE.

J7 5 to 1858 A. D . r43XIII.-Indi under the Crown. The Fifth or British

E pire of India. The Viceroys of India.I8 8 to I903 .\. u, IB6

XIV.-lnd(l, Past and Present 195

LIST OF 1\IAPS.Thc , ryan Dispersion Facing page]

:2. The Disintegration of the Gupta Empire ') 62The Iv ughal Empire in the Time uf Aurangzeb J04British India in the Time of Cornwallis 149fi r iisl ] n rl ia j n the Time of Da lhousie . , . J 7 7

I.. . . ,.;t.45



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HIGH-QUALITY SAMPLE PAGELIST OF ILLUS'fRATIO~S,

IIi!) Majesty, Edward Vl L, and QueenAlexandra F 'ontispiece.PAG.E.

1. Indian Copper Coin of Alexander z32. Asoka's Pillar Z 4:;. View of Rumrnin Dei and the Asoka Pillar 254 Asoka Inscription 285 Buddha under the Tree 306. View of the Oldest Stupa at Sanchi 317 Inscribed Relic Casket of Buddha 378. Kanishka's Gold Coin of Buddha 439 Gold Coin of Chandra Gupta and his Lachha Queen 5 210. Kashmir Coin of Vikrarnaditya ... 54]I. Samudra Gupta's Medal of the Horse-sacrifi 57] 2. Gold Coin of Jala Gupta 6113. Deccan Coin of Harsha. Deva 64'4, Gold Coin of Cangeya neva 7t15, Indian Coin of M ahmud 7516. Gold Sikandar as-Sani Coin of M uhammad . 83q. Brass. Token of Muhammad 11... _ 8518. Tanka of the Emperor Altamsh 92I9. Akbar's Gold Asirgarh Medal .. . 98z o o Akbar's corn 1002 I. Coin of J ahangir and N ur J ahan 10022. The Taj Mahal ro r23. Gold Coin of Shah Jahan 10224. Aurangzeh's Coin , . , .,062 5. Sivaji's Fort at Rajgarh 1)Z26. Robert Clive 13227. Holwell's B lack H ole M onument ,,134'l8. Warren Haslings H 140z9. Company's Pice of (833 J6730. Ranjit Singh 17231. The Residency, Lucknow (8332 , Queen Victoria aCing J&633 Lord Curzon ,.I 19434. Victoria Rupee of 1901 194



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edit Period/J6t/ f l t

bout 1500 8.on thean had n10d.. onceccordiugly Uth ; And whilwestwardknown as. th-e3. Here: thethe Indus afnhanista n aU~:" Indo-A ry problbly dbe supposedpace o r a fecontrary,1 race that alas been ex p 1 aginalhh eivilidian,. bardllatter wereyand m enn ci v iliation

5 The mOlt 5tn la~guagevidian 'peo-rely subjectted. into thuy rormed theincorpora1 i

Aryans in the-/ootJ B.C.e : A rya.ns, il l their new ho ehem side of the Hindu J \ :u ,i id to such an extent th tre they found it n e o e : s s a r y 0ed the rnauntain baniers nportion, called the Irani set tled in Persia, anoth rAryan, mignted south waupied t he: country on be bfar 3~ the J amna J that, I

U e Pun ja b. 'Vithin this nman. ed settled for seveto about 1000 R.C. But itthe settlement was effe:t d15 or without 'any troub e.Sh ts took place wj th t eoccupied the country.in Chapter L, that the aho .v diens were a comparative yle, In thisre:spect the y VIfe OJ to th e invading A tya 0 j ;n re hardy race, stronger bo h_ So it is no wonder that t es verwhelmed by tha t of t eI t nidtnces of th l!. r a c t are t t

trey ousted the Dravidian, dIt ugh n umericall) r..r superi r,tu the Atyab donrinati on, aII oommun; l y . j of which hentor Sudra class. At the sa es ha numerous c1ass could n t

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he U n i d Jndo-A a 5India.

