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The history of India is one of the grand epics of world history and can be best described in the words of India's first Prime

MinisterJawaharlal Nehru as "a bundle of contradictions held together by strong but invisible threads". Indian history can be

characterized as a work in progress, a continuous process of reinvention that can eventually prove elusive for those seeking to

grasp its essential character.

The history of this astonishing sub continent dates back to almost

75000 years ago with the evidence of human activity of Homo

sapiens. The Indus Valley Civilization which thrived in the

northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300- 1300 BCE

was the first major civilization in India.

Following is the history of India through the Ages:

The Pre Historic Era

1. The Stone Age:

The Stone Age began 500,000 to 200,000 years ago and recent finds in Tamil Nadu (at C. 75000 years ago, before

and after the explosion of the Toba Volcano) indicate the presence of the first anatomically humans in the area. Tools

crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back to two million years have been discovered in the Northwestern par

of the country.

2. The Bronze Age:

The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent dates back to around 3300 BCE with the early Indus Valley Civilization.

Historically part of ancient India, it is one of the world's earliest, urban civilizations, along with Mesopotamia and

Ancient Egypt. Inhabitants of this era developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft and produced copper,

bronze, lead and tin.

Early Historic Period

1. Vedic Period:

The Vedic Period is distinguished by the Indo-Aryan culture which

was associated with the texts of Vedas, sacred to Hindus, and that

were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the

oldest extant texts, next to those in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The

Vedic era in the subcontinent lasted from about 1500-500 BCE,

laying down the foundation of Hinduism and other cultural

dimensions of early Indian society. The Aryans laid down Vedic

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civilization all over North India, particularly in the Gangetic Plain.

2. Mahajanapadas:

This period saw the second major rise in urbanization in India after the Indus valley Civilization. The word "maha" means

great and the word "janapada" means foothold of a tribe. In the later Vedic Age a number of small kingdoms or city

states had mushroomed across the subcontinent and also find mention in early Buddhist and Jain literature as far back as

1000 BCE. By 500 BCE, sixteen "republics" or Mahajanapadas has been established, namely; Kasi, Kosala, Anga,

Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji),Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, Assaka,

Avanti,Gandhara, and Kamboja.

Persian and Greek Conquests:

Much of the Northwest subcontinent (currently Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian

Achaemenid Empire in C. 520 BCE under the rule of Darius the Great and remained so for two centuries. In 326

BCE, Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire, when he reached the Northwest

frontier of the Indian subcontinent he defeated King Porus and conquered most ofPunjab.

Maurya Empire:

The Maurya Empire, ruled by the Mauryan Dynasty from 322-185 BCE was a geographically extensive and

mighty political and military empire in ancient India, established in the subcontinent by Chandragupta Maurya in

Magadha (present day Bihar) and was it further thrived under Ashoka the Great.

3. The Mughal Empire:

In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Timur and Gengis Kahn from Fergana Valler (present day Uzbekistan) swept across

the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire which covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and

Bangladesh. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent till 1600; after which it went into decline after

1707 and was finally defeated during India's first war of Independence in 1857.

4. Colonial Era:

From the 16th century, European powers such as Portugal, Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom established

trading posts in India. Later, they took advantage of internal conflicts and established colonies in the country.

5. The British Rule:

The British Rule in India began with the coming of the British East India Company in 1600 and continued till Indian

independence from British rule in 1947.

6. The Indian Independence Movement and Mahatma Gandhi:

In the 20th century Mahatma Gandhi led millions of people in a national campaign of non-violent civil disobedience to

contain independence from the British.

7. Independence and Partition:

Religious tension between the Hindus and Muslims had been brewing over the years, especially in provinces like Punjaband West Bengal. The Muslims were a minority and they did not feel secure in the prospect of an exclusively Hindu

government and hence made them wary of independence. All through this Mahatama Gandhi called for unity among the

two religious groups. The British, whose economy had been weakened after World War 2, decided to leave India and

participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after

being partitioned into the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.

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Vijayanagara Empire

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