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12 HISTORY OF Tndb ya range into tltimate result" howthat he' t \\ eunteTuling partiesaU ie amon the aboriginal races,pc e, wi t DeW physical chanew nd uni ue civ i tLmt ion, wh rIRani. All is had come ton the ' o c t of conftict one"of the -contendingBhura tu.to whichP belonged" Fromgreat epic, knowthat j~ th e Greatta, takes its namethe united parties.J l Q I ' : a or t e land of the Bha.rof tl conn i t . is preserved in tits h mns sp ak of a great batttook a pro m nent part-as ha V 1 n go r t Rav i, between king Sudaten "ngs. n the . . t .Vahabharatois ihed hav ing lasted eighof t e J aru i. tJ anti as ha,ingYud. rsthira, king of the P"dooaKau va pri ces. The former

cust 5 rep t the new-eomare t e ea,.1i set tlers j and itmsta of thei conH iet i i i descrillcdthe ~ aluJlJh has ~ reser\'ed$tag w hi resul ted m t.hft fur1 1 1 do Aryan peopl l l !~ In any r.acant nding artJes are repTeSC :Bha las, sh ws that the c:onftictbran bes -,D f the same Aryan itocontl ct i~ is very ancient" bu.whi was mposed in the sueseS o c - "4n.)~""1~iory i s " treated phtw. ' er, w can clearly ~i!Cerne zm n DfZ(I!Im I!oou -"~ob.lII1


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13ling, Hnd L b e . : ":iiI.: o r atgeboriginal tribes fighti"friends ands of A r i , " na The Indo-People.rna or enelny-skin cd A~ans contcmptu us)yat ces, are d rsappearing. Theart! ,~rging intu t . r . d c h other i'nd

D ople--one in national feel..d a pearance,I. evolu uoo~ we obse

of



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but the 1volent oor badJthe revallv tootheld

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s accom -c re lig ion1d~ po~y..alJuallyor thatposit jon~; M~who 1 '5n, there:ishnavashorigin~ad. [3.UIent viewstined~ thes fact isa, V1shuulanifesta-he 5 3 . h . . . .d lti( inctlyalbellerse paid t(J~whethereehanieal, that is,In either

or theworldlyritual orlhandQ)the mOR 'do-Aryan.Ilhttnda ).f earthlyistenee byAlman orta.inetl byhe nature


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Oreek lnva in , tand t e R i

spread of theassistethe wpo1itic rule.

r.MN_" ing period, a largei 9 si~~ Gra u U\~0t most powerfu nc.fb r

d :

sh "1\ us that, duringperi ,he Indo-Aryan. xtended to thee 'taller of thedetiug tt spreadthe south O'lo:-erfar s lou. Ilwas,ul~ uo y arm ed eon-r e w ole o r India to



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its borders. The prowen t dentng circles, till aempi ~ s forme which embraced nea I}of I n a. It ex nded. rrom b eyondthe u h of the G~s, and from t edown modern ~Jysorct wh ere itD rav idi kingdom of th e Ch olas. K eral ~This !the 'P in;t nman Em pire, and twhich i ew up th e kingdom of If a8ihar~ L the b Inning of this period,was r 1 by a K atdya dynasty, calledfifth k Ig of wh if-h was Himb isallt, a tBud r whom me account will tN gi IHe as ed the rone iIbout S43 B.C I , aWDS R 3.. 'ha. H \\'"KS murdered by hJSwho hi. about 49] B~C, T i~lTong a _ g g r c : s s i 'e r u l e r , and it \\"3S hbegin i of the pire by conq_u~ringbouri s ares, the cat kingdom o r Ko L = tpub 1ic r Vaistt1i. 'o enable him to do ,:_;trong Patalipu ra, near the site of the rHis son UdR) in raised a citr round ij t the ,1 residen Thenceforth it .ncent S . Ie capit l o r t h < . = empire. \Vith- 4 59 T~. , he K $ha iya d ynnst "/ appears tan en be h lsto y of its ~tmction is v er one th g is certai n that th e Nanda dynas ,le the E npire, belon~ to ththis fro the Greek historians rf India, .hich took place tow Irule,

l la L celeb ted invasion we must nFrom the imcri{Jtlons ofspis, eAchememan ki ngofknow th t he extended his em-as t 1 1 eI U~ This appears ton.c. Wh n the Persian empireI cedonian king, A lex nnder the G e

pitt! i\ Iaboutby th


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z H STORY OF INr) ~



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EARLY BUDDHISTastic li e of rei igios at fint closely con eetedHence. uaturall y ~ t e menife w ere mostl y drav , frmn te tile: guardians or th VedlC Jb y tliernselv es or i sma 1 1was no ~cneral olg nizationto which. 3!II hese Brnhmanic m ks bel

I j reduced bv the foun ers of B1....sm, n i ted just i n th ese tv . pointor ani~ al heir followers into regulo e r jan t t, being Kshatri yas r:nlse1,th ir folIo ~e rna;'"1y front the K s at riya an n-Brah I classes of the pe ple. Tre se to d Brahmans intn th r order,t ~~rej a n Brahmanic prete sious toT 1 $ poh YI 0 doubt) ~uced a eertaia tagoni ween thetr Sod e andB hman i constituted comm iy a rn t it is ui enoneoU5 to look u on th....st lh t ranny of coste. Th y neverre ecting e ystem of caste as a reg\llatith gener mu nit y outside th own 0Siddh 11 -better known as G utarnaof Buddhi m ud ~Iah;tvim. the r o nderof ai nism w e sc ions o f priacel y h s e s , ~aT 8y w temporaries, though i\(n-h ra w n ewhat older than Gautaso te year ore hinl) about 490 .c., at tG utam a i 80 years oldt about 83 D,c.is nown f W l;.lvir8 s personal hi tory.to the X y or NaIR clan of Khatri yatled n . r e large town of \' al Ii j nowthe , , ; 1 o r Besarh. a bout 2 [ ies noat tow 1 .3$ the capita! 0 ' S l l l t - u lt ubi iCJ I n Ma ha'1i l ' l1 1\"'3S t "DUI1On of its n. ~ RajQs or chiefs. At"'thehe retired th e world, and joi ed a s .m

1 7

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DOMIST PE RJon. 29upper R ~ and the G iindak ~ Thei rpiL,va J rhieh stood on the site orllage f i ahva, in the north-easternsti in the United ftrovinces of. Th al spot where Gsutama wasumbi k. about sbc miles north-east~in th, lese T era i. I ( is now calledand ;5 1 ed by i1 s till exis tjng , inserib-erect A soka. H if: y,- '_S born as thedhod n e Raja or chief of the Sakya.the e tt i1:shp and th e son of a wealth Ypro\-' i d i e\~rything that m an couldim ha ~ But GauLama WIS naturall vand th , , . I I disposition. The sigh tof s o .suff round him excited his com-h im g how the ills of lire m i , g _ h tcared for m~dita L ion ~n solitude,uth ful rp of his princely companions.was fr. i of his monkish pred ilectioas,a fair a J o' ' 'ng Sakl" pr incess j botoat effect. on Ga uta ma, W heDo d after i1 son had been born tothe s .on had been secured-s-h eth e tears and entre~tics o rhis position and his home

cation. He went to l\orthhirnsel ( successi ve 1v to tw od for their wisdom. 11leirsatisfy him t and now he, life of wandering an d severescoveliog the truth regarding~ Hi~ aus(eriti es graduilll yskeleton I and brought himid not giva him the know-conviction was forced ontrack ~so he returned to aen at the end of the seveeth rs old, on e night as he sa.te zm n FDlJ 'Dllm I!oou


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PERJOlJ. 33aught y hlm only thisneed ot detain us iere,

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35a largeIt withastic

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39HE

h IndeDin ..ce orIbn.nl king, or

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reeo-Bu.-ConqU8s1. orestern andWest.ern.



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er.or h o l mof Sindto have


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i.e.; Sin dh, Guj arat )was ruled by a \ erwas called. Fro I lSatrap of Mu1tiL I a(Shah Dheri in t~.c. , this portionltlogas or Maues.We have no1:-:Jnpirc down totraced. its ex tens!west, and north ..wards ~t lost alprovince o r Andpresent eenl tal Ithe accouats inJ 19 R.C., a SUIEmpe:rotk Vasudeor th B ~i.llVaFor forh~-fie y35 th e kanva ya1ke the Peshwaof the Sunga dsovereigns, Theu'pparen.tly ~nlynon al~unO$Jt y~A ndlwa. bh., .~'{vtl lrevel ted. He suaJ1 rI the no minalthe paratnoun t pol+:mpire becameand Oudh, nowpro v ince, w hile inthe great kingdomtook 1ts place.central portionrise of the Sethe next period.Pit ra "as 001y t ~

.pEach of th provi sshatrapa ( trap) as heiptio11! .of" hodass, e

J the Sa p of Ta ria~eknow t tJ about. noas ru led hy a king ca ed

z m n FD lJ 'D llm I !o ow ..:.


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the: 1111 1appyternal

Tit, Pa thlan I..."Islon nd theVlkram Era.On the west 1 ~"-hieb t that iorder. The eknow,n.c_J J\~i

z m n FDlJ 'Dllm I ! o o u


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Ion.Thl KUI'YutonS : o .J l :a E

150n ]. e, Iasweka b o u ted Ka

152" AS ded by asishka, wh was r a iasudeva The tomb ned .three k ngs lasted to ab



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OF IN lA~


66/257e zm n FDfZ(I!Im I!oou


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47HEattent.ior thethe "lostte transfo

"asa: : ;ystemo r the Hewhlsm.



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his

mng e s wous ceredhism,the ~1fo

-.~ob.DI1


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4900 A.D ~anisr it c. '5udd ~III h

it tl uo r rah,dkl not ristory of Ishow toiflees nd

e zm n FlllJ'Dllm I!oou _. fora,Ditm1.n oh.lII1I I I i-,.-----


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s oconsid1 S theSusrutby Nao r Aarose jSchoolficenta n d dntddhsimilarCentm~tUchij~ k i l J a\\'~ith : ! i t

..0 less renownedthe great surgeon.sed and enlargedr Greek teache rsin the serviee f the t"Buddhism, therefi hanisti.ul and th PUDja th famous Gandh:lrar rchilecl UTe an Scu) me It buil t rn~i.i a . s or temples, nd 114' s or mcnastenes,

r ed them W ilh numb r]e statues of th~P ntheon, and sc nes fi m i mythology. A:h ol of a more 1ndia !j . le lIourished inIU is, where the s ' I I exis 1 1 1 . 1 t uins 0( Dharhut ,ra "i\t iJ Xasik:l. d ath . p t es, testi r " \ " to thec te rprise with w ich t h 13 hist artlst! builte, or carved in ro k.



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CoM Olin o r C1~r~ < . i ' l l l ~ f 1 .Told! 1 1 : . . . . . ~U~('I!I-

lBI BFDlJ'Dllm I!oou -.~ob.DI1


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PERIOD.

seen in the.[1. Aboutandl ara, orthe Little

e WilScruelclans.



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Va lour, and forV"iknm a era by-r.......b ing ff;$ults.nder X arnsim ha ISL, had grown soa set it ILSi.de J andnded the 1'-1la va

rOl'115 one of thehe Idian peop le.ran laditya w a sUy great asa pa t-of learning, as aninistrator, and asldi er. Hen u tre. . .asserted then aL aut h uri t yughout his wideinions, but, as wew from still exist-flflKi"",i or Chroni~,eir Iim its bv thestnl e ,;:i5ting'"pU larrued the_ proudInns u n f 1 e r M ihira ..

e pire lhan ever th erosperous rei gn oft ~8] :\..D.j: by his d i fferenl e lla rae-eat mther 's anti-os tile cerubinationconfederates w erepow erful chief ofa ~age to both thealavas, The civjlt 593 A.l)., in the~ Th ou.gh .sebse-f Pra van,sc:na 1 I 't



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THE PERIOD. S 5the Hum inf.f of ""aslnniposition, ras def ted, illtht: elder san endafter thebv his eo\""an:lha r tafrairSJ IIdeterrninpower i came intocollision \ ing of theDeccan, "er in theprovince eckcd hisencroach pursue his.advautahe was t slon at thein 610 A. n.d Emp irethose orPulikesin No~th a . n d .thus ina uth,the SecoSouth anhandt Hestnblisbi ldued byrebeUiouEeact:: anorch rul~reatreU "lnPrayag ~and by ta n u Bfailure iXort1,enltory of Irear of ithe IOa,which HIhe died i

e zm n FDlJ 'Dllm I!oou -.~ob.DI1


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S 8rm S as.I'Of~orantra or books!!i lear ed Brah-and p ucr ices of_""...-r4W 1 e earliest320 & D., undlf rgins t ie period"t Lite ture, Itchs- 0 e i n ther.la p aboutor' he 1 Empi relit 60 .6,6 A, 0.pat ron 0 1 earn-is hi self saidor of t e roman-..eck I n e, whic h; - ~ge~ Vikrama-orned y IN'inefollow ig famousVa.m iI Alibi ra,or cy op~di" ofj Brah l a . Gupta;hor 0 the epic~uth r o r theI K R Ii sa. The

f his bestthe loven Sakun-the li o r Ramaric poe n I':tKI,,~-exile s m essagea \ lo~a} ' The ageits cir e of cul-OJ aria s Vamanawho rote thetary 0 Panin i'snd ndjn. theK tlda ' ,bo,.; and



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9I(',ma rtf. the Adve \-inent amo gat as gra -her works etes th e rul s_.._.. . . . . .n Ra ,

SOn oondu t,guidance f


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TENHindu riod:

he Rajput S ta tes, lid ~he E rl)' M ha mIvasions,ding eriod we have IIh thSecond Indian 1\n pi re, 11unded b r thGuptas) became tI i 'tied in 0thepires of the SoUUl nd the orth,d of that ~ t O O we w the be inRLng f th e "ru]ti IIof the ~ rrhern EI ipire by tl e loss f the k 1 1 doo Vitlabhi, I j_ be p T en t period we sh II see " thN nhern Itlu ire stead ly wen t 0 disi t\l gra tin

11 'U ber of st il Sn1~ 11cr .igdcms r princ pali tj '" use of 1h is enera l b eak -up W ' s the r - top W e T o f th e ajput el. ns, Th " clan ~ ppe.arb en th e nat u al outcoi e 0f the ttlem n t int J C '"i.gOl'OUS reign ra es of HUJ sand Gurj.au thid r -.;ul,) uen t b end in" W lh th marn ling nat jvc lans of 1 dia, 'tVitl their ou thfU ese newl r ormed ajput dan' pusli thi 0 the poli ical for ont, S o W away the 0e pire I"lid placed i by ~'"lar e n u r n er of allek n~dmns and plincipa 1 ties, ~nle Inischi f or t l is nd velopmen t, owevet t ~asthat tl e rnutu 1 r i \ - a 1 ih 1iIit ies, en endered between he n ud -nast ies, ren ell it in p O ! l i s i b l e theu ired front t the grtlt conquero of Ido Ghor) at tl HUll of he l2lh ntury,d o t the -nning 0 this peri the NT e LIter Gu t. was s o~ u r i .D na!lity. and ,res, tat lS , o r }arat~shall ee rresen 1) o r

e zm FDlJ 'Dllm I!oou -"~ob.lII1


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[on.

e zm n FD l J 'D l lm I!oou


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Ii r

L,

e zm n FD lJ 'D llm OOU


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becai nextre'lityLalka, or l"esternndedsrulede ult or rna e issue,d into th ' L of the

.o\rD.,positituarrio r th Tthe r lerDelhi Tnesr ~haGhori ha~1uly Ll1" heChan nlkin U'Ithe-A nham l iddom omspeak ng,The stlast r mnrJ9 F f Ill,l-:mpi 0-....: ]of II ndeMilh ba, I4Jbm 91~


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Tlie Palas G rB n , I" andB e a t

Of [NUl .

z m n FDfZ(I!Im I ! o o u -.~ob.lII1


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THE LATER



88/257e Inn FD l J 'D l lm I!oou


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LATER

is con-p~hlymakingsin 11.,o....er1 ack ..utherngorousuthem- ted to

It wasowerfulo( theS~Pillhn':ilby the

eigninglBI BFDlJ'Dllm I!oou -.~ob.DI1


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r L~TF.k HJNl)Uof the r' tury WaS th e trans (eTimperia powe from the Chaluthe y. s. The latter were ;Dclan w are said tn ha.ve miabout 8 A. D j from i\la thu ra inew se a It Devagi ri. HeY a ( . i a \ - , t t the lived a s the tChalu k and htra kula dynnsthe t\ b ntury, when, u].ater dvnast Y j they

. ~ Sin~hana ( J .3I~ na ([2~7-r26o)mona 1 wh appeilT to have sfor the ird tj ne, what were tthe Sou 1 em E npire of I ~ u l i k t ! : S i nreigned wn 0 I:lO 7 A.' i., wh ellnext pe 1J th reign inK Valla ,~itcompel] I by I uhk Kafur to srnadan .: pir Xomhrall}' thetelgn til 13J8 J\.D.j when Hi!~'aDaV3 ,w as TuellV slai 1 1 L J v tShah , ist hom rhe had r e bA b It 63 A.l)., as has bVardh.a J: th youn~er brothePu 1ikesi 11'1 h become the inddent so' eigL o r the eastern po r th e uth n E,npi re, Hisdom coI ri~Cl the coun try lying\If the a ver "aml Kistna rivecapital. er h is descendan ts ,Chal uk dyn sty j reigntdt wi tin fI uen on t e course of th edown t 070. D~,when their kiinto th of th (,110as. About tlvery lit is kn wn. Itaeknowlmore Or . d finite I}", lbe SU1 .eof th e ~ ther Empire. down 1th e end f t he tenth ceuturv, A.

The Yad "r l t 8 ~ ~

: c . .A . D .

-. fot-aottm hoooh.D f1


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ul t of s ccessfa wars 'ithh a 1 \.1kY ' ~ r o e d a reat, ln~.k"g K a l'hip~r hiso n arrying d~\I,her to tl.e~ n " Vj na1adity led, iu 1070 .1).,01 ld ~st 'n Chal kya rri-o \: imaJadl t s son Rajel dra,a h ta 1. he lait r's de 1\-ki. 01n dowi 10 :..bou J 2~o .0.,me $Ubj ct to th su ~ntyin:: unde K r \! :S h n . F i ullva s re In be ng ann xed t theli e a a resu It of the e..'{ editio '5 of,l ik 'h sru tn t e i\rala ar Coa L in

i s .

te most1 a (aboutInAtwhich hi

among t2 _'.D.).a b O U lcised m



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72under n,i-Q asim \

Kabul,

Tbe: kin~the Pun athe Tltr iquesL

e zm n FlllJ'Dllm I!oou -I.foraDll:ol1.noh.lII11 II


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THF. LATI::R 7 3capiu. hirna Deva, thefou th ofthe Ii ,a~been sid e, about 960 A.n ,by the R put p _ r l1~1a, iblra h indu iz ed d cendan t the Kunut) nder him th e kin n beca limitPW lr , nd it~ capital \\1'S ransferred Laho .happ e in 97p r - . . n., as the esul t of an nSUCCwit h k Tigm , the Saman de Govern r of Ghex ten his territory up the 100 . TIt...rmt r nally SUCCUtilbed, j 1102 J x.n to theat tac f 31ahm nd, the s and s, Of (T igiu is celebrated Sut n was the r 1 foun er theGha,.;: \'\ ide dynasty and em ire. Has 1 9 mad h findep ,d n tor the Saman des, by querln Ie rlythe \\ 01 0r their run_pire i Turk est and J s bepro . to extend h ~ d in'on:s it India, ~hi th e~sSil 0 av e in ...3 . d e d n 0 le than seven Itim 'iththe tion of three, all th se campai tedto the quest and pennane 1L annexat L n o r tllkingd of Sindh and the unj abo T e ronn r,h ave was reduced in l lOA ~n. ya lJal ,Pun] a as defea ted in 100I A.D., and able to: bd i5K !';' ,he I S sa ii i to ha\- burned h se 1 r tHis nsnda Pala was de! ted jn J oo .D~T 1Pala, h succeeded jn J 0 I 3 A. n., \\-'"3.Si j SO defe tdrive u take refuge in Kas mir, Thfrom Ie RaiQlorlm.!(ini~ or the Kash Ialtern in 101[ ..+1)" wi th he supperann \r ~ ecover his k jngd r But lhwhich M h mud 1L1n tete,,] Q I him andend t hj life as we ll as to is dynasl rof hi 'ma Pala.eseaped f om ihe di er, th P L jabronn nee (ort h a part r the Gha ni em p re,wa~ ~isterc.J by 3 - 1uti an m a d a n go rnors.I t ie camr .a ign of J II A,f) a r th e eAn au a 1 3 J :'\lahmud had capt uredX agll 0 J or the F O 1 ' t of Kangrn.H ere, r 'cnero.t ions. rhe v.'"e lth of th ek i D R S ~ Punjab and th ir chiefs

-.~ob.DI1


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7 HISTO It'lit 0

j he


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H.E 1.A . CElt IiN ou PEp o u nis

rewa dbreake /' by \hich:\fahtn xl be e bforth own. It W~last all most 11otewaehiev cnt, e diyears I fU7" ds, inso rs eo nti nued to reign or ab t 1S O; but the ir power Sl j IY w ned.pened from Gbaznj, a d th .r domPunjab. The Ia$1 0 the ynastyu 1 \ f I . \Vlth him the line c ded r r86 A.nq uest of India by J.,1u a.m Gh.of t he general cundi tia or t e peo3 0 y now he ~"~n. TeE

" + ~amllat~ on of rahman I m nt or H1., \\" hie h "\va, already in lin the: preceding peri Jh the cnmplere establis men t fHind ien t in elT ectin g this Tf:S Itwa the in i -onasrlc 0rders am eng l he ra ]-una j s,was made, about 800 ~ D, j b) the fa, Sankara Acharya, an .. is 1 ned ia tfounded the four Sa'v O rde wh ic.aSIn amis ; and these ders, n t1 ieirt ion of the Vaishna va de Al Iciet ie s ttlrried on J am o g lh e mass 00\.1 t . th e \ V h o l e of Indi J a m t cffI " i va lry w ith the B dhis anddifference bet wee n t tw ~iOrden ultim ately me ne ofo stic trin e. In their out v . . : rd m nifl5.t.il iUJf r as t affected lite mass of the eople thr a to r li ionsworship and socia ord ,t hey lhs tuted t one system of Hj dui or t

75azni, n as wor ~ o rid to



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anotherf C l a S o i i ch ilosophj' ,to th t: earlyani ] revival tIn I I E : to time,s w have the

ntU)1 01' t!3chol~rwho wrter uf Sitist, RajJightn exquisitelyric poet,



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1 7

arked the

erred at

or

e Inn FDlJ 'Dllm I!oou


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flam compulsory tni i] ell] lure suffer throng t ene poiut, \Vherever. 5 1 mlo nger San sk rit but ra Iesc ience w hie h emjoy d tsthe ime when San skn tit sflo .$ u : : at the court of K ing h ja. r Ialw~ the court of M a. m d

. became it brilliant cen re of1 . 1 : best known am nn t, I!l'lahmlKI assem bled 11 IIDent chro nol ogist~ wh l as\Iiho wrote both in r ra iet Fi rdalls~ who wrot t e]Jed (h e ~hQ JUl4ma 0 t 1I!store-house 0f the a ci t

78hand,kr~iehabeeamandpatron e .

Peni.'\1 learnmanv nen 0hil1lj~\ere AIa lread beet tand in l'ersia 1celeb ted Plloo~ r ({inlr:at'ljti n~of

e zm n FD lJ 'D llm I !o ow ..:.


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A History of India - 9781440087837

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